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Giunterio Valrafo tiriamosios žurnalistikos galimybės Lietuvoje
Get PDFThis paper provides analysis of investigative journalism climate in Lithuania and possibilities weather Günter Wallraff’s investigative methods could be applied in this country. Due to that author interviewed various experts of media, human rights and ethics. They shared their opinion about what is the value of investigative journalism, what topic should be investigated the most, what are the most famous investigative journalists in Lithuania, could methods of G. Wallraff be used in this country and so on. Article also answers who G. Wallraff is and what he is famous for as well as gives different definitions of what investigative journalism is, according to media scholars. In addition to this, paper presents a short brief of history of investigative journalism in Lithuania and in the world and emphasizes the major development differences. Article also gives an interpretation why investigative journalism is lacking in Lithuania nowadays and what is needed in order to strength it. Straipsnyje analizuojamas profesinis tiriamosios žurnalistikos klimatas Lietuvoje ir G. Valrafo2 tiriamosios žurnalistikos metodų taikymo galimybės. Darbas aktualus tuo, kad tiriamoji žurnalistika, būdama labai reikšminga žurnalistikos rūšis, Lietuvoje menkai plėtojama, o dėl to iškreipiamas ir demokratijos funkcionavimas. Manoma, kad naudojant G. Valrafo žurnalistinius metodus, kurie Vokietijoje lėmė reikšmingus pokyčius, Lietuvoje būtų galima pagerinti ne tik tiriamosios žurnalistikos padėtį, bet ir paskatinti kokybinių pokyčių procesą Lietuvos visuomenėje. Publikacijos tikslas – pristatyti G. Valrafo žurnalistinio tyrimo metodus ir išsiaiškinti, ar tokie tyrimo būdai galėtų būti veiksmingi Lietuvoje. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami tiriamosios žurnalistikos raidos bruožai, G. Valrafo karjera ir svarbiausi darbai, žiniasklaidos, žmogaus teisių ir etikos ekspertų vertinimai apie tiriamosios žurnalistikos situaciją bei G. Valrafo metodų aktualumą Lietuvoje
Vilniaus ukrainiečių tautinės bendrijos naudojimosi žiniasklaida ypatumai Ukrainos karo laikotarpiu
Get PDFThe objective of the publication is to investigate what are the daily characteristics of media consumption of Vilnius Ukrainian national community and how do these characteristics vary on the case of the War in Ukraine as well as the role of the media in shaping the political identity and opinion of Vilnius Ukrainian national community. The tasks of analysis: to clarify how Vilnius Ukrainian national community uses the media; to analyse how the consumption of the media of Vilnius Ukrainian national community vary on the case of the War in Ukraine; to clarify how media contributes to the shape of political opinion of Vilnius Ukrainian national community; Having analysed the academic literature and done the quantitative and qualitative researches, it was concluded that the characteristics of media consumption of Vilnius Ukrainian national community are typical to the characteristics of media consumption of national communities that form their identity in contemporary and global media surroundings. Vilnius Ukrainian national community consumes media in Lithuanian, Ukrainian, English and Russian. This proves why the political identity of contemporary national communities is rotational. The political identity of contemporary national communities that live in European countries as well as Ukrainian national community is related not with a particular country but with values of a democratic government. When the War in Ukraine started the need of information in Vilnius Ukrainian national community increased. The need of the information of Ukrainian media increased while the information of Lithuanian media was consumed to get in touch with the daily news related with the War in Ukraine. This indicates that Vilnius Ukrainian national community uses the information of different countries for different purposes.Šis straipsnis yra skirtas Vilniaus ukrainiečių tautinės bendrijos naudojimosi žiniasklaida, vykstant Ukrainos karui, tendencijoms pateikti, atspindint tris karo etapus: Maidano protestų, Krymo aneksijos ir esant neramumams Donecko ir Luhansko miestuose1. Taip pat siekta apžvelgti, koks buvo žiniasklaidos vaidmuo formuojant bendrijos, atskirtos nuo Ukrainos įvykių ir visuomeninio gimtosios šalies gyvenimo, politines nuostatas. Siekiant atskleisti bendruomenėje vyraujančią situaciją, atlikti kiekybinis ir kokybinis tyrimai. Vilniaus ukrainiečių bendrijos nariai atsakė į klausimyno klausimus, kurie ir padėjo sužinoti respondentų žiniasklaidos naudojimo tendencijas, tai yra: kaip suintensyvėjo naudojimasis žiniasklaida per karą Ukrainoje, kokių šalių rengiama informacija bendrijos nariai naudojasi bei kokiais principais remiasi rinkdamiesi žiniasklaidos priemones. Atlikti tyrimai parodė, kad prasidėjus Ukrainos karui informacijos poreikis Vilniaus ukrainiečių tautinėje bendrijoje žymiai išaugo. Keitėsi ir bendrijos narių elgesys, naudojantis žiniasklaida. Išaugo ukrainietiškos žiniasklaidos teikiamos informacijos paklausa, o Lietuvos žiniasklaidos priemonėmis naudotasi norint sužinoti kasdienes naujienas apie karą. Paaiškėjo, kad Vilniaus ukrainiečių bendrijos nariai naudojasi beveik vienodu lietuviškų ir ukrainietiškų žiniasklaidos priemonių kiekiu. Tapo svarbu išsiaiškinti ir tai, kada bendrijos nariai renkasi naudoti lietuvių, o kada – ukrainiečių žiniasklaidą. Be to, išryškėjo tendencija, kad bendrijos nariai gausiai naudojasi televizija, internetiniais dienraščiais bei internetine televizija, bet kur kas rečiau naudojasi spauda ir radiju. Tai rodo tarp bendrijos narių susiformavusią tradiciją skirtingų šalių ir skirtingų žiniasklaidos platformų priemonėmis naudotis skirtingais tikslais
Emigranto paveikslas piliečių žurnalistikoje
Get PDFThe object of the paper is citizen journalism platforms of online media outlets “Pilietis” (Delfi.lt) and “Bendraukime” (Lrytas.lt) 2012–2014. Work aim is to find how emigration topic is covered in citizen journalism and what portrait of emigrant is framed by citizens’ authors. Work tasks: research emigration problem in Lithuania; analyze the newest statistics of emigration from Lithuania; find the main reasons of emigration from Lithuania; research process of citizen journalism; investigate articles about emigration in online media outlets Delfi.lt and Lrytas.lt citizen journalism platforms. Having analyzed academic literature and researched publications of citizen journalism platforms in online media outlets, it was concluded that emigration topic in citizen journalism is discussed a lot. Authors are both: emigrants and inhabitants in Lithuania. The most active authors are emigrants. Usually they chose emigration because of economic reasons. They are covering emigration in a positive way, but criticize Lithuania. The portrait of emigrant in citizen journalism is “emigrant worker”. Inhabitants are also participating in citizen journalism. They differently from emigrants share their negative opinions about emigration process. Citizen journalism platforms make even bigger opportunities to spread conflict between emigrants and Lithuanians, who are against emigration.Straipsnis skirtas išanalizuoti, kaip emigracijos tema pateikiama piliečių žurnalistikoje, ir išsiaiškinti, kokį emigranto paveikslą kuria piliečių žurnalistikos autoriai populiariausiuose interneto naujienų dienraščiuose. Nagrinėjamos piliečių žurnalistikos skiltyse 2012–2014 m. pateiktos publikacijos emigracijos tema. Tyrimo duomenys buvo renkami 2015-aisiais. Tyrime naudoti 269 tekstai emigracijos tema (178 publikacijos paskelbtos internetinio dienraščio Delfi.lt piliečių žurnalistikos skiltyje „Pilietis“, 91 – naujienų portalo Lrytas.lt skiltyje „Bendraukime“). Rezultatai parodė, kad naujienų portalų piliečių žurnalistikos skiltyse apie emigraciją dažniausia rašo patys emigrantai. Jiems tai galimybė ne tik pasidalyti savo istorija, bet ir paneigti viešojoje erdvėje įsitvirtinusią neigiamą nuomonę apie emigraciją. Emigrantai sprendimą emigruoti ir gyvenimą išeivijoje daugiausia vertina teigiamai. Emigracijos nauda vertinama ekonominiu aspektu. Piliečių žurnalistais dažniausiai tampa darbo emigrantai (emigravusieji dėl ekonominių sunkumų Lietuvoje; kritikuojantys Lietuvos valstybę ir kaltinantys ją privertus emigruoti). Būtent toks emigranto paveikslas vyrauja piliečių žurnalistikoje
Neapykantos kalbos raiška Lietuvos interneto dienraščių publikacijose apie pabėgėlius
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to analyse the concept of hate speech and how it is used in describing refugees in Lithuanian internet newspapers. The research shows the ways of how hate speech becomes a tool for constructing the portrait of refugees and describing other processes related to them, such as migration or integration. Presumptions of hate speech are also described in this article. Period of research: August – October, 2015. Lithuanian Internet newspapers that were analysed: “Delfi.lt”, “15min.lt”, “Lrytas.lt” and “Alfa.lt”. Work tasks: to analyse the concept of hate speech, to reveal the cases of hate speech in publications about refugees; to determine premises of the effect of hate speech expression in Lithuanian internet newspapers; to determine the connection between hate speech and journalistic work ethics; to give recommendations for recognizing and avoiding hate speech in the media. Having analysed academic literature and researched publications, it was concluded that hate speech connected to refugees is spread by using stereotypes, prejudices and racist statements. Refugees are often described as threatening strangers, who will not be able to integrate in European countries. Furthermore, according to elements of the hate speech used in articles analysed, refugees will harm European culture and make an impact on the security in different countries of Europe.Straipsnis skirtas išanalizuoti neapykantos kalbos koncepciją ir ištirti neapykantos kalbos atvejus Lietuvos interneto dienraščių aktualijose apie pabėgėlius. Tyrimu aiškinamasi, kaip žurnalistinėse publikacijose neapykantos kalba naudojama konstruojant pabėgėlio portretą, aprašant su pabėgėliais susijusius migracijos bei integracijos procesus. Straipsnyje taip pat nustatomos neapykantos kalbos poveikio prielaidos. Tyrimas atliktas 2015 m. rugpjūčio – spalio mėnesiais, ištirti 4 Lietuvos interneto dienraščiai: „Delfi.lt“, „15min.lt“, „Lrytas.lt“ ir „Alfa.lt“. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad neapykantos kalba pabėgėlių atžvilgiu skleidžiama pasitelkiant stereotipus, išankstines nuostatas, rasistinius pareiškimus. Pabėgėliai dažnai apibūdinami kaip grėsmingi atvykėliai, nesugebėsiantys integruotis Europos šalyse, pakenksiantys europietiškąjai kultūrai ir saugumui
Amerikos lietuvių autorių darbai apie lietuvių žurnalistikos istoriją
Get PDFThis is the second part of author research about the history of Lithuanian journalism in the works of Lithuanian Americans. The first article was published in 2008. In the second part, the author makes an analysis of period 1905–1919 and compare it with the period of 1879–1904 analysed in the first article.Šis straipsnis – tai mokslo darbų žurnalo „Žurnalistikos tyrimų“ 2008 m. paskelbtos autoriaus publikacijos „Amerikos lietuvių autorių darbai apie lietuvių žurnalistikos istoriją“ tąsa.1 Tai antroji minėtos publikacijos dalis, kuri apims tolesnį laikotarpį – 1905–1919 m. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami tik tuo laiku Amerikos spaudoje, atskiruose leidiniuose skelbti Amerikos lietuvių tekstai lietuvių periodikos istorijos temomis. Darbe siekiama atskleisti, kas nauja tuo laikotarpiu atsirado Amerikos lietuvių autorių darbuose, kokių pakitimų atsirado palyginti su ankstesniu (1879– 1904 m.) periodu
Tarptautinėje mokslinėje konferencijoje aptarta žiniasklaidos ir politikos sąveika Baltijos šalyse
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The Influence of Business and Government Structures on the Autonomy of Lithuanian Online Media
Get PDFThis article is aimed at presenting a complex approach to the media autonomy concept, with particular focus on the most real aspects of journalistic activity and the factors affecting them. The paper actualizes the notion of media and professional autonomy, introduces the Western tradition of journalistic culture and considers the decisions being made and how they affect professional independence in Lithuanian newsrooms. The practical research part of this piece mostly focuses on newsrooms operating online. Based on the findings of the research conducted on the relationships of business and government structures with the media, and the data of the survey of editors and journalists, it can be stated that several factors affect the autonomy of newsrooms and journalists of Lithuanian internet portals: 1) the owners of a media outlet; 2) the political and business interests of the owners; 3) an absence of ethical norms, such as documents regulating professional activities; 4) an absence of mechanisms for feedback and resolution of conflicts of interests; 5) a lack of transparency and impartiality in internet portals; 6) political and business interests; 7) the hierarchical structure of an editorial office. An analysis of the information about owners and documents published in internet portals revealed that the editorial offices either do not provide any information about the shareholders (owners) altogether or this information is provided to the general public in a laconic and sleek manner. Regardless of the fact that some of the portals provide information that shareholders do not interfere with the work of the editorial office, none of them referred to a mechanism for dissociating the editorial office from the interests of the owners (shareholders). The portals do not provide information about the mechanisms for resolving conflicts (between the readers and the newsroom) operated in the newsrooms. Moreover, there is no information on how the conflicts of editors and journalists pertaining to professional ethics are resolved. The majority of newsrooms (except for Delfi.lt) do not familiarize readers with their work culture. The survey of the journalists and editors of internet media outlets revealed that the newsrooms are not sufficiently autonomous – the majority of those surveyed do not think they work in autonomous newsrooms. The lack of autonomy of newsrooms of the internet portals was also corroborated by the fact that there are topics avoided by journalists and editors alike. Generally, they are associated with competitors, politicians or business structures, advertising customers and the interests of owners. It can be assumed, based on the corpus of the replies given by editors and journalists, that a strong hierarchical structure prevails in editorial offices influencing the individual autonomy of journalists. The overall analysis of the journalist replies shows that the journalists do not complete the texts themselves (texts are corrected; titles are changed). Although the corrections are coordinated with the journalists, the editors make the final decision concerning them. Moreover, the lack of professional autonomy of the journalists is also shown by the fact that journalists are commissioned to write articles, whereas certain articles are removed from the internet space
The Image of Refugees and the Features of its Development in Lithuanian Online Newspapers
Get PDFThe considerable number of refugees fleeing to Europe has an impact on countries’ economic, political and social agenda, as well as the processes of society. The European refugee (migrant) crisis, which began in 2015, brought out not only different attitudes toward refugees among European Union politicians, but also revealed how diverse the coverage of national media may get on the refugee topic. Refugees flee to Europe from various countries and diverse cultural backgrounds. However, society lacks the knowledge about their religious beliefs, lifestyles and outlooks. Moreover, the media has the power to decide which events and individuals to portray, and in such a way constructs the audience’s perception about the world they live in. Refugee-related messages in the media usually occur in a negative context: terrorist attacks, refugee deaths, criminal activity and protests. However, the media does not only construct, but also has the power to change prejudice toward refugees, ensuring that one of its aims is interaction between diverse social groups. The author combines quantitative and qualitative research methods for media messages and analyzes dominant stereotypes about refugees in Lithuanian online media. The types of refugee-related publications are also examined. Three research periods were chosen: 1-31 July 2015, 1-30 November 2015 and 1-31 January 2016. The main goals are to theoretically discuss the media’s role and peculiarities in shaping certain images which society maintains, as well as to define the stereotypes and their role in society. Lithuanian online newspapers are commercial institutions, which – in order to compete in the market – strive to engage consumers. Delivering messages quickly and in large quantities often matters more than their content and the reliability of sources. This, in turn, leads to the information being distorted or superficial. Lithuanian newspapers construct a negative refugee image, where the most dominant images of refugees are as individuals who are uncontrollable, aggressive and prone to commit crime, being either gang members, terrorists or benefit recipients