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    Planning and use of close air support

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    Bliska zračna potpora (BZP) predstavlja jedan od ključnih oblika integracije zračnih i kopnenih snaga u modernim vojnim operacijama. Ovaj diplomski rad analizira povijesni razvoj BZP-a od njezinih začetaka tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata, kroz usavršavanje u Drugom svjetskom i Korejskom ratu, institucionalizaciju tijekom Hladnog rata, pa sve do suvremenih operacija u 21. stoljeću. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na operativni okvir uporabe BZP-a, uključujući planiranje, zapovijedanje i upravljanje, komunikacijske i informacijske sustave, vrste kontrole, dekonflikciju zračnog prostora te postupke djelovanja različitih platformi. Analizirane su prednosti i ograničenja sustava, ključne osobe u provedbi te važnost standardiziranih procedura i doktrinarnih smjernica. Korištenjem domaće i strane vojne literature, rad nudi sveobuhvatan prikaz izazova i mogućnosti koje BZP predstavlja u suvremenom ratovanju.Close Air Support (CAS) represents one of the key forms of integration between air and ground forces in modern military operations. This thesis analyzes the historical development of CAS from its origins during the First World War, through its refinement in the Second World War and the Korean War, institutionalization during the Cold War, and into contemporary operations in the 21st century. Special emphasis is placed on the operational framework of CAS, including planning, command and control, communication and information systems, types of control, airspace deconfliction, and procedures for different platforms. The advantages and limitations of the system are analyzed, along with the key personnel involved in its execution and the importance of standardized procedures and doctrinal guidelines. By utilizing both domestic and foreign military literature, this thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and capabilities that CAS presents in modern warfare

    Classroom management styles

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    Ovaj rad ispituje različite pristupe upravljanju razredom istražujući teorijske osnove i praktičnu primjenu u obrazovnim okruženjima. Ispitujući menadžment, menadžment u obrazovanju, učenje i interakciju između nastavnika i učenika, rad istražuje kako različiti stilovi upravljanja razredom utječu na učinkovitost poučavanja i rast učenika. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na demokratske, autokratske, emocionalne, laissez-faire i permisivne stilove vođenja, zajedno s modernim stilovima vođenja poput transformacijskog i uslužnog vođenja. Empirijski dio rada oslanja se na istraživanje provedeno među kadetima Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta, što ukazuje na prevladavanje demokratskog pristupa. Analiza pokazuje značajnu razinu obrazovne svijesti među sudionicima i otkriva preferencije koje su u skladu sa suvremenim nastavnim standardima. Zaključak potvrđuje da upravljanje razredom uključuje više od pukog provođenja discipline te da ono zahtijeva emocionalnu inteligenciju nastavnika, strateško planiranje i prilagodljivost.This paper examines different approaches to classroom management by exploring theoretical foundations and practical applications in educational settings. Examining management, educational management, learning, and teacher-student interaction, the paper explores how different classroom management styles affect teaching effectiveness and student growth. Particular emphasis is placed on democratic, autocratic, emotional, laissez-faire, and permissive leadership styles, along with modern leadership styles such as transformational and servant leadership. The empirical part of the paper draws on research conducted among cadets at the Croatian Military Academy, which indicates the prevalence of a democratic approach. The analysis shows a significant level of educational awareness among the participants and reveals preferences that are in line with contemporary teaching standards. The conclusion confirms that classroom management involves more than just enforcing discipline and that it requires teachers’ emotional intelligence, strategic planning, and adaptability

    The Role of Carl von Clausewitz in Understanding Modern Warfare Strategies

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    Ovaj rad analizira temeljne vojne i strateške koncepte Carla von Clausewitza u kontekstu suvremenih ratova u Ukrajini i Gazi. Kroz teorijski okvir, političko-vojnu analizu i komparativni pristup razmatra se aktualnost Clausewitzeve teze o ratu kao nastavku politike, važnost moralne snage i uloga „magle rata“. Cilj rada je evaluirati primjenjivost klasične vojne teorije na suvremene oružane sukobe.This thesis explores Carl von Clausewitz's core strategic concepts through the lens of modern conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. By applying a theoretical and comparative framework, it assesses the relevance of Clausewitz’s view of war as the continuation of politics, the role of moral strength, and the concept of the “fog of war.” The goal is to evaluate the applicability of classical military theory to contemporary armed conflicts

    Active military defense of cyberspace

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    S razvojem digitalnih tehnologija i sve veće ovisnosti oružanih snaga o informacijskim sustavima, kibernetički prostor postaje ključno područje za provođenje vojnih operacija. Obrambene kibernetičke operacije (OKO) predstavljaju skup aktivnosti usmjerenih na zaštitu vlastitih informacijskih sustava od zlonamjernih djelovanja, dok aktivna kibernetička obrana ide korak dalje — ona uključuje proaktivne mjere s ciljem neutralizacije prijetnji, često i prije nego što nastupi šteta. U radu su detaljno analizirani principi kibernetičkog ratovanja, struktura obrambenih operacija, te metode aktivne obrane s posebnim osvrtom na etičke, operativne i pravne aspekte. Poseban fokus stavljen je na koncept „Cyber Kill-Chain“ i njegovu primjenu u prepoznavanju i sprječavanju sofisticiranih napada. Rad prikazuje važnost integracije kibernetičkih sposobnosti u sve domene ratovanja, ističući da je informacijska nadmoć ključ uspješnog djelovanja u suvremenim sukobima.With the development of digital technologies and the increasing dependence of armed forces on information systems, cyberspace is becoming a key domain for conducting military operations. Defensive cyber operations (DCO) represent a set of activities aimed at protecting one's own information systems from malicious actions, while active cyber defense goes a step further — it involves proactive measures with the goal of neutralizing threats, often before any damage occurs. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the principles of cyber warfare, the structure of defensive operations, and methods of active defense, with special attention given to ethical, operational, and legal aspects. Particular focus is placed on the "Cyber Kill Chain" concept and its application in identifying and preventing sophisticated attacks. The paper highlights the importance of integrating cyber capabilities into all domains of warfare, emphasizing that information superiority is key to successful operations in modern conflicts

    SIGINT and Cybersecurity of the American National security agency

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    Ovaj rad analizira ulogu Nacionalne sigurnosne agencije (NSA) u sigurnosnom sustavu Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (SAD) s fokusom na signalno obavještajno djelovanje (SIGINT) i kibernetičku sigurnost. Rad započinje pregledom povijesnog razvoja obavještajne zajednice SAD a, ističući njegov kasni razvoj u odnosu na druge svjetske sile. Za primjer imamo Veliku Britaniju koja je osnovala MI6 1906. godine, Njemačku koja je osnovala Sigurnosnu službu Reichsführera SS-a (SD) 1931. godine i Rusiju koja osniva Odjel za zaštitu javne sigurnosti i reda (Okhrana) 1881. Godine. Ovdje je bitno naglasiti kako su kod ovih svjestskih sila postojale i preteče navedenih obavještajnih službi koje nisu obavljale obavještajne djelatnosti u punom smislu, već su više nalikovale političkoj policiji. Npr. preteča ruske Okhrane je tzv. Treći odjel pod carem Nikolajem III. Posebna pozornost posvećena je formiranju NSA-e 1952. godine kao odgovoru na izazove Hladnog rata i potrebu za sofisticiranim presretanjem komunikacija. U radu se detaljno analizira signalno obavještajno djelovanje (SIGINT) kao ključna obavještajna disciplina koja omogućava prikupljanje i analizu elektroničkih signala, uključujući komunikacijsko obavještajno djelovanje (COMINT) i elektroničko obavještajno djelovanje (ELINT). Istražuje se evolucija NSA-inih metoda od tradicionalnog presretanja radio signala do suvremenih operacija u kibernetičkom prostoru, uključujući programe poput PRISM-a i aktivnosti ureda za ciljane operacije (TAO - Tailored Access Operations). Posebno poglavlje posvećeno je kibernetičkoj sigurnosti i djelovanju NSA-e u kibernetičkom prostoru koji se sastoji od tri sloja: fizički, logički i korisnički. Rad identificira glavne prijetnje u kibernetičkom prostoru te analizira obrambene i napadne kibernetičke operacije koje provodi NSA. Kritički se razmatraju etički i pravni aspekti NSA-inih aktivnosti, posebno tenzija između zahtjeva nacionalne sigurnosti i zaštite privatnosti građana. Analiziraju se ključni zakonski okviri poput Zakona o nadzoru stranih obavještajnih aktivnosti (FISA) i Patriot Act-a te njihov utjecaj na obavještajne operacije.This paper analyzes the role of the National Security Agency (NSA) in the security system of the United States with a focus on signals intelligence (SIGINT) and cybersecurity. The paper begins with a review of the historical development of the U.S. intelligence community, highlighting its late development compared to other world powers. For example, Great Britain established MI6 in 1906, Germany established the Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS (SD) in 1931, and Russia established the Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order (Okhrana) in 1881. It is important to emphasize that these world powers also had predecessors to the aforementioned intelligence services that did not perform intelligence activities in the full sense, but rather resembled political police. For instance, the predecessor to the Russian Okhrana was the so-called Third Section under Tsar Nicholas III. Special attention is devoted to the formation of the NSA in 1952 as a response to Cold War challenges and the need for sophisticated communications interception. The paper analyzes in detail signals intelligence (SIGINT) as a key intelligence discipline that enables the collection and analysis of electronic signals, including communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT). It explores the evolution of NSA methods from traditional radio signal interception to modern operations in cyberspace, including programs such as PRISM and activities of the Tailored Access Operations (TAO) office. A special chapter is devoted to cybersecurity and NSA operations in cyberspace, which consists of three layers: physical, logical, and user. The paper identifies main threats in cyberspace and analyzes defensive and offensive cyber operations conducted by the NSA. The ethical and legal aspects of NSA activities are critically examined, particularly the tension between national security requirements and protection of citizens' privacy. Key legal frameworks such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and the Patriot Act are analyzed, along with their impact on intelligence operations

    Case study - cooperation of armored forces and infantry - Fallujah

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    Ovaj završni rad sadrži detaljni pregled bitke za Faludžu1 koja se smatra najvećom, a često i najtežom bitkom američke vojske u Iračkom ratu, ali i cijelom 21. stoljeću. Sam rad je fokusiran na suradnju oklopništva i pješaštva u bitci za Faludžu, odnosno na postrojbe koje danas nazivamo oklopno mehaniziranim te mehaniziranim pješaštvom. Rad se bavi teorijskim okvirom – raščlanjuje ulogu oklopništva i pješaštva u modernom ratovanju, koji je značaj njihove borbene suradnje te se spominju aktualne doktrine i taktike koje se primjenjuju. Povijesnim pregledom Iračkog rata dobit će se kontekst same bitke za Faludžu, a navodeći faze bitke te postrojbe koje su se sukobile i jasniju sliku same situacije na bojištu. Glavnina rada sadrži analizu suradnje rodova oklopništva i pješaštva – priprema operacije, taktičku upotrebu borbenih vozila, ulogu pješaštva, koordinaciju i komunikaciju snaga te ključne izazove s kojima su se američke snage suočavale pri provedbi operacije. Kako bi analiza same bitke imala smisla, poseban dio rada posvećen je naučenim lekcijama koje su proizašle iz bitke za Faludžu te kritike i kontroverze koje su vezane uz istu, a cijeli rad zaokružen je zaključkom i korištenom literaturom.This final paper contains a detailed overview of the Battle of Fallujah, which is considered the largest and often the most difficult battle of the US Army in the Iraq War, but also in the entire 21st century. The paper itself focuses on the cooperation between armor and infantry in the Battle of Fallujah, or rather on the units that we today call armored mechanized and mechanized infantry. The paper deals with the theoretical framework - it analyzes the role of armor and infantry in modern warfare, the significance of their combat cooperation, and mentions the current doctrines and tactics that are applied. A historical overview of the Iraq War will provide the context of the Battle of Fallujah itself, and by listing the phases of the battle and the units that clashed, a clearer picture of the situation on the battlefield itself. The main part of the paper contains an analysis of the cooperation between the armor and infantry branches - preparation of the operation, tactical use of combat vehicles, the role of infantry, coordination and communication of forces, and key challenges that American forces faced during the operation. In order for the analysis of the battle itself to make sense, a special part of the work is dedicated to the lessons learned from the battle for Fallujah and the criticisms and controversies related to it, and the entire work is rounded off with a conclusion and the literature used

    Strategic cyber threat intelligence

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    Rad proučava strategijsko obavještajno djelovanje u kibernetičkom prostoru kroz obradu temeljnih koncepata obavještajnog djelovanja na strategijskoj razini poput obavještajnih disciplina, obavještajnog ciklusa i specifičnosti koje donosi strategijska razina obavještajnog djelovanja. U nastavku rada obrađuju se razni aspekti kibernetičkog prostora poput njegove infrastrukture, povijesti, sigurnosnih i vojnih aspekata, pravne i etičke dimenzije, te njegovih implikacija na nacionalnu strategijsku razinu odlučivanja. U konačnici glavni dio rada analizira i sam koncept strategijskog obavještajnog djelovanja u kibernetičkom prostoru i njegove odnose s prijetnjama, implikacije koje ima na međunarodne odnose u sklopu izazova koje predstavlja atribucija kibernetičkih napada, te koncept dijeljenja obavještajnih proizvoda o prijetnjama u kibernetičkom prostoru.The paper studies strategic cyber threat intelligence through the interpretation of the basic concepts of intelligence at the strategic level, such as intelligence disciplines, the intelligence cycle and the specifics brought about by the strategic level of intelligence. In the continuation of the work, various aspects of cyberspace are dealt with, such as its infrastructure, history, security and military aspects, legal and ethical dimensions, and its implications for the national strategic decision making level. Ultimately, the main part of the paper analyzes the very concept of strategic cyber threat intelligence and its relationship with threats, the implications it has for international relations as part of the challenges posed by the attribution of cyber attacks, and the concept of sharing intelligence products regarding threats in cyberspace

    Soldier Readiness in Military Culture: A Focus on Physical and Psychological Resilience

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    Kroz ovaj rad analizira se borbena spremnost kao jedan od ključnih čimbenika vojne učinkovitosti, uz naglasak na fizičku i mentalnu otpornost vojnika i utjecaja na vojnu kulturu. Ističe se važnost tjelesne kondicije i mentalnog treninga u vojsci za učinkovitu izvedbu u stresnim situacijama i okruženjima misija. Specifično, u radu se iznosi usporedna analiza programa obuke za časnike u oružanim snagama SAD-a i Republike Hrvatske. Nadalje, analizira se i uspoređuje procjena početnih tjelesnih sposobnosti za prijave za časničku službu u oružanim snagama SAD-a i Republike Hrvatske, ali i razlike između konvencionalnih i specijalnih snaga. Nadalje, rad sadrži i studije slučaja koji prikazuju različite primjere utjecaja visoke i niske borbene spremnosti i kohezivnosti na ishod i uspjeh u bitci. U zaključku se potvrđuje kako je ključna uloga komplementarnosti fizičke pripreme i psihološke spremnosti u izgradnji vojne kulture i uspješnom obavljanju vojnih zadaća.This paper analyzes combat readiness as one of the key factors of military effectiveness, with an emphasis on the physical and mental resilience of soldiers and its impact on military culture. The importance of physical fitness and mental training in the military is highlighted as essential for effective performance in stressful situations and mission environments. Specifically, the paper presents a comparative analysis of officer training programs in the armed forces of the United States and the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, it analyzes and compares the assessment of initial physical abilities for officer candidacy in the armed forces of the United States and the Republic of Croatia, as well as the differences between conventional and special forces. In addition, the paper includes case studies that illustrate various examples of how high and low combat readiness and cohesion impact on the outcome and success of a battle. The conclusion confirms that the key role and complementarity of physical preparation and psychological readiness are crucial in building a military culture and successful execution of military tasks

    Modernization of the Armed Forces of BiH: Bridging the gap with NATO standards

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    Ovaj rad analizira proces modernizacije Oružanih snaga Bosne i Hercegovine (OS BiH) u kontekstu usklađivanja s NATO standardima interoperabilnosti. Fokus je na analizi povijesnih okolnosti, institucionalnih reformi te političkih, tehnoloških i financijskih izazova koji određuju brzinu i kvalitetu transformacije OS BiH u profesionalnu, učinkovitu i međunarodno kompatibilnu vojsku. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na reforme koje su dovele do ukidanja entitetskih vojski, uspostave jedinstvenog zapovjednog sustava i uključivanja OS BiH u međunarodne mirovne misije. Također se analiziraju aktualne prepreke modernizaciji, uključujući ograničene financijske resurse, političku fragmentaciju i tehnološku zastarjelost opreme. Cilj rada je prikazati složenost procesa integracije BiH u euroatlantske strukture te istaknuti važnost prilagodbe oružanih snaga NATO standardima.This paper analyses the modernisation process of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AF BiH) in the context of alignment with NATO interoperability standards. The focus is on examining the historical context, institutional reforms, and political, technological, and financial challenges that influence the pace and quality of the transformation of the AF BiH into a professional, efficient, and internationally compatible military force. Particular emphasis is placed on the reforms that led to the dissolution of entity-based armies, the establishment of a unified command structure, and the participation of the AF BiH in international peacekeeping missions. The paper also analyses current obstacles to modernisation, including limited financial resources, political fragmentation, and the technological obsolescence of equipment. The paper aims to highlight the complexity of Bosnia and Herzegovina's integration into Euro Atlantic structures and underscore the importance of adapting its armed forces to NATO standards

    Development of anti tank guided missile through generations

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    Razvoj protuoklopnih vođenih sustava uvelike je unaprijedio suprotstavljanje oklopnim sredstvima. Potreba za takvom vrstom sustava uvidjela se još tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata kada se unaprijedila upotreba i sama konstrukcija tenkova. Kako jedini odgovor na tenk ne bi bio drugi tenk, počelo se razmišljati o naoružavanju pješaštva protuoklopnim sredstvima. Ovaj će rad predstaviti razvoj protuoklopnih vođenih sustava kroz generacije, izdvojiti predstavnike za svaku od generacija i opisati koje su točke napretka među generacijama. U zaključku će biti opisan utjecaj protuoklopnih vođenih sustava na sukobe u prošlosti i danas. Na kraju će biti navedena literatura.The development of anti-tank guided systems has greatly advanced the ability to counter armored vehicles. The need for such systems became evident during World War II, as the use and design of tanks were significantly improved. To ensure that the only response to a tank would not be another tank, the idea of equipping infantry with anti-tank weapons began to take shape. This paper will present the development of anti-tank guided systems across generations, highlight representatives of each generation, and describe the points of advancement between the generations. The conclusion will discuss the impact of anti-tank guided systems on past and present conflicts. References will be listed at the end

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