Kalbotyra
Not a member yet
2154 research outputs found
Sort by
Determination and modification: Topology of prenominal attributes in Lithuanian
Get PDF[full article and abstract in English]
This paper offers a description of the linear structure of the definite Lithuanian noun phrase (NP) with an emphasis on prenominal attributes. Morphological and syntactical coding of definiteness is examined through the comparison of NP structures in Lithuanian (a language with relatively ungrammaticalised marking of definiteness) and Swedish (a language with fully developed overt marking of definiteness). The special role of definite attributes, quantifiers and adjectival modifiers is shown through identifying key positions in a linear structure of the Lithuanian NP. A topology of the Lithuanian NP is then suggested reflecting the multi-layered nature of the reference-assigning process mirrored in multi-exponential marking of definiteness, with adjectival marking being a very important one. Variations in NP structures are described using Lithuanian and Swedish data focusing on the combinatorial possibilities of definite adjectival modifiers and other determiners
The Corpus of Lithuanian Children Language: Development and application for modern studies in language acquisition
Get PDF[full article and abstract in English]
This paper describes The Corpus of Lithuanian Children’s Language and its possible applications for modern studies on the first language acquisition. First of all, the procedure of data collection for the Corpus is discussed. Furthermore, the main methodological principles of longitudinal and experimental data compilation and transciption are decribed. Finally, different studies in developmental psycholinguistics which have been carried out so far and which demonstrate possible ways of the application of the Corpus data for different scientific purposes are introduced.
The Corpus of Lithuanian Children’s Language developed at Vytautas Magnus University comprises typical and atypical, longitudinal and experimental data of the Lithuanian language development. The Corpus was compiled using different methodological approaches, such as natural observation and semi-experiment. The longitudinal data (conversations between the target children and their caretakers) compiled according to the requirement of natural observation includes transcribed and morphologically annotated speech of two typically-developing children, one late talker, one early talker, one child from a low SES family, and a pair of twins. The data was collected during the period of 1993–2017 and and it can be divided into three cohorts. The semi-experimentaldata (~ 124 hours) comes from numerous studies in narratives and spontaneous dialogues elicited from typically-developing and language-impaired monolingual and bilingual (pre-) school age children.
From the very beginning of data collection for the The Corpus of Lithuanian Children’s Language, studies in the develomental changes of typical child language have been carried out. Over the past decade, these studies have been supplemented by statistical analysis of elicited semi-experimental data; the majority of these studies deal with typical vs. atypical (delayed or impaired) language acquisition and with differences between acquision of Lithuanian in a monolingual vs. bi-/polylingual settings.
The paper provides an overview of data of The Corpus of Lithuanian Children’s Language, which have been collected from 1993 but still needed to be structurized according to the employed methodology of data compilation and possible applications for different scientific purposes
Verkehrsberuhigen, karrierefördern, nervenzerrütten: Zur Rolle partizipialer Objektinkorporation bei der pseudokompositionellen Verbbildung im Deutschen
Get PDF[full article and abstract in German]
Die Wortbildung des Verbs im Deutschen beruht bekanntlich im Wesentlichen auf Präfix‑ und Partikelverben. Neben diesen existiert allerdings auch eine nicht unbeträchtliche Zahl von Verben, die als ‘Pseudokomposita’ bezeichnet werden (des Typs bausparen, notlanden, schlussfolgern, schutzimpfen u.a.). Diese gelten zwar, was das ihnen zugrundeliegende Wortbildungsmuster betrifft, als marginal produktiv und sind durch Konversion bzw. Rückbildung aus Substantiven entstanden und damit nominalen Ursprungs. Gleichwohl lässt sich für viele unter ihnen (z.B. staubsaugen, verkehrsberuhigen, karrierefördern, nervenzerrütten etc.) auch ein syntaktischer Ursprung konstatieren, der ebenso plausibel erscheint und unter bestimmten Bedingungen zur Bildung neuer Verben im Deutschen führen kann. Jedoch handelt es sich bei diesen Verben oft um Augenblicksbildungen, die von keinem Wörterbuch verzeichnet werden und auch in den anerkannten Belegkorpora allenfalls am Rande begegnen; dennoch sind sie, vom Sprachsystem her gesehen, möglich und bildbar. Der folgende Beitrag untersucht, wie und unter welchen Bedingungen Verben des sogenannten inkorporierenden Typs im Deutschen entstehen können. Es wird sich zeigen, dass bei dieser Art Verbbildung der Inkorporation des Akkusativobjekts durch Partizipien eine Schlüsselrolle zukommt: die so entstandenen komplexen Partizipien stellen die Ausgangsbasis für verbale Infinitive bereit und ebnen damit letztlich auch den Weg zur Verbbildung im Deutschen.[straipsnis ir santrauka vokiečių kalba
Redakcinė kolegija ir turinys
No full text[text in English and Lithuanian][tekstas anglų ir lietuvių kalbomis
Endophoric definiteness: An analysis based on Romanian data
Get PDF[full article and abstract in English]
Definiteness as a grammatical or pragmatic category is usually explained via the act of reference. In this spirit, a definite noun phrase is said to ensure that the hearer can identify the entity to which the NP refers, thus establishing a successful act of communication. The well-known typology of definiteness types developed by Hawkins (1978) relies on this assumption. However, such an explanation fails to clarify all the definite noun phrases in discourse.This paper argues that the information provided in the complex nominal constituent can yield a definite interpretation of the nominal regardless of the hearer’s ability to identify the real-life referent to which the noun refers. Such types of definite noun phrases are subsumed in this article under the term “endophoric definiteness”. I will discuss two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. First, the relational definiteness, based on the notion of reference-point constructions will be discussed. Then I will turn to modificational definiteness where the use of modifiers contribute to the definite interpretation of the nominal. The article focuses on how the endophoric definiteness types function and what strategies can be used to mark them formally. To illustrate this point, I use the qualitative analysis of Romanian data. It shows that a language may have different grammatical patterns for the two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. This formal distinction in linguistic expression shows that relational and modificational definiteness types must be taken into account as contributing, in distinct ways, to the category of definiteness.[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba
Subject case alternation in negated existential, locative, and possessive clauses in Latvian
Get PDF[full article and abstract in English]
The goal of this article is to analyse the alternation between the genitive and nominative cases in Latvian. As the alternation between genitive and nominative cases is possible in all clauses in which the verb būt ‘to be’ is used as an independent verb, this article examines existential, locative, and also possessive clauses, while also demonstrating that distinguishing these clause types is problematic for Latvian utilising the criteria given in the linguistic literature. Clauses containing the negative form of būt ‘to be’, i.e. nebūt, form the foundation of those selected for this study, as only in these sentences the genitive/nominative alternation can be seen for the subject in Latvian.
There are only fragmentary descriptions of existential clauses as a unique semantic type, primarily in connection with the function of the verb būt ‘to be’ and the problems associated with distinguishing its independent and auxiliary meanings. Word order in existential, locative, and possessive clauses has, until now, been examined in connection with typical clause expanders – adverbial modifiers and the dative of possession as well as the information structure of the clause. At the same time, case choice for objects in negative existential clauses has traditionally been one of the most studied themes regarding language standardisation. In order to determine which factors affect the choice of either the genitive or nominative case, a corpus study was done analysing 979 examples: 882 with a genitive subject and 97 with a nominative subject.
It was found that a connection exists between the definiteness of the subject, word order, and case choice; however, this manifests only as a tendency rather than as a strict rule.[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba
Nominalphrasen aus rezeptiver Sicht. Zur Relevanz der Behandlung einer vernachlässigten Kategorie in DaF-Lernergrammatiken
Get PDFThe disposition of grammars for German as a foreign language is dominated by the grammar of the different parts of speech and sentence structure. This arrangement is oriented, at one side, towards the Duden grammar which, up to the sixth edition (1998), practically gives no own place to the phrase as an independent grammatical category; on the other side, it is influenced by the grammar of Helbig & Buscha (2001) in which, since it is a mixture of functional and valency grammar, the category phrase is disregarded. However, the exclusion of phrase as a grammatical category for its own suggests a direct transition from word to sentence and origins ultimately in the concept that a sentence consists of an ordered set of single words. But at the latest, when the conversation turns to the determination of sentence components, learners are confronted with precisely the quantity which is located between the level of the individual word and the sentence and which is, as concerns expandability and diversity, equal to the sentence. Moreover, the recognition of the sentence depends for long stretches on the recognition of the phrase structure.The following article aims (with reference to the discussion of complex noun phrases and their role in the formation of Garden-path- and similar structures) to draw attention on the importance of treatment of noun phrases from the linear point of view and to show some selected aspects which should be treated in learner grammars. It will be shown that the theming of phrase topology will be sufficient for promoting a better understanding of the parts of speech and thus will help the learner to receive (and maybe produce) highly complex structures in German.Die Disposition von DaF-Lernergrammatiken ist geprägt von der Grammatik der einzelnen Wortarten und des Satzbaus. Dieser Aufbau orientiert sich zum einen an der Duden-Grammatik, die bis zur sechsten Auflage (1998) der Phrase als selbständiger grammatischer Kategorie praktisch keinen eigenen Platz einräumt; zum anderen aber steht dafür die Grammatik von Helbig & Buscha (2001) Pate, die als eine Mischung aus funktionaler und valenzorientierter Grammatik die Kategorie Phrase außer Betracht lässt. Der Ausschluss der Kategorie Phrase suggeriert jedoch einen direkten Übergang vom Wort zum Satz und rührt letztlich von der Vorstellung her, dass der Satz aus einer geordneten Menge von Einzelwörtern besteht. Doch spätestens dann, wenn die Rede auf die Bestimmung von ‚Satzgliedern‘ kommt, werden Lerner mit genau jener Größe konfrontiert, die zwischen der Ebene des Einzelworts und der des Satzes angesiedelt ist, in ihrer Erweiterbarkeit und Vielgestaltigkeit dem Satz in nichts nachsteht, von deren Strukturerkennung jedoch letztlich auch diejenige des gesamten Satzes abhängt.Der folgende Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, anhand der Erörterung komplexer Nominalphrasen und ihrer Rolle bei der Entstehung von Garden-path- und ähnlichen Konstruktionen auf die Wichtigkeit der Behandlung von Nominalphrasen aus linearer Sicht sowie einige ausgewählte Aspekte aufmerksam zu machen, die in einer Lernergrammatik anlässlich der Behandlung der Kategorie Phrase zur Sprache kommen müssten. Es wird sich zeigen, dass die Thematisierung der Phrasentopologie zum besseren Verständnis des Satzgliedbaus seitens des Lerners führen und ihm somit zur Rezeption und Produktion hochkomplexer Gebilde im Deutschen verhelfen kann