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Lietuvių draudžiamosios spaudos ir tautinės tapatybės sąsajos
Get PDFIt is usually written that the ban of Lithuanian press in Latin and Gothic script in 1864–1904 meant the ban of all Lithuanian press. The reason for this is that Lithuanian press in Cyrillic script was monopolized by Russian authorities and focused on the disintegration and assimilation of the Lithuanian nation. As the comparatively literate Lithuanian nation was boycotting these publications, the banned press grew and became more numerous and richer. The publishing was concentrated in Lithuanian Minor (Prussia, Germany) and the USA and secretly disseminated among Lithuanians in the Russian Empire. This press (books and periodicals) was a major factor in Lithuanian national identity. The distribution of the press was not equal; it depended on the cultural level and national consciousness of the inhabitants. In the part of Lithuania which was actively Polonized (Vilnius episcopate), religious literature played a strong role in the development of Lithuanian national identity. The article investigates the problem of national integration of both parts of the nation (in Russia and in Germany) in the light of the ban on Lithuanian press
Lietuvių periodikos struktūros pokyčiai (1988-1995 m.)
Get PDFThe article gives survey of the genesis of the Lithuanian periodicals and analyses the process of press development (in 1988 through 1995). The article deals with the conditions that determined emergence of the uncensored press of Sąjūdis movement during the Resurgence period (in 1988). The article reveals impact of publications of Sąjūdis movement on the Lithuanian society and the official press (in 1988 appeared about 70 publications of Sąjūdis movement) and the ways used by local individual editorial offices to disengage from "care" of the periodical press of the Communist Party.
The article investigates development of the system of the Lithuanian periodical press after adoption of the Law on Mass Media (February 09, 1990) that liberated editorial offices from dependence on the Party and established the main provisions of freedom of the press.
Communication process after 1990 resulted in appearance of new types of periodicals, in change of the status, publication structure and orientation of previous periodicals: a new system based on principles of self-adjustment was emerging. Appearance of multitude of different publications caused a problem of classification as there were neither criteria of classification nor types of groups of the periodicals identified. Therefore, certain data provided by statistical publications on the press do not reveal reality of journalistic practice.
The author investigates structural development of the groups of different types of publications, gives survey of classification models provided by investigators of journalism and provides criteria for classification of periodicals that will enable to better reveal structural changes taking place in the system of the Lithuanian periodicals and development trends of the periodical press
Lietuviškų knygų leidyba Rygoje 1904-1914 metais
Get PDFEarly in the 20th century, Riga had one of the largest Lithuanian colonies. Before World War I, there lived about 50 thousand Lithuanians. Due to the flexibility of the local administration in this multinational city and a more advanced economic and cultural atmosphere, the conditions for developing social and cultural activities for the Lithuanians were far more favorable than in Lithuania or any other center in the Russian Empire. Riga, with its prominent position in the book industry of Russia, had a considerable positive influence on the development of Lithuanian publishing and printing activities at that time.
During the years 1904-1914, 250 Lithuanian books and brochures were published in Riga. However, the publishing of Lithuanian books there was notable for the fact that it was based almost solely on the initiative and private capital of L. Jakavičius and A. Macijauskas, and, therefore, inevitably acquired a distinct commercial character. Books published there often had poorer content due to the prevalent publications being adapted to the tastes of the mass reader.
Nevertheless, through the organization of the publication of Lithuanian books and newspapers, the Lithuanian community in Riga managed to address not only urgent cultural and educational problems of local importance but also actively contributed to Lithuanian culture in general. Furthermore, some social and book publishing contacts between the Lithuanians and Latvians in Riga were very beneficial for the growth of Lithuanian culture and especially important for fostering the ideas of Lithuanian and Latvian national solidarity as a counterbalance to the influence of Polish culture
Daugiau kaip prieš 410 metų Vilniuje spausdintos katalikiškos estų knygos
No full text-Estų knygos istorija prasidėjo iki reformacijos. Manoma, kad jau Saremos salos katalikų vyskupas Johanas IV Kivelis 1517 m. estų kalba išleido katalikišką tikėjimo mokymo vadovą. Dar ir dabar neįrodyta, kad ši knyga egzistuoja. Pirmas patikimas pranešimas apie spausdintą knygą estų kalba pasirodė 1525 m. Tai Liūbeko Domo kapitulos dekano Johaneso Branto dienoraščio įrašas, padarytas 1525 m. lapkričio 8 d. Jis rašo, kad Liūbeke buvo sulaikyta statinė su knygomis, kurias ruošėsi persiųsti į Rygą. Joje buvo vokiškos liuteroniškos knygos ir raštai lyvių, latvių ir estų kalbomis. Peržiūrėjus buvo nuspręsta vokiškas knygas sunaikinti. Dienoraštyje nenurodoma, kaip nutarta elgtis su daugeliu (commixti) nesuprantamų (quos legere non poterant) kalbų parašytomis knygomis. Pati knyga iki mūsų laikų neišliko. 1535 m. Vitenberge buvo išspausdintas liuteroniškas katekizmas su lygiagrečiu tekstu žemutinių vokiečių ir estų kalbomis. Jį sudarė Talino bažnyčios pastorius Juiguliste Simonas Vapradtas, o į estų kalbą išvertė Šv. Dvasios bažnyčios pamokslininkas Johanesas Koelas. Tai pirmoji knyga su estišku tekstu, pasiekusi mus, nors irne visa (l 929 m. Estų literatūrinės draugijos bibliotekoje rastas vienuolikos puslapių fragmentas). Vėliau buvo išleisti dar keli liuteroniški katekizmai (1554, 1560, 1575). Pirmas katalikiškas katekizmas (kanauninko Petro Kapilio) su giesmėmis išleistas Vilniuje 1585 m. kalvinistų spaustuvininko Danieliaus Lanciscijaus (?). Katalikų religinių knygų nacionalinėmis kalbomis spauda padarė pagal Trento susirinkimo ( 1545-1563) sprendimą apie tai, kad ateityje katalikų tikyba bus vykdoma tikinčiųjų kalbomis. Popiežiaus legatas Antonijus Posevinas, aktyviai vykdęs misionierišką veiklą Pabaltijy, Švedijoje ir Rusijoje, šiose šalyse organizavo knygų nacionalinėmis kalbomis leidybą. Iš visų A. Posevino pastangomis išspausdintų knygų iki mūsų dienų išliko tik katekizmas švedų kalba Helsinkyje ir katekizmas latvių kalba Upsalos universiteto bibliotekoje. Katekizmas estų kalba kartu su giesmynu išnyko be pėdsakų. Tačiau spaudinio pasirodymo faktą patvirtina Vatikano archyve rastos 1585 m. spalio 25 d. sąskaitos už knyg11 leidybą estų ir latvių kalbomis (rado Danijoje gyvenantis estų istorikas, mokslų daktaras Velo Helkas). Knygos istorikai laikosi vienos nuomonės, kad abu katekizmai į nacionalines kalbas buvo kolektyviai išversti Derpto (Tartu) vertėjų seminarijoje (seminarium interpretum), kuri įsikūrė 1583 m. balandžio mėn. A. Posevinas grįžo iš Tartu per Rygą į Vilnių ir kartu parsivežė katekizmo tekstą latvių ir estų kalbomis. Tuoj pat grįžęs į Vilnių, katekizmų rankraščius jis perdavė į Danieliaus Lanciscijaus spaustuvę. Iš sąskaitų už spausdinimą sužinome, kad estiškas katekizmas buvo išspausdintas 997 egzempliorių tiražu (kaip ir estiškas giesmynas). Iš jų per Rygą į Estiją (Estlandiją) išsiųsti 747 egzemplioriai. A. Posevino nurodymu, katekizmą platino gyventojams seminarijos mokiniai ir vaikai, kuriuos mokė katalikų misionieriai. Kitos žinomos katalikiškos knygos estų kalba išleistos Braunsberge 1620-1623 m. Jėzuitų šaltiniai taip pat mini tris katalikiškas knygas estų kalba, kurias išleido Vilhelmas Buskas ir kurios iki šiol dar nerastos. Be to, išliko tik vienas egzempliorius katalikiško liturginio maldyno ,,Agenda Parva", skirto lyvių katalikų pamokslininkams, estų, latvių, vokiečių ir lenkų kalbomis, išspausdintas Braunsberge 1622 m
XVI a. pab.-XVII a. Vilniaus spaustuvių knygų grafika (Kelios pastabos Vilniaus knygų grafikos meniškumo klausimu)
Get PDFThe printing activities flourished in Vilnius from the end of the sixteenth century. We may talk about two periods with distinctive features in book illustration in relation to printed book graphics: 1) the end of the sixteenth century to the 1640s; 2) the 1640s to the end of the seventeenth century.
The books in the printing houses of Vilnius were illustrated very modestly. The initials, headpieces, tailpieces, and ornamented page frames were the main decorations used by the printing houses in Vilnius. These elements were repeated in publications issued by different religious confessions because it was common to borrow or rent the same engraved plates at the end of the sixteenth century. The first books published in Vilnius had no uniform style because the printer was responsible for the appearance of a book in addition to other duties.
Besides two inherited traditions of book illustration (the Eastern one that used two-colored printing inherited from Russian manuscripts; the Western one coming from German book decoration), a third, new and modern decoration with emblems emerged during the first period.
The use of emblems introduced symbolic thinking and a tripartite composition scheme that ruled over the ornamented space of the book. During this period, several occasional publications were decorated with emblems or ornamented according to the rules of emblematic composition. Most of these engravings were done on wood, had a uniform style, and belonged to one professional engraver who worked in Vilnius. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, copper engravings became widespread: one known collection of emblems was decorated by cartographer Tom Makovski, who had served in the Radvila court. That book, Divi tutelaris..., was dedicated to St. Kazimieras and consisted of 24 emblems (copper engravings) with lemmas expressing the virtue of the saint in one word, and a poem of 12 lines. During this period, one could find not only provincial elements but also features of professional book decoration.
The coat of arms was one of the most popular elements found in the books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It was meant to honor the dedicatee and was usually printed in a prominent place—on the reverse of the title page. At the beginning, arms were represented according to very strict rules of composition. Later, the arms became part of a complex illustration: they were freely composed with other emblems, allegorical images, or a portrait into a unified composition. During the seventeenth century, the tradition of title-page decoration flourished in Vilnius. Sometimes the whole content of the book was symbolically represented in the title-page decoration. The main means acquired in the graphical experience of Vilnius illustrators were used: emblematic elements were joined with coats of arms, allegorical figures held shields, and portraits were surrounded by intricate garlands full of different attributes. The composition of the title page was saturated with decorative elements and became the main artistic representation in a book. The professional level of book graphics in Vilnius during this period was very varied: there were both highly professional and very weak engravings of poor taste
Ona ir Marcelė Jurgauskaitės - knygnešės ir daraktorės
Get PDFOna and Marcelė Jurgauskaitė were enlighteners of the Lithuanian people at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. Their activities left an impressive mark in the Šiaulėnai district and beyond. Ona Jurgauskaitė was a teacher between 1889-1905 in the villages of Šiaulėnai, Žarėnai, Darbėnai, Šimkaičiai, and Tytuvėnai. Marcelė Jurgauskaitė was an active book distributor. She carried forbidden Lithuanian books from Tilžė and distributed them in the towns of Šiaulėnai, Grinkiškis, Baisogala, and Radviliškis. She was also a teacher in the village of Kudinai (district of Šiauliai). Both of them were buried in the cemetery of Šiaulėnai
