Kalbotyra
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Kollokationen der deutschen und der dänischen Wissenschaftssprache
Get PDFThis study compares the collocational use of the different word forms of five roots of academic language in German and Danish, considered essential for the realization of obligatory moves in the academic abstract, namely *analy*, *untersuch*/*undersøg*, *method*/*metod*, *theor*/*teor* and *empiri*. The aim of the comparison is to uncover differences and similarities in the expert norm of the two languages in order to gain insights that may help to inform the teaching of German-speaking students who must learn written standard Danish as part of their studies in Denmark. The study places special emphasis on the topic of variation, since variation reflects interculturally different uses of language specifically and is a major theme in academic language in general. The frequency and distribution of the five roots as verb, noun and adjective are compared in the collocations: noun + verb, verb + noun, adjective + noun in a study of two corpora of 100 dissertation abstracts from each of the two languages (approx.145.000 tokens), using the Word Sketch function of the corpus tool Sketch Engine. The LogDice measure has been used to identify the collocations, and variation is operationalized as the type-token ratio, computed for each syntactic relation. The results show general differences between the two languages. The use of different collocations with word forms from the five word families is greater in academic language in German than in Danish, despite a very similar distribution of the collocations in the languages and despite higher frequencies in Danish. The collocational use of the words in Danish therefore seems to be less varied and more restricted than in academic language in German
Deutsche Phraseologie und Parömiologie im Kontakt und im Kontrast I. Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Przemysław Staniewski, Joanna Szczęk, Hrsg. Kovač Verlag, Hamburg (2020). 482 S., ISBN 978-3-339-11484-6 (Print), ISBN 978-3-339-11485-3 (eBook).
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A token-based investigation of verbal plurality in Lithuanian dialects
Get PDFThis paper examines the use of the verbal suffixes -(d)inė- and ‑dav‑ in Lithuanian dialects. Both suffixes express pluractionality, although of different types, and their distribution in Lithuanian dialects differs as well. Using corpus data, we find that in South Aukštaitian ‑dav‑ is rarer and -(d)inė‑ is more frequent than in East Aukštaitian; in Lithuanian dialects of Belarus -dav- is almost absent. We argue against the assumption that -(d)inėforms have extended into the domain of the past habitual at the expense of ‑dav‑ forms; a slightly higher token frequency of -(d)inė‑ in South Aukštaitian seems to apply irrespective of any particular tense. We also argue that only token-based analyses can substantiate claims concerning areal distribution of certain grammatical forms and constructions
Intercultural Perspectives on Research Writing, Pilar Mur-Dueñas, Jolanta Šinkūnienė, eds. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia (2018)
Get PDFIntercultural Perspectives on Research Writing, Pilar Mur-Dueñas, Jolanta Šinkūnienė, eds. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia (2018). VII + 310 pp., ISBN 9789027201973
Juk and gi, and “particles” in contemporary Lithuanian: Explaining language-particular elements in a cross-linguistic context
Get PDFIn this paper, I propose to take a fresh look at the elements traditionally termed “particles” in descriptions of Lithuanian. I establish criteria that would allow one to come up with a meaningful classification of such elements, and argue for the descriptive language particular category of “sentence particles”. I then turn to the syntax and functions of juk and gi, two prominent elements of this category. In order to understand their functions better, I invoke cross-linguistic comparison. I demonstrate that the ideas expressed in the literature on the German particles doch and ja can also be applied to Lithuanian. All four particles exhibit a common meaning component, which I describe as framing the proposition as uncontroversial, but also significant differences. Finally, I provide a brief overview of similar categories in some neighboring and genealogically related languages, and introduce the general methodological and areal-typological dimension of the phenomenon
Pietų aukštaičių patarmės paribiai: sintaksinių konstrukcijų kaita
Get PDFThe dialectological and sociolinguistic material from the Southern Aukštaitian borderland is under the investigation in this article. The most recent records of the speaker of the Lithuanian Southern Aukštaitian in Šalčininkai district are analyzed in order to study the changes in the syntax. The peripheral area of the Southern Aukštaitian located in Šalčininkai district is surrounded or, speaking more precisely, in contact with languages other than Lithuanian, i. e. Belarusian and Polish, and relatively recently with the Russian language as well. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of interception and convergence of syntactic compounds in the Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai district. The paper is based on ideas by Vytautas Ambrazas (2006) on this topic.Because of continuous language contact a lot of variants in the present Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai region have developed. For example, very frequently the prepositions ant ‘on’, dėl ‘for’, į ‘to’, po ‘after’ used in combination with case tend to acquire more specific meanings. A lot of them become analogous to those found in the neighbouring Slavic languages and thus are often alien for Lithuanian. The impact of standard Lithuanian cannot be totally disregarded either.The Lithuanian and Slavic languages are in active contact in these neighbourhoods, that is’ why they tend to develop the same patterns and constructions. In many cases the local Belarusian dialect, known as the poprostu (‘plain language’ – a local variant of the Belarusian northwestern dialect), plays a stimulating role here. Relatively recently all three contact languages, i.e. Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish, have acquired numerous lexical and grammatical borrowings in the dialects of Šalčininkai neighborhoods. This is one of the conditions for accelerating the incorporation and adoption of alien syntactic patterns in the Lithuanian language.In intense contact, borrowing is not limited to several different patterns because syntactic rules could be adopted as well. Surely, the archaic constructions could acquire entirely new semantic content. The prepositional phrases have been adopted and used not instead of pure cases, but rather alongside with them.Straipsnyje tiriami dialektologiniai ir sociolingvistiniai duomenys, surinkti XX a. antrojoje pusėje. Analizuojama paskutiniųjų pietų aukštaičių patarmės atstovų, gyvenusių Šalčininkų rajono apylinkėse, kalba. Pagrindinis šio sinchroninio tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti tiriamojoje teritorijoje, kurioje buvo ir tebėra vartojama ne vien lietuvių kalba, sintaksinių konstrukcijų kaitą: apibūdinti prielinksninių konstrukcijų atsiradimo vietoj linksnio atvejus, nustatyti galimas šio reiškinio plitimo priežastis. Darbe remiamasi Vytauto Ambrazo (2006) šia tema išdėstytais apibendrinimais.XX a. antrojoje pusėje Šalčininkų rajono apylinkių lietuvių šnektos atstovai gyveno aktyvių kontaktų zonoje. Respondentai nuo seno gerai mokėjo ir aktyviai vartojo kelias kalbas: lietuvių šnektą (priklauso pietų aukštaičių patarmei), vietinės baltarusių tarmės variantą, vadinamą poprostu (‘paprastąją kalbą’), vietinį lenkų kalbos variantą ir rusų kalbą. Pokalbių metu visos šios kalbos buvo natūraliai kaitaliojamos tarpusavyje – vyko aktyvi kodų kaita. Dėl ilgalaikių kontaktų su slavų kalbomis Šalčininkų apylinkių lietuvių šnektoje ėmė formuotis ir plisti nauji kalbos reiškiniai.Šiame straipsnyje siekiama išanalizuoti laipsnišką naujų sintaksinių konstrukcijų plitimą. Aiškinamasi, kaip ir kodėl šios konstrukcijos įsitvirtina lietuvių šnektoje. Tyrime konstatuojama, kad tiriamojoje lietuvių šnektoje dažnai vartojami prielinksniai – ant, dėl, į, po – junginyje su linksniu įgauna naujų reikšmių. Daugelis tų reikšmių yra atsiradusios kaimynų slavų kalbų pavyzdžiu, todėl lietuvių kalbai dažnai yra svetimos. Intensyvių kontaktų sąlygomis skatinamąjį vaidmenį čia atliko vietinė baltarusių tarmė. Prielinksninės konstrukcijos dar nėra visiškai išstūmusios tiriamajai lietuvių šnektai būdingų atitinkamų neprielinksninių. Jos čia įsitvirtinę ne vietoj grynųjų linksnių, o greta jų. Tiriamos lietuvių šnektos sintaksės kaitą skatina ir bendrinė lietuvių kalba
Feste Wortverbindungen in Forschung und Lehre: Phraseologismen, Kollokationen und Verwandtes. In Erinnerung an Saulius Lapinskas (1954–2014). Internationale wissenschaftliche Tagung an der Universität Vilnius
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Referential and pragmatic-discourse properties of Lithuanian reference impersonals: 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp
Get PDFIn this paper I describe the semantics, pragmatics and the discourse functions of three Lithuanian agent-defocusing constructions, featuring the non-referential use of second person singular/third person verbal forms and the non-agreeing participial forms in ma/ta. These three constructions can all be defined as impersonal, in the broader sense of the word, as the agent (or the main participant, whatever its semantic role may be) is constructed as non-referential: I label them 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp. My corpus consists of original Lithuanian texts (a short story and entries on an Internet forum) and of the Lithuanian translations of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry’s novella Le Petit Prince and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. My analysis shows that 2sg-imp are preferably used to express generic agents (anyone) and 3-imp are preferably used to express referential indefinite agents (someone). while ma/ta-imp are referentially flexible. 2sg-imp are pragmatically marked in that they are used to express empathy between the speaker and the pool of potential referents; they are mostly used in specific discourse types, such as opinion statements and life drama situations. 3-imp are preferred in situations where the indefiniteness of the agent is relevant to the development of the narrative; ma/ta-imp are instead preferred when the agent is irrelevant, and the focus is on the event itself. The behavior of Lithuanian 2sg-imp, 3-imp and ma/ta-imp is consistent with the one already described for similar constructions in other European languages
