Repository of Croatian Defence Academy "Dr. Franjo Tuđman"
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Sub-caliber tank projectiles
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom potkalibarnih tenkovskih projektila s posebnim naglaskom
na APFSDS (Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot) tip. Projektili ove vrste
predstavljaju osnovno sredstvo za borbu protiv modernih oklopnih ciljeva zahvaljujući svojoj
visokoj početnoj brzini, preciznosti i probojnosti. U radu su obrađeni povijesni razvoj,
konstrukcijske karakteristike, balistička svojstva te komparativna analiza zapadnih i istočnih
modela kalibra 120 mm i 125 mm. Posebna pažnja posvećena je geometriji penetratora, dinamici
odvajanja sabota i aerodinamičkoj stabilnosti kao i utjecaju tih čimbenika na točnost i učinkovitost
projektila. Analizirani su i pravci budućeg razvoja, uključujući primjenu novih materijala,
naprednih sabota i numeričkih simulacija. Rad zaključuje da će potkalibarni projektili i dalje imati
ključnu ulogu u suvremenom ratovanju, ali njihova učinkovitost ovisit će o sposobnosti prilagodbe
novim tehnologijama i borbenim zahtjevima.This thesis analyzes sub-caliber tank projectiles with a particular focus on the APFSDS (Armor
Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot) type. These projectiles are a primary anti-armor weapon
due to their high muzzle velocity, accuracy, and penetration capability. The study covers the
historical development, structural features, ballistic performance and comparative analysis of
Western and Eastern models of 120 mm and 125 mm caliber. Special attention is given to the
geometry of the penetrator, sabot separation dynamics, and aerodynamic stability, as well as how
these factors influence the projectile’s precision and effectiveness. The thesis also explores future
development directions, including the use of advanced materials, improved sabot designs, and
numerical simulations. It concludes that APFSDS projectiles will continue to play a vital role in
modern warfare, but their effectiveness will depend on their ability to adapt to emerging
technologies and combat requirements
The Role of the United Nations in the Croatian War of Independence
No full textOvaj završni rad analizira i interpretira djelovanje Ujedinjenih naroda (UN) u Domovinskom ratu
na području Republike Hrvatske, s naglaskom na ulogu i učinkovitost misije UNPROFOR-a.
Polazište rada čini povijesni kontekst raspada SFRJ, početak agresije na Hrvatsku te međunarodna
reakcija na novonastalu situaciju. Rad zatim interpretira diplomatske napore Republike Hrvatske
u ostvarivanju međunarodnog priznanja, kao i položaj Hrvatske u međunarodnim odnosima
početkom 1990.-ih. Posebna pozornost posvećena je pravnim i političkim temeljima UN-ove
misije, ključnim rezolucijama Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a te načinu na koji su se one provodile na
terenu. Evaluacija učinaka UNPROFOR-a obuhvaća komparaciju s drugim mirovnim misijama,
kao i analizu domaće javne percepcije UN-a. Zaključuje se kako je misija, unatoč deklariranim
ciljevima, u praksi pokazala ograničenu sposobnost djelovanja i zaštite žrtava sukoba, ostavljajući
duboke posljedice na unutarnju i međunarodnu poziciju Republike Hrvatske.This thesis analyzes the role of the United Nations during the Croatian War of Independence, with
a focus on the effectiveness of the UNPROFOR mission. The paper begins with the historical
context of the disintegration of the SFRY, the onset of aggression against Croatia, and the
international response to the emerging crisis. It then examines Croatia’s diplomatic efforts in
securing international recognition and its position in global affairs in the early 1990s. Special
attention is given to the legal and political foundations of the UN mission, the key Security Council
resolutions, and their implementation on the ground. The evaluation of UNPROFOR’s
performance includes a comparison with other UN peacekeeping operations, as well as an
analysis of domestic public perception. The study concludes that despite its declared objectives,
the mission demonstrated limited capacity to act and to protect civilians, leaving deep
consequences for Croatia’s internal and international standing
Tactical use of 60 mm mortars
No full textRad opisuje taktiku primjene pješačkih minobacača kalibra 60 mm u okviru taktike pješaštva. Kroz
opis povijesti prikazuje se razvoj i uvođenje navedenog oružja u pješačko naoružanje. Navedeni
su i opisani tipični primjeri ovog oružja u suvremenim vojskama s naglaskom na tehničke
karakteristike oružja te vrsta streljiva u primjeni. Objašnjava se struktura naoružanja i opreme
postrojbi opremljenih ovim oružjem te struktura nadređene pješačke postrojbe. Na taktičkim
primjerima opisuje se taktička primjena minobacača u napadnim i obrambenim operacijama u
ovisnosti o planu nadređenog zapovjednika.The thesis describes the tactics of using 60 mm infantry mortars within the infantry tactics.
Through a description of history, the development and introduction of these weapons into infantry
weapons. Typical examples of this weapon in modern armies are listed and described, with an
emphasis on the technical characteristics of the weapon and the types of ammunition in use. The
structure of the armament and equipment of units equipped with this weapon and the structure of
the superior infantry unit are explained. The tactical application of mortars in offensive and
defensive operations, depending on the plan of the superior commander, is described using tactical
examples
Projections of the direction of development of tube artillery weapons based on historical development
No full textOvaj rad analizira povijesni razvoj cijevnih topničkih oružja od Prvog svjetskog rata do
suvremenog doba i razvoja budućih sustava. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na evoluciju kalibra i
dometa kroz različita povijesna razdoblja. Standardizacija kalibra, povećanje dometa i
primjena novih tehnologija prikazani su grafički i tekstualno objašnjeni. Na temelju analize
identificirane su glavne tendencije razvoja koje ukazuju na buduće smjerove modernog
topništva.This paper analyzes the historical development of tube artillery from World War I to the
modern era and future systems. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution of caliber and
range across different historical periods. The standardization of calibers, range expansion,
and the application of new technologies are presented graphically and explained textually.
Based on the analysis, the main development trends have been identified, pointing to the
future directions of modern artillery
Proposal for the maintenance program of the RGW 90 disposable anti-armor portable missile systems
No full textRGW 90 je najnovije jednokratno protuoklopno oružje hrvatske vojske. Riječ je o modernom
oružju namijenjenom za razne zadaće. Da bi se mogla provesti kvalitetna obuka za korisnike
RGW-a 90 postoji posebna inačica RGW 90 HH / ASM SCTW .300 BLK. Ona koristi umetnutu
cijev .300 BLK unutar lansirne cijevi kako bi se mogla višestruko puta koristiti. Za dugotrajno
korištenje potrebno je pravilno održavanje. U ovom radu su prikazani radovi podijeljeni u dvije
razine. Prvu razinu korisničkog održavanja obavljaju sami korisnici sustava RGW 90, dok se
razina korektivnog i remontnog održavanja provodi u za to predviđenim radionicama od strane
obučenih oružara.
Ključne riječi: RGW 90, protuoklopno oružje, korisničko održavanje , korektivno održavanje,
remontno održavanjeRGW 90 is the latest single-use anti-armor weapon in service with the Croatian Armed Forces. It
is a modern weapon system designed for various operational tasks. In order to conduct effective
training for RGW 90 users, a special training variant exists: the RGW 90 HH / ASM SCTW .300
BLK. This version uses an inserted .300 BLK barrel within the launch tube, allowing for
repeated use. To ensure long-term usability, proper maintenance is essential. This paper presents
maintenance procedures divided into two levels. The first level, user level maintenance, is
performed by the RGW 90 system operators themselves, while corrective and overhaul level
maintenance is carried out in designated workshops by trained armorers
Private military and security companies and their impact on international security
No full textOvaj rad analizira fenomen privatnih vojnih i sigurnosnih kompanija koje sve češće zauzimaju
ulogu koja je tradicionalno bila rezervirana za regularne oružane snage. Obzirom na globalizaciju
sigurnosti i trend outsourcinga u vojnim operacijama, PVSK postaju ključni akteri u suvremenim
sukobima i postkonfliktnim situacijama. U radu se razmatraju pravni, politički i etički aspekti
djelovanja PVSK-a, s naglaskom na njihovu ulogu u međunarodnim odnosima, kao i izazove koje
njihova upotreba donosi za suverenitet država, odgovornost za počinjena djela i kontrolu nad
uporabom sile. Poseban fokus stavljen je na primjere djelovanja PVSK-a u Iraku te se
problematizira njihovo djelovanje u kontekstu međunarodnog prava. Iako PVSK nude operativne
prednosti poput fleksibilnosti i smanjenja troškova za države, njihovo sveprisutno korištenje otvara
niz pitanja vezanih za demokratsku kontrolu, transparentnost i legitimnost njihove uporabe u
ratnim zonama.This work analyzes the phenomenon of private military and security companies (PMSCs),
which are increasingly taking on roles traditionally reserved for regular armed forces. In the
context of security globalization and the trend of outsourcing military operations, PMSCs have
become key actors in modern conflicts and post-conflict situations. The paper examines the legal,
political, and ethical aspects of PMSC operations, with an emphasis on their role in international
relations, as well as the challenges their use poses for state sovereignty, accountability for
committed acts, and control over the use of force. Special attention is given to examples of PMSC
activities in Iraq, with a critical analysis of their conduct within the framework of international
law. Although PMSCs offer operational advantages such as flexibility and cost reduction for states,
their widespread use raises a range of issues related to democratic oversight, transparency, and the
legitimacy of their deployment in war zones
Unguided rocket upgrade with control elements
No full textZa nevođene rakete poznato je da imaju veliko rasipanje, prvenstveno uzrokovano rasipanjem
potisne sile. Ideja ovog rada je provjeriti koncept modifikacije takvih raketa na način da im se
dodaju upravljački elementi koji bi prvenstveno smanjili rasipanje. Smanjenjem rasipanja raketa
koje se koriste u velikim količinama, omogućili bi efikasnije i ekonomičnije korištenje raketa. U
prvom dijelu rada dan je pregled karakterističnih konstrukcija raketa i postojećih izvedbi
modifikacije.
Razmatrani koncept modifikacija rakete uključuje dodavanje kanard krilaca na upaljač, za što je
napravljen CAD model. U radu je primijenjen modificiran model leta 6DOF prikladan za analizu
pogreški proizvodnje, što uključuje pogrešku mlaznice, tj. potisne sile. U model leta dodan je
utjecaj kanard krilaca na aerodinamiku kompletne rakete. Koncept modifikacije rakete uključuje
sustav upravljanja, definiran zakonom vođenja koji se temelji na odstupanju trenutne od referentne
trajektorije. Provedene su simulacije koncepta modificirane rakete s vođenjem koji uključuju
pogreške mlaznice. Dobiveni su preliminarni rezultati koji upućuju na znatno manja rasipanja
padnih točaka.It's known for unguided rockets that they have large dispersion, which is primarily caused by
dispersion of propulsion force. The idea of this thesis is to test the concept of modification of such
rockets by adding controlling elements that will reduce said dispersion. By reducing the dispersion
of rockets that are usually used in large quantities, the usage of these rockets would be more
efficient and economical. The first section provide an overview of specific constructions of rockets
and existing implementation of modification. The concept of modification that was used, includes
adding canards to the nozzle, for which a CAD model was provided. The modified 6DOF model
was used, that is suitable for production error analysis, which included propellant error, i.e. thrust
force. In the flight model the influence of canard on aerodynamic coefficients on complete rocket
was used. The rocket concept of modification involed controlling, defined by the guidance law
which is based on deviation of the current trajectory form the reference one. Simulations were
conducted on the mentioned concept with added propellant error. Obtained preliminary results
indicate significantly less dispersion of the rocket
Conditional Sentencing in the Criminal Law of the Republic of Croatia
No full textU ovom radu razradit će se institut uvjetne osude. Taj pojam mijenjao je svoja značenja kroz
povijest. U radu će biti prikazani sustavi sankcija, kao što su smrtna kazna, kazna zatvora, te
naposlijetku uvjetna osuda, kao oblik alternativne sankcije. Analizirajući druge pravne sustave
jugoistočne i zapadne Europe, vidljivo je kako taj institut poznaje brojna zajednička svojstva, a to
su: izrečena kazna zatvora ili novčana kazna, nad kojom se primjenjuje uvjetna osuda uz potreban
rok provjeravanja. Kod država bivše Jugoslavije zajedničko je da su implementacijom krivičnih
zakona SFRJ do danas zadržale gotovo identičan pravni oblik. Statističkom analizom u radu smo
došli do zaključka kako je uvjetna osuda primjer instituta koji služi za rasterećivanje sustava.
Radom probacijske službe i provjeravanjem osuđenika, počinitelj kaznenog djela se ovim
institutom prati i upozorava na moguće negativne posljedice kršenja uvjetne osude. Uvjetna osuda
primjer je resocijalizacije počinitelja kaznenog djela na slobodi, a ujedno i način na koji država
može riješiti problem prenapučenosti zatvora. U modernim pravnim sustavima pribjegava se
humanijem načinu pristupanja prema osuđenicima, te im se daje mogućnost rehabilitacije. Osim u
europskom kontinentalnom pravu vidljivo je kako i u anglosaksonskom pravu imaju uspostavljene
probacijske službe i parole, a sve u svrhu izvršavanja ovog instituta. Najmoderniji primjer
primjene uvjetne osude primjena je elektroničkog uređaja za monitoring prema osuđenicima. On
im omogućava izvršavanje zatvorske kazne u vlastitome domu, što uvelike olakšava njegovo
praćenje, a uz to rasterećuje zatvorski sustav.This paper will elaborate the institute of conditional sentencing. This concept has changed its
meaning throughout the history. The paper will presents systems of sanctions, such as the death
penalty, imprisonment, and ultimately conditional sentencing as a form of alternative sanction.
Analyzing other legal systems in Eastern and Western Europe, it is evident that this institution
shares numerous common characteristics, which are: imposed prison sentence or fine, to which
conditional sentencing applies with the necessary probation period. In the countries of former
Yugoslavia, it is common that with the implementation of the criminal laws of the SFRY, they
have maintained almost identical legal forms to this day. Through statistical analysis, we
concluded that conditional sentencing is an example of an institution that serves to relieve the
system. By means of probation services and monitoring of offenders, this institution tracks and
warns offenders of the possible negative consequences of violating their conditional sentence.
Conditional sentencing is an example of the social reintegration of criminal offenders in the
community, as well as a way for the state to address the issue of prison overcrowding. In modern
legal systems, a more humane approach to dealing with convicts is adopted, and they are given the
opportunity for rehabilitation. Besides in European continental law, it is also evident that probation
services and parole are established in Anglo-Saxon law, all for the purpose of implementing this
institution. The most modern example of the application of conditional sentencing is the use of
electronic monitoring devices for offenders. It allows them to serve their prison sentence in their
own home, which greatly facilitates their monitoring, and at the same time relieves the prison
system
MAT-V platform in infantry support
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada je analiza platforme M-ATV (All-Terrain Vehicle) koji pripada
skupini vozila MRAPV (Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle) kao potpore pješaštvu u
suvremenim vojnim operacijama. Razvoj modernih borbenih vozila uvelike je potaknut
promjenama u karakteru ratovanja, pri čemu se sve veći naglasak stavlja na zaštitu vojnika,
pokretljivost, vatrenu moć i višenamjensku primjenu. M-ATV je nastao kao odgovor ugrozi
nailaska na pješačke i protuoklopne mine i improvizirane eksplozivne naprave IED (eng.
Improvised electronical device) te potrebu za širom taktičkom fleksibilnošću u odnosu na
klasična oklopna vozila. Rad istražuje razvoj platforme, tehničke i taktičke karakteristike te
operativnu uporabu unutar različitih oružanih snaga svijeta, s posebnim naglaskom na Oružane
snage Republike Hrvatske (OSRH). Analizira se uloga M-ATV vozila u modernim pješačkim
postrojbama, njegove prednosti u odnosu na slične platforme, kao i izazovi vezani uz njegovu
primjenu. Objašnjena je važnost sposobnosti preživljavanja na bojištu, otpornosti na eksplozivne
prijetnje, pokretljivosti u različitim terenskim uvjetima, nosivosti, oklopnoj zaštiti i
mogućnostima nadogradnje i uporabe više vrsta naoružanja. Platforma je u uporabi u
međunarodnim vojnim operacijama, posebice intenzivno u NATO operacijama na Kosovu i u
Afganistanu. Studije slučaja iz tih operacija omogućuju realnu procjenu učinkovitosti M-ATV
platforme u borbenim i mirovnim misijama, kao i njezine mogućnosti prilagodbe različitim
sigurnosnim izazovima. Na temelju dostupne literature, tehničkih dokumenata i iskustava
stečenih kroz operativnu uporabu vozila, u radu se istražuje i potencijal daljnjeg razvoja i
modernizacije M-ATV platforme. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na moguće nadogradnje u sferi
zaštite, integracije besposadnih sustava te poboljšanja mobilnosti i vatrene moći. Zaključci rada
ukazuju na važnost ove platforme u zaštiti i pokretu pješaštva te mogućnosti prilagodbe novim
sigurnosnim prijetnjama i tehnološkim inovacijama.The aim of this thesis is to analyze the M-ATV (MRAP All-Terrain Vehicle) platform as support
for infantry in modern military operations. The development of modern combat vehicles has
been significantly driven by changes in the nature of warfare, with increasing emphasis on
soldier protection, mobility, and multi-purpose application. The M-ATV was developed in
response to the threat of mine blasts and improvised explosive devices (IEDs), as well as the
need for greater tactical flexibility compared to conventional armored vehicles. This study
examines the development of the platform, its technical and tactical characteristics, and its
operational use within various armed forces worldwide, with a special focus on the Armed
Forces of the Republic of Croatia (OSRH). The role of the M-ATV in modern infantry units is
analyzed, along with its advantages over similar platforms and the challenges associated with its
deployment. The research highlights the importance of battlefield survivability, resistance to
explosive threats, mobility in diverse terrain conditions, payload capacity, armored protection,
and the potential for upgrades and integration of various weapon systems. The platform has been
extensively used in international military operations, particularly in NATO missions in Kosovo
and Afghanistan. Case studies from these operations provide a realistic assessment of the M
ATV platform's effectiveness in combat and peacekeeping missions, as well as its adaptability to
various security challenges. Based on the available literature, technical documents, and
operational experiences, this thesis also explores the potential for further development and
modernization of the M-ATV platform. Special emphasis is placed on possible upgrades in
protection systems, the integration of unmanned systems, and improvements in mobility and
firepower. The conclusions of this research highlight the importance of the M-ATV platform in
infantry protection and mobility, as well as its ability to adapt to emerging security threats and
technological innovations
The 6.8×51 mm Caliber and its Combat Effectiveness Compared to the 5.56×45 mm NATO Caliber
No full textKalibar 5,56×45 mm trenutno je standard unutar NATO saveza. Međutim, više ne ispunjava
suvremene zahtjeve po pitanju probojnosti, zaustavne sile i efektivnog dometa. Stoga je pokrenut
program Next Generation Squad Weapon, koji je rezultirao razvojem puške XM7 i puškostrojnice
XM250 u novom kalibru 6,8×51 mm. Ovaj rad uspoređuje performanse i karakteristike kalibra
6,8×51 mm s postojećim kalibrom 5,56×45 mm te njegovim prethodnikom 7,62×51 mm. Opisani
su razvoj, tehničke značajke te prednosti i nedostaci svakog kalibra. Uz to, prikazana je usporedba
njihove probojnosti i razornog efekta u balističkom geluThe 5.56×45 mm caliber is currently the standard within the NATO alliance. However, it no longer
meets modern requirements in terms of penetration, stopping power and effective range.
Therefore, the Next Generation Squad Weapon program was launched, which resulted in the
development of the XM7 rifle and the XM250 machine gun in the new 6.8×51 mm caliber. This
paper compares the performance and characteristics of the 6.8×51 mm caliber with the existing
5.56×45 mm caliber and its predecessor 7.62×51 mm. The development, technical characteristics
and advantages and disadvantages of each caliber are described. In addition, a comparison of their
penetration and destructive effect in ballistic gel is presented