Repository of Croatian Defence Academy "Dr. Franjo Tuđman"
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Cryptographic algorithms in the military domain
No full textKriptografija je neophodna prilikom osiguravanja privatnosti osobi koja je izložena internetu ili
nekom drugom obliku digitalne komunikacije. Moderna kriptografija podrazumijeva zaštitu
podataka pomoću funkcija sažetka, simetričnim šifriranjem i asimetričnim šifriranjem. Što se tiče
simetričnih algoritama, za današnju primjenu i u vojne, i u komercijalne svrhe smatra se
sigurnim AES algoritam (Advanced Encryption Algorithm), a kod asimetričnih RSA algoritam
(Ronald, Shamir, Adelman). Specifično kod vojnih uređaja češće se koristi AES algoritam zbog
jednostavnosti u usporedbi s RSA algoritmom. Pomoću Python programskog jezika je moguće
provesti implementaciju oba algoritma, a pomoću alata otvorenog koda John the Rippera-a,
analiza sigurnosti zaštite lozinke algoritmima.Cryptography is crucial for securing the privacy of a person who is exposed to the Internet or
some other form of digital communication. Modern cryptography implies the security of data
with the use of function summary, simetrical crypting, and asimetrical crypting. For simetrical
algorithms, for instance, AES alghoritham is considered safe for use in commercial and military
purposes, and for asimtrical algorithms, RSA is considered safe. Military devices are frequently
using more AES because of its simplicity in contrast to the RSA. With the help of the program
language Python, it is possible to implement both algorithms, and with the John the Ripper open
code tool, it is possible to analyze the security protection code algorithm
Impacts of global warming and armed conflicts on the environment
No full textCilj ovog rada je opisati i objasniti utjecaj globalnog zagrijavanja i oružanih sukoba na okoliš, tj.
kako postupno zagrijavanje Zemljine površine i najnižih slojeva atmosfere, uzrokovano efektom
staklenika, dovodi do globalnih promjena klime. Promjene klime događale su se i u prošlosti, ali
se smatra da sadašnje globalno zagrijavanje nastaje ponajviše zbog ljudskog djelovanja, odnosno
zbog povećanja emisija stakleničkih plinova. Također, u radu se opisuje i koje su glavne vrste
onečišćenja koje nastaju kao produkt globalnog zagrijavanja te koji se rizici javljaju s
promjenom klime. Uz globalno zagrijavanje na okoliš uvelike utječu i oružani sukobi koji su
učestali, a primjenom i razvojem novih tehnologija i sustava, ratovi postaju sve destruktivniji
kako za okoliš tako i za čovječanstvo. Također, u ovom radu se objašnjava kako klimatske
promjene, koje nastaju zbog globalnog zagrijavanja, utječu na vrste i raspored vojnih operacija.The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe and explain the impact of global warming and
armed conflicts on the environment, specifically how the gradual warming of the Earth's surface
and lower atmosphere, caused by the greenhouse effect, leads to global climate change. Climate
changes have occurred in the past, but the current global warming is believed to be primarily
caused by human activities, specifically the increase in greenhouse gas emissions. The thesis also
describes the main types of pollution that arise as a product of global warming and discuss the
associated risks with climate change. In addition to global warming, armed conflicts significantly
influence the environment, with the frequent occurrence of wars and the development of new
technologies and systems making conflicts increasingly destructive both to the environment and
humanity. The tehsis also explains how climate change resulting from global warming affects the
types and geographical distribution of military operations
Forward passage of lines and movement to contact
No full textKroz ovaj rad je prikazano kako kvalitetno isplanirati različite vrste operacija te kako te
operacije provesti na bojištu koristeći osnovnih pojmove vezane za taktiku. Kako bi se takav
plan prikazao, potrebno je objasniti što su to grafičke nadzorne mjere, kako se koriste, koje su
vrste te koje sve grafičke mjere postoje. U nastavku rada, objašnjava se pojam taktičkih operacija
te koje sve vrste postoje. Uz povijest malo ćemo zaviriti i u specifičnu vrstu napadnih operacija.
Kretanje do dodira je jedna od glavnih točaka ovoga rada pa u nastavku proučavamo
organizaciju i sigurnost provedbe operacije, te proces planiranja i provedbe ove napadne
operacije. Zatim se dotičemo prolaza crta prema naprijed gdje definiramo što je to te na kakav
način se treba provesti planiranje, organizacija i provedba. I za kraj imamo prikaz kretanja
namjensko organizirane bojne od napadnog do nastrajnog područja.In this thesis I will demonstrate how to properly plan various types of operations and how to
execute them on the battlefield using basic concepts related to tactics. In order to present any
plan graphically, we must first mention the symbols. We will touch upon their general use,
classification, and several examples that will be needed later in the paper. In the following
sections, we delve into the topic of tactical operations, how we categorize them, and with
examples, we examine offensive operations in more depth. We will briefly delve into the history
and a specific type of offensive operations. The movement to contact is one of the main focal
points of this paper, so we proceed to study the organization and security of operation
implementation, as well as the process of planning and executing this offensive operation. Next,
we address the passage of lines forward, where we define what it is and how planning,
organization, and execution should be carried out. And finally, we have a presentation of the
movement of a purpose-organized battalion from an attack to an assault area
The influence of artillery barrel and ammunition production technology on the range of artillery weapons and the aiming procedure
No full textZavršni rad opisuje utjecaj proizvodnje i konstrukcije topničkog naoružanja kroz povijest s
ciljem dubljeg razumijevanja razvoja i usavršavanja topništva kao roda. Kroz analizu različitih
povijesnih razdoblja, rad se fokusira na opisivanje tehnološkog napretka, inovacija u dizajnu,
vojnih zahtjeva i strategija koje su oblikovale topničke sustave.
Proučavajući povijest topničkog naoružanja, opisalo je se kako su napredak u metalurgiji,
dostupnost sirovina i poboljšanje proizvodnih tehnika omogućili razvoj sve moćnijeg topničkog
oružja. Također govori se o tomu kako su se topnički sustavi prilagođavali promjenjivim
strategijama ratovanja i izazovima na bojištu.
Nadalje, rad obuhvaća pregled suvremenih tehnoloških trendova u topničkom naoružanju.
Digitalna integracija, autonomni sustavi i precizno navođeni projektili postaju sve važniji u
smislu povećanja taktičke prednosti i vatrene moći.
S obzirom na budućnost topničkog naoružanja, predviđa se daljnji tehnološki razvoj s naglaskom
na upotrebu umjetne inteligencije, naprednih senzorskih tehnologija i poboljšane komunikacijske
infrastrukture. Međutim, važno je naglasiti da se razvoj topničkog naoružanja treba odvijati
uzimajući u obzir etičke i humanitarne aspekte, kao što su smanjenje kolateralne štete i
negativnih posljedica po civile i okoliš.
Svrha rada je produbiti razumijevanje utjecaja proizvodnje i konstrukcije topničkog naoružanja
kroz povijest te potaknuti daljnji napredak u inženjerskim disciplinama koje su ključne za razvoj
i primjenu topničkih sustava.Final paper describes the influence of production and construction of artillery throughout history
with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the development and refinement of artillery as
a branch of military. Through the analysis of different historical periods, the paper focuses on
describing technological advancements, design innovations, military requirements, and strategies
that have shaped artillery systems.
By studying the history of artillery weapons, it is described how advances in metallurgy,
availability of resources, and improvements in manufacturing techniques have enabled the
development of increasingly powerful artillery weapons. It also discusses how artillery systems
have adapted to changing warfare strategies and battlefield challenges.
Furthermore, the paper provides an overview of contemporary technological trends in artillery
weaponry. Digital integration, autonomous systems, and precision-guided missiles are becoming
increasingly important in terms of enhancing tactical advantages and firepower.
Regarding the future of artillery weaponry, further technological advancements are predicted,
with an emphasis on the use of artificial intelligence, advanced sensor technologies, and
improved communication infrastructure. However, it is important to note that during the
development of artillery weapons ethical and humanitarian aspects, such as the reduction of
collateral damage and negative consequences for civilians and the environment should be
considered.
The purpose of this work is to better understand the impact of production and construction of
artillery weapons throughout history and to encourage further progress in engineering disciplines
that are crucial for the development and application of artillery system
The influence of lubrication on the friction of sliding bearings in military equipment
No full textCilj ovog završnog rada je detaljnije istražiti utjecaj podmazivanja na trenje kliznih ležajeva
vojne tehnike. U uvodnom dijelu čitaoci su upoznati sa značajem pravilnog podmazivanja koje
prvobitno doprinosi produljenju životnog vijeka opreme vojne tehnike te potpomaže u
eksploataciji te iste. Kako bi znali koju vrstu maziva koristiti prvo se mora prepoznati vrsta
trošenja uzrokovana nekim trenjem, te stoga je prvi dio završnog rada posvećen vrstama i
uzrocima trenja. Drugi dio opisuje posljedice koje nastaju uslijed trenja, dakle trošenja, koja su
najviše povezana sa kliznim ležajevima na kojima je stavljen akcent u ovom radu. Nadalje se
spominju moderne vrste maziva izrađene po ISO 9001 programu kvalitete,te slijedi teorija
podmazivanja u kojoj se prepoznaju određene vrste i njihova korisnost. U finalnom dijelu se
nalaze konkretni primjer trošenja kliznih ležajeva kao i šteta uzrokovana puknućem kugličnog
ležaja u motoru samohodne haubice 122 mm 2S1 „Gvozdika“ poslije čega slijedi ispitivanje
trenja uz prisutnost maziva što zaokružuje ovaj rad.The aim of this final thesis is to further explore the impact of lubrication on the friction of sliding
bearings in military equipment. In the introductory section, readers are introduced to the
importance of proper lubrication, which initially contributes to the extended lifespan of military
equipment and supports its operation. To determine the type of lubricant to be used, the first part
of the thesis focuses on identifying the types and causes of friction. The second part describes the
consequences of friction, particularly related to sliding bearings, which are the main focus of this
study. Furthermore, modern types of lubricants manufactured under the ISO 9001 quality
program are mentioned, followed by a discussion of lubrication theory that recognizes specific
types of lubricants and their utility. The final part presents specific examples of wear in sliding
bearings and the damage caused by the fracture of a ball bearing in the 122 mm self-propelled
howitzer engine, known as the 2S1 "Gvozdika." This is followed by an examination of friction in
the presence of lubricants, effectively concluding this study
Computer forensics of the movements of attackers during system intrusions
No full textDostupnost informacija i sve bolja povezanost odlike su digitalnog doba. Uz sve veće korištenje
mobilnih uređaja i računala te povećanje informatičke pismenosti opće populacije dolazi i veća
stopa digitalnog kriminala. Kibernetički napadi naizgled su privlačni potencijalnim napadačima
jer im se uz pravilno planiranje i korištenje adekvatnih tehnika teško ulazi u trag i kazneno
progoni. Ipak, zbog razvoja digitalnog zločina razvija se i digitalna forenzika, čijim metodama
pronalaska dokaza, sortiranja i analize možemo počinitelju ući u trag i povratiti izgubljene
podatke. Napretkom kibernetičkih napada i forenzike dolazi do njihove implementacije u vojnoj
domeni. Planiranim tehnikama upada u sustave i mreže može se ostvariti prednost pred
neprijateljem, a analizom već provedenih napada može se poboljšati sigurnost sustava i mreža te
smanjiti njihove ranjivosti.The digital age is characterized by information availability and ever-improving connection.
Along with the usage of computers and mobile devices as well as the general public's increased
computer proficiency, digital crime is on the rise. Because they are challenging to track down
and prosecute, cyber-attacks are reportedly enticing to potential assailants. But as digital crime
grows, so does digital forensics. With the right tools for gathering, organizing, and analysing
evidence, we can discover the offender and retrieve lost data. Advances in cyber-attacks and
forensics lead to their implementation in the military domain. The use of cyberattacks and
forensics in the military is a result of technological advancements. The employment of planned
methods to carry out system and network infiltration can provide one an advantage over
opponents, and by reviewing previous attacks, one may improve system and network security
and lessen vulnerabilities
Urban defensive operations
No full textU današnje vrijeme većina ratova se vodi u naseljenim područjima, stoga je cilj ovog
diplomskog rada prikazati cilj i značajke urbanih obrambenih operacija, organizaciju bojišta te
vrste urbanih obrambenih zadaća, zajedno sa izazovima koje vojne operacije u urbanim
područjima donose. No prije toga potrebno je prikazati zakonsko uporište na kojem se temelji
zadaća Oružanih snaga Republike Hrvatske te doktrinu koja pokriva kopnene operacije u koje
spadaju i urbane obrambene operacije. Na koncu je prikazana studija slučaja Bitka za Vukovar
koja ne služi samom kronološkom pregledu bitke, već služi kao dobar primjer na kojem se
prikazuju ranije navedene značajke urbanog ratovanja i dokaz svih navedenih pretpostavki
urbanog ratovanja, a to su: slabiji branitelji mogu lakše pružiti otpor nadmoćnim napadačima,
složen teren uzrokuje brojne opasnosti, snajperi su jedno od ključnih naoružanja, u urbanom
obrambenom ratovanju naglasak je na protuoklopnoj borbi, kao i brojne druge, a jedna od
bitnijih stavki je potreba za sistematiziranjem naučenih lekcija o urbanom ratovanju i njihovo
doktrinarno obrađivanje.Nowadays, most wars are fought in populated areas, therefore the aim of this thesis is to
present the objective and characteristics of urban defense operations, the organization of the
battlefield and the types of urban defense tasks, together with the challenges that military
operations in urban areas bring. But before that, it is necessary to present the legal basis on
which the task of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia is based and the doctrine that
covers land operations, which also include urban defense operations. At the end, the case study
of the Battle of Vukovar is presented, which does not serve as a chronological review of the
battle itself, but serves as a good example that shows the previously mentioned features of urban
warfare and proof of all the aforementioned assumptions of urban warfare, namely: weaker
defenders can more easily resist superior ones. to attackers, complex terrain causes numerous
dangers, snipers are one of the key weapons, in urban defensive warfare the emphasis is on antiarmor combat, as well as many others, and one of the more important items is the need to systematize the lessons learned about urban warfare and their doctrinal treatment
Virtual reality in the training of military teams on the example of urban warfare
No full textVirtualna stvarnost (VR) je tehnologija koja omogućava korisnicima da interaktivno
komuniciraju s virtualnim svijetom koji je stvoren računalnim generiranjem. U vojsci, VR se
koristi za obuku vojnika i taktičkih timova za specifične misije, kao što je urbano ratovanje. U
ovom radu je prikazana usporedba korištenja virtualne stvarnosti (VR) u obuci pripadnika OS
RH sa ostalim pripadnicima oružanih snaga drugih zemalja, te analizirani NATO standardi u
pogledu urbanog ratovanja. Na temelju namjenski izrađenog scenarija na temu urbanih
operacija, održana je vježba u sustavu VBS 2.0 unutar Simulacijskog središta. Rad naglašava
prednosti virtualnog sustava u postupku uvježbavanja standardnih operativnih postupaka, te je
pogodan za razradu NATO standarda u urbanom ratovanju.Virtual reality is (VR) technology that allows users to interactively communicate with a virtual
world created through computer generation. In the military, VR is used for training soldiers and
tactical teams for specific missions, such as urban warfare. This paper presents a comparison of
the use of virtual reality (VR) in the training of members of the Croatian Armed Forces with
other members of armed forces of other countries, and analyzes NATO standards regarding
urban warfare. Based on a purpose-built scenario on urban operations, an exercise was conducted
in the VBS 2.0 system within the Simulation Center. The paper emphasizes the advantages of the
virtual system in the process of training standard operational procedures and its suitability for the
elaboration of NATO standards in urban warfare
CAF artillery units in the operation Maestral
No full textOvaj diplomski rad donosi analizu djelovanja topništva OSRH u napadnoj operaciji Maestral
koja je uz operaciju Južni potez u jesen 1995. dovela do okončanja ratnih sukoba na prostoru
Bosne i Hercegovine kroz Daytonski sporazum, otklanjanja mogućeg obnavljanja ratnih
djelovanja u samo Republici Hrvatskoj i u konačnici Mirne reintegracije hrvatskog Podunavlja
(što se smatra konačnim završetkom Domovinskog rata). Na osnovu prikupljenih i proučenih
podataka o samoj operaciji izvršena je analiza same operacije, kao i analiza djelovanja topništva
u njoj (ciljevi, zadaće, prostor, vrijeme izvođenja operacije, naoružanje i postrojbe). Na kraju su
istaknute naučene lekcije i važnost njihovog prenošenja svim budućim pripadnicima OSRH, a ne
samo topnicima s ciljem njihovog profesionalnog razvoja i jačanja OSRH u cjelini.This graduate thesis provides an analysis of the actions of the OSRH artillery in the offensive
operation Maestral, which, together with the operation Southern Route in the fall of 1995, which
led to the end of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the Dayton Agreement, the
elimination of the possible renewal of war operations in the Republic of Croatia itself, and
ultimately the peaceful reintegration of the Croatian Danube region (which is considered the
final end of the Homeland War). Based on the collected and studied data about the operation
itself, an analysis of the operation was carried out, as well as an analysis of the artillery's actions
in it (goals, tasks, space, time of the operation, weapons and units). At the end, the lessons
learned and the importance of transferring them to all future members of the Armed Forces, not
just gunners, were highlighted with the aim of their professional development and strengthening
of the Armed Forces as a whole
The Military Application of UAV Swarms
No full textCilj ovog rada je proučiti na koji način i u kojim situacijama je moguće primijeniti rojeve
bespilotnih letjelica u vojne svrhe. Za sada su glavni izazovi u primjeni rojeva bespilotnih
letjelica uglavnom vezani uz komunikacijske sustave te mogućnost ostvarivanja potpune
autonomnosti kako bi roj mogao raditi koordinirano i samostalno na zadanom zadatku.
Autonomnost je neizbježna jer ljudska ruka nije sposobna istovremeno kontrolirati velik broj
bespilotnih letjelica, a tu u igru ulazi sveprisutnija umjetna inteligencija. Uz nevjerojatnu brzinu
napredovanja tehnologije te rezultate simulacija koji pokazuju učinkovitost roja, samo je pitanje
vremena kada će rojevi bespilotnih letjelica iz puke teorije postati svakodnevna stvarnost.The aim of this paper is to study how and in which situations it is possible to use unmanned
aerial vehicle swarms for military purposes. For now, the main challenges in the application of
UAV swarms are mainly related to communication systems and the possibility of achieving
complete autonomy so that the swarm can work in a coordinated and independent manner on a
given task. Autonomy is inevitable because the human hand is not able to control a large number
of UAVs at the same time, and this is where the ubiquitous artificial intelligence comes into
play. With the incredible speed of technology evolution and the results of simulations that show
the effectiveness of the swarm, it is only a matter of time before the UAV swarms from mere
theory become an everyday reality