Acta Orientalia Vilnensia
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The use of artificial intelligence in tax law: limits and perspectives between tradition, modernity and post-modernity
No full textIn essence, attention must be focused
on the limits and prospects associated with this use, taking into account the transition from a traditional tax system to a more modern and post-modern one that respects the right balance between innovation and the protection of traditional legal principles. This contribution aims at a wide-ranging identification of the applications of artificial intelligence in taxation, highlighting the limits and future prospects
Comparative review of action protocols to combat the school attendance problems in Italy, Spain, and Türkiye.
No full textSchool attendance problems encompass any behavior reflecting a refusal to attend school. Despite
international legal recognition of school absenteeism, there’s a lack of comprehensive comparative
studies on addressing this issue globally. This study aims to provide such a review, focusing on
action protocols for combating school absenteeism in Spain, Italy, and Türkiye. For this purpose, 44
action protocols were analysed, sourced from education websites of the respective countries.
Findings indicate variations in the terms and definitions used to classify different types of
absenteeism across countries, as well as disparities in design dates. However, most protocols
prioritize full attendance and interdisciplinary prevention and control of absenteeism. Strengths and
weaknesses in protocols are identified, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts in designing
adaptable action plans
Common Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Narrative Review of an Intriguing Interplay
No full textBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung condition in preterm infants characterized by impaired alveolar development, disrupted vascular growth, and persistent inflammation. These alterations, which often arise from early exposure to mechanical ventilation, oxygen toxicity, and infection, can lead to long-term structural and functional deficits in the developing lung. In adulthood, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is defined by progressive airflow obstruction, reduced respiratory capacity, and chronic inflammatory responses. Although traditionally considered a disease of adult smokers, growing evidence suggests that early-life respiratory insults play a key role in shaping long-term lung health. Recent studies reveal a biologically plausible link between BPD and later COPD, indicating that premature birth, impaired lung growth, and early inflammatory injury may predispose individuals to earlier or more severe COPD development. This review explores the shared molecular pathways connecting these conditions, focusing on overlapping inflammatory biomarkers such as IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNF, TGFB, and VEGF, which collectively reflect persistent dysregulation of immune and repair mechanisms. Additionally, common genetic variants, including SERPINA1 and HHIP, may contribute to susceptibility across the lifespan. Emerging biomarkers—such as PRMT7, cathelicidin/LL-37, CRISPLD2, and GDF15—offer further insight into disease progression. Identifying these shared markers may ultimately improve early detection and help clinicians pinpoint infants with BPD who face an elevated risk of developing COPD later in life
Defect-Engineering in MoS2 Layers for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
No full textSurface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers exceptional
molecular sensitivity, but the instability and poor reproducibility of noble metal
substrates limit its practical use. Here, we investigate low-cost, non-plasmonic
alternatives based on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). We
introduce a reagent-free, pulsed-laser irradiation in liquid protocol to controllably
engineer defects and induce the metallic 1T phase within MoS2, thereby tailoring
its electronic structure through sulfur vacancies. Laser-modified MoS2 displays
markedly enhanced SERS activity relative to unmodified 2H-MoS2; the
enhancement correlates with increased density of defect sites and the presence of
the conducting 1T phase, which together promote more efficient substrateadsorbate charge transfer. By using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) as a probe
molecule, laser-modified MoS2 shows a SERS enhancement factor of ≈105
compared with pristine 2H-MoS2 under 532 nm excitation. The experimental results
were further validated by density functional theory calculations, which show a
better match of the energy level of MoS2 1T with our probe molecule, supporting
the ongoing research aimed at designing novel SERS substrates. Our results
demonstrate that phase and defect engineering in 2D materials provide a robust
route to reproducible, non-plasmonic SERS substrates, offering a scalable
alternative to noble metals for sensitive chemical and biosensing application
Studio delle alterazioni biochimiche e molecolari indotte dal perfluorottano sulfonato (PFOS) in modelli sperimentali di neurodegenerazione
No full textIl perfluorottano sulfonato (PFOS), contaminante persistente della classe dei PFAS, è in grado di bioaccumularsi nel sistema nervoso centrale e contribuire a processi neurodegenerativi. Questo studio ha valutato le alterazioni biochimiche e molecolari indotte dal PFOS in modelli sperimentali di neurodegenerazione
L’attesa pronuncia della Corte costituzionale sul regime ostativo alla messa alla prova minorile: tanto rumore per nulla, o quasi.
No full textIl contributo offre un'analisi critica della sentenza della Corte costituzionale (n. 203/2025) chiamata a pronunciarsi sulla legittimità del regime ostativo alla messa alla prova minorile introdotto in sede di conversione del decreto n. 123 del 15 settembre 2023 (c.d. Decreto Caivano)
Charting WIMP territories at the neutrino floor
No full textWe establish comprehensive theoretical benchmarks for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) accessible to ultimate direct detection experiments, focusing on the challenging parameter space between current experimental limits and the irreducible neutrino background. We systematically examine both thermal freeze-out and freeze-in production mechanisms across a range of simplified dark matter models, including s-channel scalar and vector portals, t-channel mediator scenarios, and electroweakly interacting multiplets. For thermal relics, we identify parameter regions where suppressed direct detection cross sections naturally arise through momentum-dependent interactions and blind-spot configurations, while maintaining the correct relic abundance. We extensively investigate freeze-in scenarios, demonstrating how feebly interacting massive particles in portal models can populate experimentally accessible parameter space despite their ultraweak couplings. Additionally, we explore how nonstandard cosmological histories —including early matter domination and fast-expanding Universe scenarios—can dramatically alter the relationship between relic density and detection prospects, opening new avenues for discovery. Our analysis provides a roadmap for next-generation experiments approaching the neutrino floor, highlighting complementary detection strategies and identifying the most promising theoretical targets for ultimate sensitivity dark matter searches. These benchmarks establish the theoretical foundation for the final push toward comprehensive coverage of well-motivated WIMP parameter space
Beyond the vision: central serous chorioretinopathy, anxiety and depression–a systematic review
No full textBackground: Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is an exudative maculopathy characterized by serous retinal detachment, choroidal hyperpermeability, and retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction. Beyond its ocular features, CSCR has long been associated with stress-related mechanisms and emotional dysregulation. Psychological factors such as anxiety and depression
may influence disease onset, recurrence, and recovery; however, no previous review has systematically synthesized quantitative evidence on these variables in CSCR.
Methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251160719). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in October 2025 using the terms “Central Serous Retinopathy” AND Anxiety AND Depression. Eligible studies included peerreviewed, English-language articles employing standardized psychometric instruments to assess anxiety and/or depression in CSCR patients. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 19 case control and one longitudinal cohort design.
Results: Across the included studies, depressive symptoms were significantly higher in CSCR patients in most investigations, indicating a consistent affective vulnerability. Findings for state anxiety were more heterogeneous, with approximately half of the studies reporting significant group differences. Evidence on trait anxiety was limited but suggested potential links with physiological dysregulation, including altered neurovascular coupling. Overall, psychological distress-particularly depressive symptoms-emerged as a frequent and clinically meaningful correlate of CSCR.
Conclusion: The present review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of quantitative evidence linking anxiety and depression with CSCR. These findings highlight the need for routine psychological screening and integrative management in ophthalmology. Future longitudinal and interventional research is warranted to clarify causal pathways and evaluate targeted psychological or stress-reduction interventions, ultimately promoting holistic care that addresses both the visual and emotional dimensions of this condition
Il trattamento giuridico dei dati sanitari: interoperabilità e riservatezza nell'era dell'intelligenza artificiale.
No full textLa tesi di dottorato si occupa, in prima battuta del dato sanitario in generale e con riferimento al periodo pandemico; secondariamente lo studio si snoda nell'analisi della digitalizzazione del dato sanitario attraverso un focus sulla sanità digitale interna e europea con specifico riferimento allo spazio europeo dei dati sanitari, per poi vagliare la medicina degli algoritmi. In ultima battuta, la ricerca si occupa di intelligenza artificiale in sanità, con peculiare analisi della responsabilità civile collegata all'uso; dei dispositivi medici intelligenti e da ultimo dell'utilizzo dei dati sanitari da parte del chatbot
Gliosarcoma: A Reappraisal of Neuroradiological, Surgical, Morphological, and Radiotherapeutic Characteristics of a Cohort From South Italy Single-Center
No full textGliosarcoma (GS) is a rare and aggressive variant of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), characterized by a biphasic histopathological pattern featuring both glial and mesenchymal components. Accounting for 2% of all GBM cases, this brain tumor is known for its poor prognosis, rapid progression, and resistance to conventional treatments. Despite advances in molecular profiling and multimodal treatment strategies, GS remains a therapeutic challenge due to their highly invasive nature and limited response to standard regimens. The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuroradiological, surgical, clinicopathological, and radiotherapeutic profiles of a cohort of patients affected by GS, including two recurrences of disease