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Formantinę balsių struktūrą lemiančių veiksnių ryšiai: žvalgomasis bendrinės lietuvių kalbos ilgųjų ir trumpųjų balsių tyrimas
Get PDFThis article aims to determine the relative power and hierarchy of factors that directly impact the distribution of vowels F1 and F2. For this purpose, statistical analysis (ANOVA) has been conducted. Three Lithuanian vowels [ɑː/ɐ], [uː/ʊ], and [iː/ɪ] (the so-called corner vowels), and four factors (the phonological quantity, speakers, focus, and consonants/voiceless plosives) were chosen for the analysis. The results revealed that the hierarchical order of factors primarily depends on vowelsʼ height/frontness. The consonantal factor most influences the formant structure of back vowels, while that of front vowels is more influenced by phonological quantity. Differences in factor hierarchy are reflected in several observed correlations: the openness/closeness of vowels and focus (the more open the vowel, the more its formant structure depends on the prosodic factor), the frontness/backness of vowels and voiceless plosives (the consonantal factor influences back vowels more), and phonological quantity (the formants of short and long front high vowels differed the most). This study is to be extended in the future with a larger dataset.Šiame straipsnyje statistinėmis priemonėmis (pasitelkiant dvifaktorinę dispersinę analizę ANOVA) siekiama nustatyti faktorių, darančių tiesioginę įtaką balsių F1 ir F2 distribucijai, santykinę galią ir hierarchiją. Šio tipo analizei pasirinkti trys lietuvių kalbos balsiai [ɑː/ɐ], [uː/ʊ] ir [iː/ɪ] (vadinamieji kraštiniai balsiai) ir keturi faktoriai (fonologinė balsių kiekybė, diktoriai, frazės kirtis ir priebalsinė balsių aplinka / dusliųjų sprogstamųjų priebalsių pogrupis). Tyrimų rezultatai atskleidė, kad hierarchinis faktorių išsidėstymas pirmiausia priklauso nuo balsių artikuliacinio tipo (jų atvirumo / pakilimo ir eilės). Užpakalinės eilės balsių formantinei struktūrai didžiausią įtaką daro priebalsinis veiksnys, o priešakinės – fonologinė kiekybė. Faktorių hierarchijos skirtumus atliepia keletas nustatytų koreliacijų: balsių atvirumo / pakilimo ir frazės kirčio (kuo balsis atviresnis, tuo jo formantinė struktūra labiau priklauso nuo prozodinio faktoriaus), balsių eilės ir dusliųjų sprogstamųjų priebalsių (kuo balsis užpakalesnis, tuo priebalsinės aplinkos veiksnio įtaka F1 ir F2 didesnė) bei fonologinės kiekybės (priešakinių aukštutinių balsių formantės šiuo požiūriu skyrėsi labiausiai). Suprantama, šį tyrimą reikėtų pratęsti ateityje gausesne ir įvairesne medžiaga
Metonymy in climate change discourse by King Charles III: A cognitive-linguistic perspective
Get PDFThe current British monarch King Charles III is a staunch supporter of climate change mitigation (O’Neill et al. 2013, 413). Whereas he has delivered numerous speeches on climate change both domestically and internationally, currently, however, there are no studies that investigate his speeches on the issue of climate change through a linguistic lens in general and through a cognitive-linguistic prism in particular. Furthermore, there seems to be no published research on such a ubiquitous cognitive-linguistic device as metonymy (Hart 2011) in his speeches on climate change. In order to address the gap in scholarship, the article presents a study that aims to identify the types of metonymy in a corpus of speeches on climate change delivered by King Charles III. The corpus was analysed qualitatively by means of applying a cognitive-linguistic approach to metonymy developed by Radden and Kövecses (1999). The results of the corpus analysis revealed the presence of the following types of metonymy, namely (i) place for a climate change-related event, (ii) place for a climate change-related activity, (iii) place for the government involved in a climate change-related activity, (iv) the generic company name for an actor involved in a climate change-related activity, (v) the specific company name for an actor involved in a climate change-related activity, (vi) the defining property of the category “climate change actor” for the whole category, and (vii) the defining property of the category “climate change goals” for the whole category. The findings are further discussed and illustrated in the article
Deutsch-dänisch oder dänisch-deutsch? – Eine Untersuchung attributiver Kollokationen mit Nationaladjektiven in Bindestrich-Komposita
Get PDFThis study is an explicitly comparative linguistic analysis of attributive collocations with nationality adjectives in hyphenated compounds with dansk ‘Danish’ and deutsch ‘German’ as first or second element. In cultural studies of identity, migration, and minorities, as well as in Danish and German media debates, hyphenated compounds continuously raise questions: Could meaning be attributed to the hyphen? Is the first element separated from, connected with, or subordinated to the second element by the hyphen – or vice versa? The present study seeks to explore whether the order of national adjectives in hyphenated compounds carry meaning. The base word nouns are examined to see whether there are semantic differences between nouns modified by nationality adjectives with interchangeable order or fixed order. The study’s premise is that linguistic fixity and conventionality reflect fixed “Denkmuster” (‘patterns of thought’, Stein & Stumpf 2019, 193), also in collocations. The two Sketch Engine corpora, daTenTen20 and deTenTen18, serve as the empirical basis for the comparison. The study shows that quantitatively there is a clear preference for deutsch- or dansk- as the first element, but no general semantic differences can be observed between base words following compounds with adjectives in interchangeable order and those following compounds with adjectives in fixed order
From evaluative to deontic predication: Evidence for the grammaticalization path from clausal complementation strategies
Get PDFA shift from evaluation (‘it is good, fitting’, etc.) to deontic modality is well known from the literature on grammaticalization. This article looks at it from the viewpoint of complementation. In Lithuanian, a complementation strategy characteristic of evaluative predicates has been carried over to deontic contexts. The complementation strategy referred to consists in the reuse of an originally conditional adverbial clause structure with evaluative predicates as a means of avoiding the factive implication usually associated with evaluatives (cf. it is good that... : it would be good if...). The conditional clause type under discussion contains the anteriority converb in -us, which, as a result of the shift ‘evaluative → deontic’, has become characteristic of a set of deontic constructions where it competes with the infinitive. This development moreover involved processes of insubordination and resubordination. The relevance of the Lithuanian facts (apart from their intrinsic interest, also from the viewpoint of resubordination processes) consists in that the extension of the complementation type from evaluative to unambiguously deontic contexts provides palpable proof of the transition while the research has hitherto failed to find a cut-off point between evaluation and deontic modality.A shift from evaluation (‘it is good, fitting’, etc.) to deontic modality is well known from the literature on grammaticalization. This article looks at it from the viewpoint of complementation. In Lithuanian, a complementation strategy characteristic of evaluative predicates has been carried over to deontic contexts. The complementation strategy referred to consists in the reuse of an originally conditional adverbial clause structure with evaluative predicates as a means of avoiding the factive implication usually associated with evaluatives (cf. it is good that... : it would be good if...). The conditional clause type under discussion contains the anteriority converb in -us, which, as a result of the shift ‘evaluative → deontic’, has become characteristic of a set of deontic constructions where it competes with the infinitive. This development moreover involved processes of insubordination and resubordination. The relevance of the Lithuanian facts (apart from their intrinsic interest, also from the viewpoint of resubordination processes) consists in that the extension of the complementation type from evaluative to unambiguously deontic contexts provides palpable proof of the transition while the research has hitherto failed to find a cut-off point between evaluation and deontic modality
Poetic and theatrical occasionalisms: Creation of new morphologically complex words by Joseph von Eichendorff, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Peter Handke and Arno Schmidt
Get PDFThis contribution characterises and differentiates the poetic occasionalisms in the form of new morphologically complex words created by the early romantic German lyrical poet Joseph von Eichendorff, by the Austrian Nobel Prize winner for literature Peter Handke and by the extravagant German prosaic author Arno Schmidt and the occasionalisms created by the most famous Austrian comedy writer Johann Nepomuk Nestroy.The concept and term occasionalism has been founded by the Russian pioneer of stylistics Erik J. Chanpira (1996, see § 2) and defined as a newly created morphologically complex poetic word destined to be used with a literary function only once for a single passage and which is not taken over by anybody else. This definition holds for the authors investigated, except Eichendorff who reuses occasionalisms, which may be also reused by other lyrical poets of the same period or even later.The main part (§ 3) consists of the discussion of 17 criteria for characterising and differentiating the occasionalisms studied. These are productivity of word formation, literary functions, main content, single use vs. reuse of them, consequences of the noun bias of German and of the preference for binary relations, size of the word families of compound constituents (especially of the first constituent), the degree of poetic licence, semantically coherent vs. incoherent combination of words within a compound, embedding into the cotext and into the situational context, gapping constructions and their make-up, preference for compounding vs. derivational morphology.The conclusion and outlook (§ 4) present proposals how literary studies may profit from investigations of poetic and theatrical occasionalisms, which represent the highest degree of language creativity of literary authors. We urge that theatre productions should highlight occasionalisms and report that Nestroy’s German occasionalisms are generally better translated into English by programs of machine translation then by human translators.This contribution characterises and differentiates the poetic occasionalisms in the form of new morphologically complex words created by the early romantic German lyrical poet Joseph von Eichendorff, by the Austrian Nobel Prize winner for literature Peter Handke and by the extravagant German prosaic author Arno Schmidt and the occasionalisms created by the most famous Austrian comedy writer Johann Nepomuk Nestroy.The concept and term occasionalism has been founded by the Russian pioneer of stylistics Erik J. Chanpira (1996, see § 2) and defined as a newly created morphologically complex poetic word destined to be used with a literary function only once for a single passage and which is not taken over by anybody else. This definition holds for the authors investigated, except Eichendorff who reuses occasionalisms, which may be also reused by other lyrical poets of the same period or even later.The main part (§ 3) consists of the discussion of 17 criteria for characterising and differentiating the occasionalisms studied. These are productivity of word formation, literary functions, main content, single use vs. reuse of them, consequences of the noun bias of German and of the preference for binary relations, size of the word families of compound constituents (especially of the first constituent), the degree of poetic licence, semantically coherent vs. incoherent combination of words within a compound, embedding into the cotext and into the situational context, gapping constructions and their make-up, preference for compounding vs. derivational morphology.The conclusion and outlook (§ 4) present proposals how literary studies may profit from investigations of poetic and theatrical occasionalisms, which represent the highest degree of language creativity of literary authors. We urge that theatre productions should highlight occasionalisms and report that Nestroy’s German occasionalisms are generally better translated into English by programs of machine translation then by human translators
Features of BE-perfect grammaticalization in the person-based auxiliation system of Barese
Get PDFThis paper seeks to identify patterns of the BE auxiliary usage in the Barese perfect which features a person-based auxiliary usage pattern but does not strictly adhere to it. The analysis is based on the quantitative data from written texts in Barese. The paper presents an overview of the semantic functions of the Barese perfect along with the usage frequency of the BE auxiliary in the 3rd person, where it is not foreseen by the person-based auxiliary pattern in the perfect. The analysis shows that the 3rd person BE auxiliary in the data most frequently appears with statives and subject-oriented resultatives. These two semantic functions of the perfect coincide with the least grammaticalized values of an exclusively BE perfect in Lithuanian. This shows that the development of the BE + participle construction in Barese follows the steps that may be peculiar to the grammaticalization of BE perfects. As all uses of the Barese perfect in the data used for this study with the BE auxiliary in the 3rd person draw the system closer to the Standard Italian split-auxiliary model, these developments can be regarded not merely as the influence of Standard Italian upon the local dialect, but also as contact-induced grammaticalization
Sarah E. Duffy & Michele I. Feist. Time, Metaphor, and Language. A Cognitive Science Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023, pp. 190
Get PDFSarah E. Duffy & Michele I. Feist. Time, Metaphor, and Language. A Cognitive Science Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023, pp. 190, ISBN 978-1-107-19403-8, DOI: https//doi.org/10.1017/978110815010
Sprachökologische Betrachtungen zum Deutschen in Dänemark
Get PDFThis article analyses the German language in Denmark in its various contexts of language ecology. A crucial aspect of this approach is that German is not only considered, for example, as an intensely taught and learned foreign language in the education system or as the vivid language of the German minority in the south of Jutland, but that all those areas in which the German language plays a role in the Danish society are dealt with, thus including the enormous importance of German in Danish tourism and in business and economic life in general. In this way, a systemic overview over the language ecology of German in Denmark can be reconstructed.For a better understanding of today’s situation of German in Denmark, a brief historical outline of the centuries of intensive language contact between German and Danish is provided at the end of the article.Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht das Deutsche in Dänemark in seinen unterschiedlichen sprachökologischen Zusammenhängen. Wesentlich dabei ist, dass das Deutsche eben nicht nur beispielsweise als häufig gelernte und unterrichtete Fremdsprache im Bildungssystem oder als vitale Sprache der deutschen Minderheit in Südjütland betrachtet wird, sondern dass alle diejenigen Bereiche abgehandelt werden, in denen das Deutsche in der dänischen Gesellschaft eine Rolle spielt, was die enorme Bedeutung des Deutschen im dänischen Tourismus und im Wirtschaftsleben generell einschließt. Auf diese Weise kann ein systemischer Gesamtüberblick zur Sprachökologie des Deutschen in Dänemark rekonstruiert werden.Um die heutigen Gegebenheiten des Deutschen in Dänemark besser verstehen zu können, wird am Ende des Beitrags ein kurzer historischer Abriss zu den jahrhundertelangen intensiven Sprachkontakten Deutsch-Dänisch gegeben