Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia
Not a member yet
957 research outputs found
Sort by
Ritmo supratimo ugdymas atliekant origamio aplikacijos užduotis antroje klasėje
Get PDFIn this study, we investigated the expression of the pattern concept in primary education. For this purpose, we chose the concept of rhythm as a means of repeating found in different contexts. In Music and Arts, rhythm is first a way to make compositions. In the case of learning Math, rhythm can aid in comprehending various structures. We used action research in this article – our study contained some trials of learning to understand composition and structures by completing some origami applique tasks; pupils from the 2nd grade were our study participants. The study was held during the following 3 stages: the investigation of simple repeating, the exploration of rhythmical directional changes, and the examination of rhythmical size changes. Fourteen participants took part in the study. The pupils were asked to make some compositions of origami applique based on certain rules set for them. The participants had to also use their experience acquired in the aforementioned tasks for further tasks, which required them to create their own patterns. They had to realize the basic underlying structures for completing such tasks.The data were gathered by collecting paper crafts made by students and by audiotaping the discussions with these children. After employing content analysis, for the sake of visual illustrations of the results, the main features of various task performance were depicted using some typical real examples from the paper crafts of the students.The results showed that 2nd graders were able to replicate a simple rhythm without making mistakes. When creating line-type ornaments, they concentrated on one possible feature to make the rhythm, often mostly ignoring such possibilities as repetitions in number, direction, and size. After gaining some new knowledge during the process of origami applique activities designed to teach the possibilities in changing direction and size, the pupils were eager to apply various structures elsewhere. The children were fast to realize the importance of tidy composition, to solve the arising difficulties, and to generalize the experience in some other contexts.Straipsnyje analizuojama pasikartojimus skirtinguose kontekstuose vienijanti ritmo sąvoka ir jos supratimo ugdymas pradinėse klasėse. Muzikai ir vizualiesiems menams ritmas pirmiausia yra komponavimo priemonė. Mokantis kalbos ir matematikos, ritmo pastebėjimas gali padėti suprasti struktūras. Tyrimo sumanymas grindžiamas šių dviejų požiūrių į ritmą derinimu tikslingose origamio aplikacijos veiklose. Atlikto veiklos tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad toks ritmiško krypties ir dydžio keitimo mokymasis antroje klasėje pasiteisina
Gabių mergaičių mokymosi patyrimas bendrojo ugdymo mokykloje
Get PDFThe Munich Dynamic Ability-Achievement Model during the school period emphasizes the increasing impact of the school environment on the transformation of the ability (potential) of exceptional achievement, making it an integral part of the development of giftedness. However, the literature indicates that the identification and education of gifted children in Lithuania and abroad is often left to the personal discretion and initiative of teachers, parents or gifted students. In general education schools, gaps in teachers’ theoretical and practical training in gifted children education, as well as abilities to determine their academic and emotional needs, can be identified. Gifted are often seen as “awkward” students, and during adolescence they are faced with the need to choose between mimicking “normal teenage life” and being a “geek”. Gifted teens girls additionally feel pressured to conform to the “normal image of a girl” rather than displaying exceptional abilities and vigorously competing for achievement as “normal for the male image”. Teachers often think that boys can accomplish more than girls, so they need more reinforcement and encouragement. These factors pose a greater risk for gifted adolescent girls to be unrecognized, not properly promoted, and have not realized giftedness.A qualitative research strategy was used to reveal the authentic learning experience of gifted girls (teens) in general education schools. Six gifted girls from 13 years 10 months to 14 years 7 months, from three Vilnius schools, participated in the survey. The learning experience of gifted girls was revealed by three themes. They have shown that teachers’ attitudes that all students have equal learning needs, their obligation to help low achievers, and disbelief that gifted students need special education assistance had made gifted girls bored and waste time in the classroom. It was also revealed that the most commonly used methods of teacher training reflect a passive form of teaching that does not facilitate the process of acquiring knowledge. Finally, teacher indifference, high expectations, comparing students to gifted girls cause uncomfortable feelings, while teacher rigidity and insensitivity provoke conflict situations and reduce learning motivation. All of this, combined with inconsistent behaviour by applying different norms for themselves and students, widens the gap between “good” and “bad” students.Gabūs vaikai bendrojo ugdymo mokyklose ne visada atpažįstami, todėl jų ugdymosi poreikiai nėra tinkamai patenkinami. Pagal Miuncheno dinaminį gebėjimų ir pasiekimų modelį, gebėjimams ugdyti ypatingą vaidmenį turi mokyklos aplinka. Šiame tyrime analizuotas šešių intelektualiai gabių mergaičių, besimokančių skirtingų bendrojo ugdymo mokyklų aštuntose klasėse, mokymosi patyrimas. Taikant indukcinę teminę analizę, išskirtos trys jų mokymosi aplinką atskleidžiančios temos: mokytojų nuostatos dėl visų mokinių vienodų mokymosi pagalbos poreikių, mažai efektyvių tradicinių mokymo metodų ir mokytojų santykio su mokiniais klasėje
Religinis ugdymas socialiniam ir asmenybės auginimui: apgintos dvi edukologijos disertacijos
Get PDF  
Kad ugdymas nebūtų vienakojis: dvasingumas kaip svarbi dedamoji
Get PDF[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
The science of education recognises the fusion of cognitive and spiritual development, but conceptions of spirituality vary herein: spirituality is often viewed as authenticity, the process of continually transcending one’s current locus of centricity as well as connectedness and recognition of the higher power that illuminates the meaning of human existence; spirituality may also implicate a critical view, which serves as a counterbalance to traditional religiousness, or an independent being in the world and transrational experiences.
In Lithuania, the phenomenon of spirituality is often conceptualised as a person‘s adequate relationship with the world based on fundamental spiritual values (Jovaiša, 2011; Bitinas, 2000; Aramavičiūtė, 2005, 2010; Martišauskienė, 2004; 2011), and its development is closely tied with moral, aesthetic and religious education. The system of internalized spiritual values determines true, belief-inspired knowledge, which is critical in the advancement of spirituality.
Importantly, education of spirituality helps to achieve transcendence, an essential component of spirituality which implies belief in the supernatural reality and an ability to transcend the self and shape a holistic view of the world. In institutions of higher education such education may be enabled through three types of activities (White, 2006): (1) academic curricular activities (students’ mind/body connection), (2) reflective time and space (students’ spirituality “within”) and (3) social servant action (students’ spirituality “without”).[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Straipsnyje atskleidžiama dvasingumo svarba akademiniame diskurse, kuriame raginama siekti mokslo ir dvasingumo sintezės atsisakant klaidingo epistemologinio žemėlapio ir ugdant išskirtines intelektines savybes, bendrai vadinamas dvasiniu intelektu (SQ). Pristatomos dvasingumo sampratos ugdymo moksle – čia dvasingumas dažnai implikuoja autentiškumą, transcendavimą ir susietumą arba kritinį požiūrį kaip atsvarą tradiciniam religingumui bei transracionalias patirtis. Aptariami dvasingumo ugdymo aukštojo mokslo institucijose būdai
Mokyklų vadovų vadybinė patirtis ir universitetinės magistrantūros studijos: dviejų posocialistinių šalių palyginimas, pasinaudojant TIMSS 2015 ir PIRLS 2016 metų tyrimų duomenimis
Get PDFContemporary research on education policies and practices of post-socialist countries is not expansive. According to our understanding, there are at least several reasons for a rather limited interest of researchers. There is no single, universally accepted theoretical approach to post-socialist development; territorial disputes pose problems to statistical data analysis; some countries with authoritarian regimes tend to play with the data and improve the numbers; there are difficulties of finding the data about non-EU countries. One of the possibilities of conducting comparative studies is the usage of international large-scale assessments (ILSAs). The aim of our study was to highlight the different attitudes toward the training of school principals in Lithuania and Kazakhstan on the basis of a secondary analysis of TIMSS 2015 and PISA 2016 data. Results indicate that there are essential differences between the two countries. The percentage of students in schools where Lithuanian school principals have undergone postgraduate university training exceed the percentage of students in Kazakhstani schools 4 to 5 times. Lithuanian school principals also have, on average, 1.5 times longer professional experience than Kazakhstani school principals. However, data of TIMSS 2015 and PIRLS 2016 show no direct relationship between the level of education and work experience of school principals and student achievement. We assume that higher professionalism and experience of school principals may contribute to the efficiency of school management, while the effectiveness of student learning may be determined by a variety of other factors. Moksliniai tyrimai apie posocialistinių šalių švietimo politiką ir praktiką nepasižymi didele gausa. Mūsų manymu, tokį gana ribotą mokslininkų susidomėjimą nulemia keletas priežasčių. Pirma, nėra visuotinai pripažintos socialinės teorijos, aiškinančios posocialistinio pasaulio raidą. Antra, teritoriniai ginčai apsunkina statistinių duomenų rinkimą ir analizę. Trečia, kai kurioms posocialistinėms šalims, kurioms būdingas autoritarinis valdymas, būdinga „pagražinti“ duomenis tam, kad geriau būtų atrodoma tarptautiniuose reitinguose. Ketvirta, sunku gauti išsamius duomenis apie EBPO ir ES nepriklausančių posocialistinių šalių švietimą. Viena iš egzistuojančių galimybių – pasinaudoti didelės apimties tarptautinių mokinių pasiekimų tyrimų duomenimis. Be naujųjų ES narių, šiuose tyrimuose dalyvauja ir kai kurios ES nepriklausančios posocialistinės šalys. Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis TIMSS 2015 ir PIRLS 2016 metų tyrimų duomenimis, buvo palyginta dviejų posocialistinių šalių – Lietuvos ir Kazachijos – mokyklų vadovų vadybinė patirtis ir išsilavinimas. Rezultatai parodė esminius skirtumus tarp lyginamų šalių: Lietuvoje moksleivių, kurių mokyklų vadovai turi magistro išsilavinimą, skaičius 4–5 kartus viršija Kazachijos rodiklį. Lietuvos mokyklų vadovai taip pat turi vidutiniškai 1,5 metų ilgesnį vadybinio darbo stažą negu Kazachijos mokyklų vadovai. Kita vertus, TIMSS 2015 ir PIRLS 2016 tyrimų rezultatai nerodo tiesioginio mokyklų vadovų vadybinės patirties ir išsilavinimo bei mokinių pasiekimų ryšio. Moksliniai tyrimai rodo, kad ugdymo kokybę vadovų veikla labiau veikia netiesiogiai. Didesnė mokyklų vadovų vadybinė patirtis ir aukštesnis išsilavinimo lygis gali nulemti našesnį mokyklos valdymą – labiau kompetentingi vadovai sugeba racionaliau naudoti išteklius, tinkamiau formuoti pedagogų komandą, sėkmingiau plėtoti ryšius su mokinių tėvais, socialiniais partneriais ir kt., tačiau moksleivių mokymosi efektyvumą nulemia daugybė kitų veiksnių. 
Multimodalios strategijos mokant etikos kinu
Get PDFOur contribution investigates the question of how it is possible to apply multimodal methods of education in teaching ethics with fiction films. From a more sceptical viewpoint, one could argue that this is not possible for several reasons. The article suggests some arguments for the justification of positive answer, describes the resent researches of the problem and presents some results of multimodal teaching experiment of teaching ethics with fiction films. The theoretical basis for these approaches are the pragmatic pedagogy of William James and John Dewey, and close to them – the model of teaching with films developed by William B. Russell, also the Deleuzian theory of cinema.Straipsnyje yra analizuojama, kaip multimodalų ugdymą galima taikyti ugdymui kinu. Kai kurie skeptikai mano, kad tai netinkama dėl įvairių priežasčių. Autorės pateikia savo argumentų, patvirtinančių kitą – pozityvų požiūrį, aptaria šios problemos teorines prieigas ir pateikia kai kuriuos darbo su kinu pavyzdžius, fokusuojantis į etinių nuostatų ugdymą multimodalumo perspektyvoje. Teorine prieiga šiam darbui pasirinkta Williamo Jameso ir Johno Dewey patirties samprata ir jiems artima Williamo B. Russello ugdymo kinu metodologija, o iš kitos pusės – Gilleso Deleuze’o kino filosofija
Ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos dinaminės ugdymo(si) aplinkos ir vaikų fizinio aktyvumo sinergija
Get PDF Movement is crucial at a pre-school age: it enables a child to gain experience, develop normally, grow up healthy, shape their own movement and health habits that in most cases continue throughout their lives. In recent years the tendencies of deterioration in health in pre-school children have been observed, and they are associated with insufficient physical activity (hereinafter PA). The synergy between an educational environment of a pre-school educational institution and PA of children sets up conditions for a co-effect of both factors on a child’s personality, maturity and health which is greater and more prominent than the effect of these factors acting separately. The aim of the research is to highlight aspects of the synergy between a dynamic educational environment of a pre-school educational institution and the PA of children and to disclose the main features of the dynamic educational environment. The article based on the analysis of scientific literature and documents defines the concept of a dynamic educational environment, which is treated as a space where synergistic interaction between architectural and educational dimensions promotes the activities of children and their PA enhancing the health of children and having a consistent effect on a personal maturity. The architectural dimension consists of the following elements: the function and the concept of an object (interior, exterior, landscape), architectural artistic–material expression, planned and spatial solutions, visual and functional relations, contextuality, construction solutions, etc. The educational dimension consists of the following elements: the objective of education, its content, educational methods, forms, means, relationship between a teacher and a learner, psychological atmosphere, etc. The educational process can be easily constructed in a dynamic educational environment to achieve the integrity of activities in different areas of educational achievements: protection and enhancement of health, social, cognitive, communication, artistic, etc.The analysis of examples of foreign architecture of pre-school institutions and scientific insights highlighted the features of a dynamic education environment: specific to a child’s age, flexible, dynamic, open, mobile and functional, sustainable and material, containing obstacles and secure, cosy and playful. The architectural concept and its elements of a dynamic educational environment should promote the natural movement of children even when no educational PA means are applied. Judėjimas yra itin svarbus ikimokykliniame amžiuje, nes leidžia vaikui įgyti patirties, normaliai vystytis, augti sveikam, susiformuoti judėjimo ir sveikatos įpročius, kurie dažniausiai išlieka visam gyvenimui. Pastaraisiais metais pastebimos ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų sveikatos blogėjimo tendencijos, siejamos su nepakankamu fiziniu aktyvumu (toliau – FA). Ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos ugdymo(si) aplinkos ir vaikų FA sinergija sudaro sąlygas didesniam ir efektyvesniam abiejų veiksnių veikimo kartu poveikiui vaiko asmenybei, jo brandai ir sveikatai nei šių veiksnių, veikiančių atskirai, poveikis. Keliamas tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos dinaminės ugdymo(si) aplinkos ir vaikų FA sinergijos aspektus bei atskleisti esminius dinaminės ugdymo(si) aplinkos požymius. Straipsnyje remiantis moksline literatūra ir dokumentų analize apibrėžta dinaminės ugdymo(si) aplinkos samprata, kuri traktuojama kaip erdvė, kurioje sinergiškai sąveikaujant architektūros ir edukacijos dimensijoms aktyvinama vaikų veikla ir skatinamas jų FA, stiprinantis vaikų sveikatą ir kryptingai veikiantis asmenybės brandą. Architektūros dimensijos elementai yra šie: objekto funkcija ir koncepcija (interjeras, eksterjeras, landšaftas), architektūrinė meninė – medžiaginė raiška, planiniai ir erdviniai sprendimai, vizualiniai ir funkciniai ryšiai, kontekstualumas, konstrukciniai sprendimai ir kt. Edukacinę dimensiją sudaro tokie elementai: ugdymo tikslas, jo turinys, mokymo(si) metodai, formos, priemonės, ugdytojo ir ugdytinio santykiai, psichologinė atmosfera ir kt. Dinaminėje ugdymo(si) aplinkoje ugdymo procesą lengva kurti siekiant veiklų integracijos įvairiose ugdymo(si) pasiekimų srityse: sveikatos saugojimo ir stiprinimo, socialinėje, pažinimo, komunikavimo, meninėje ir kt.Užsienio šalių ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų architektūros pavyzdžių analizė ir mokslinės įžvalgos leido išryškinti dinaminės ugdymo(si) aplinkos požymius: atitinkanti vaikų amžiaus ypatumus, lanksti; dinaminė; atvira; mobili ir funkcionali; tvari ir medžiagiška; su kliūtimis ir saugi; jauki ir žaisminga. Savo architektūrine koncepcija ir jos elementais kuriama dinaminė ugdymo(si) aplinka turi skatinti natūralų vaikų judėjimą net ir netaikant edukacinių fizinio aktyvinimo priemonių
Post-tyrimas ugdymo moksluose: ontologinės ir epistemologinės įžvalgos
Get PDF[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
In the academic community, it is becoming more outspoken that the traditional tools for perceiving the world have become not sufficient. The existing research methods used by social scientists are not flexible enough – they are unnecessarily simplifying the world and the processes that are happening in it. In order to address this issue, scientists started to question the procedures that are followed in order to explain the everyday processes, activities of organizations and individuals, but would not reduce them to something that can be known by observing or surveying a few informants or a few hundred of respondents. Rebecca Coleman and Jessica Ringrose, in an introduction to a book edited by them that is titled Deleuze and Research Methodologies, note the “need for methodologies capable of attending to the social and cultural world as mobile, messy, creative, changing and openended, sensory and affective” (Ringrose, Coleman 2013, 1). This article is aiming to expand the scientific discourse on the topic of post-research methodology in Lithuania. The objectives of the article are the following: 1) To describe the main philosophical ideas and theories that are connected to postqualitative research methodology; 2) To relate the theories and empirical research practice; 3) To describe new concepts: rhizoanalysis, schizoanalysis; 4) To highlight the tensions that are appearing in conducting postqualitative research. The main aspects that the article is focused on are the changing attitude toward data, the importance of philosophy, language, research procedures and the presentation of results.
This article is based on an analysis of literature. Analyzed are the works of research methodology experts Elisabeth St. Pierre, Lisa Mazzei, Jessica Ringrose and those others who follow the ideas of the poststructuralists Deleuze and Guattari and take the initiative in bringing new perspectives on research in educational sciences.[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Šiuo straipsniu siekiama plėsti mokslinį diskursą post tyrimų metodologijos tema. Straipsnyje apžvelgiamos pagrindinės postmodernizmo, poststruktūralizmo ir posthumanizmo idėjos ir jų perkėlimas į mokslinius tyrimus ugdymo srityje, kintantis požiūris į duomenis, filosofijos svarbą, tyrimų atlikimo procedūras ir duomenų pristatymą. Pagrindinės idėjos iliustruojamos užsienio mokslininkų atliktų tyrimų pavyzdžiais
Katalikiškojo ugdymo sampratų lyginamoji analizė: jėzuitiškoji ir kunigo Luigi Giussani koncepcijos
Get PDFCurrently, value-based education occupies a leading position within the contemporary academic discourse on education. Catholic education holds a decent share in this overall discussion. This is partly due to the growing number of Catholics in Africa and Asia as well as globalization and secularization processes. Considering this fact, the philosophical underpinnings of Catholic education, its identity issues, and future perspectives are gaining more and more attention from the academic audience worldwide. In this study, an attempt was made to examine and compare two different concepts of Catholic education, one of Italian Catholic priest Fr. Luigi Giussani and that of the Jesuits. The research was aimed at analyzing and evaluating the similarities and differences of these concepts, revealing their interrelation. The analysis showed that these educational concepts have only slightly different goals and use different wording to define their aims. This situation is preconditioned by different historical-cultural contexts and experiences. In conclusion, Jesuit education tends to stress academic achievements and a value-based education approach, while Giussani’s concept emphasizes an interest in showing the importance and meaning of human reality and value education through its verification according to real-life needs. This allows to categorize Jesuit education as more traditionally-Catholic oriented while viewing Giussani’s concept as more suitable for Western secularized societies, which are not or less familiar with such notions as fate, religion, Christianity, God, etc. Despite the fact that these concepts employ different educational methods and approaches and have only slightly different goals, their interrelationship can be described as complementary rather than differentiated or competing. Sekuliarizacija, globalizacija, vertybių kaita – nūdienos iššūkiai, su kuriais susiduria ne tik edukologai praktikai, bet ir teoretikai. Į šiuos iššūkius pravartu pažvelgti iš katalikiškojo ugdymo paradigmos pozicijų. Kaip ši ugdymo paradigma prisitaiko prie šiuolaikinio pasaulio ir kaip siūlo spręsti aktualius klausimus, siekiama išsiaiškinti šiame straipsnyje, analizuojant dvi katalikiškojo ugdymo sampratas. Tai viena iš seniausių – šv. Ignaco Lojolos (jėzuitiškoji) – ir viena iš naujausių, XX a. antroje pusėje Italijoje dirbusio katalikų kunigo Luigi Giussani – ugdymo sampratos. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti ir įvertinti šių dviejų koncepcijų ypatumus ir jų santykį. Viliamasi, kad straipsnyje aptartos principinės šių koncepcijų nuostatos ir pateiktos įžvalgos bus vertingos katalikiškojo ugdymo tyrimų plėtotei. 
Konsultavimas mokykloje: keturių šalių konsultavimo profesionalų darbo ypatumų palyginimas
Get PDFThe technological revolution, the ever-changing economic and political conditions, and the resulting changes in life and work environments impede career planning for young people and pose challenges for career counselors in career orientation. Nowadays, career counselors have to not only assist students in planning and implementing individual, social, academic, and career goals, but they must also help the school community to ensure the effective functioning of schools in general. There is a lack of studies focusing on various aspects of career counselors’ professional activities, with the existing studies providing inconsistent or even contradictory results. Another problem lies in the huge gap between the theoretical, methodological, and methodical career counseling models and real counseling experience. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and comparing the characteristics of career counselors’ professional activities in Lithuania, Italy, Greece, and Ireland. The study was part of the project “Strategies to Utilise and Cultivate Positive Characteristics & Employability Skills in Schools” (SUCCESS, 2017-12-LT01-KA201-035247).In total, 289 school career counselors from Lithuania, Italy, Ireland, and Greece were surveyed. Most of the participants (90 percent) were female, and their age varied between 25 and 60 years. In all countries, the professional experience of career counseling varied between 1 and 10 years.The results of this study revealed that across different countries, career professionals with different educational backgrounds perform career counseling. In Lithuania, career counselors are mainly psychologists, in Italy – teachers, in Ireland – consultants, and in Greece – teachers, psychologists, and consultants that carry out career counselling. The results have also shown that in all these countries career counselors perform various career counseling activities: career information, career assessment, career education, and career consulting using (non)psychological methods, although the frequency of these activities and the subjective readiness for them is different across countries. The counselors in all countries are satisfied with their jobs. Despite the existing differences in needs for professional development, all counselors expressed a higher-than-average need to develop their career counseling competencies.Negausūs mokyklos konsultantų įvairių darbo aspektų tyrimų rezultatai yra nevienaprasmiai, kartais net prieštarauja vieni kitiems, tačiau atskleidžia pakankamai daug nepageidaujamų karjeros / mokyklos konsultantų darbo aspektų. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų darbo ypatumų raišką Lietuvoje, Italijoje, Graikijoje ir Airijoje. Tyrimas atliktas vykdant projektą SUCCESS*. Konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų apklausa vyko 2018 m. vasario ir kovo mėnesiais. Apklausti 289 mokyklos konsultantai iš Lietuvos, Italijos, Airijos ir Graikijos. Duomenims surinkti buvo naudota internetinė apklausa pagal specialiai sukurtą klausimyną. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad tiek karjeros, tiek akademinio konsultavimo funkcijos mokyklose skirtingose šalyse priskiriamos skirtingų kvalifikacijų mokyklose dirbantiems profesionalams. Rezultatai parodė, kad visose šalyse mokyklos konsultantai vykdo įvairias konsultavimo veiklas, bet skiriasi tiek šių konsultavimo veiklų atlikimo dažnis įvairiose šalyse, tiek ir konsultantų pasirengimo konsultuoti lygis. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad konsultavimo mokykloje profesionalų pasitenkinimas darbu aukštesnis nei vidutinis. Nepaisant požiūrio į konsultantų profesinį tobulėjimą skirtumų, visi konsultantai nurodė didesnį nei vidurkis poreikį tobulinti savo profesines kompetencijas