Repository of Croatian Defence Academy "Dr. Franjo Tuđman"
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On the problem of terrorism, international legal aspects and possible implications on national security
No full textOvaj rad analizira pojam terorizma, istražuje njegove međunarodnopravne aspekte te prikazuje sveobuhvatnost terorizma kao rastuće društvene pojave s implikacijama na nacionalnu sigurnost. Koncept terorizma prvi se put pojavljuje pod jakobinskom diktaturom tijekom Francuske revolucije, a od tada kontinuirano evoluira postižući nove razine s pojavom radikalnog i vjerskog terorizma. Njegova povijest i evolucija stvaraju izazove u definiranju i suzbijanju, što otežava pristup tom fenomenu. Pojava radikalnog terorizma predstavlja složenu prijetnju koja zahtijeva sveobuhvatan pristup i međunarodnu suradnju. Prepoznavanje različitih oblika terorizma, njihovih uzroka i motiva ključno je za razvoj učinkovitih strategija suzbijanja i prevencije. Ovaj rad pruža temelj za bolje razumijevanje terorizma i njegovih posljedica za nacionalnu sigurnost.This paper analyzes the concept of terrorism, investigates its international legal aspects and shows its comprehensiveness of terrorism as a growing social phenomenon with implications for national security. The concept of terrorism first appeared under the Jacobin dictatorship during the French Revolution, and since then it has continuously evolved, reaching new levels with the emergence of radical and religious terrorism. Its history and evolution create challenges in defining and controlling it, which makes it difficult to approach this phenomenon. The emergence of radical terrorism in particular represents a complex threat that requires a comprehensive approach and international cooperation. Recognizing different forms of terrorism, their causes and motives is essential for the development of effective suppression and prevention strategies. This paper provides a foundation for a better understanding of terrorism and its consequences for national security
Ambushes in urban warfare
No full textVećina ratovanja u današnje vrijeme odvija se na urbanom terenu koji je zbog svoje konfiguracije specifičan i razlikuje se od otvorenog područja. Zasjede su ofenzivna vrsta operacije koja, ukoliko je dobro isplanirana i provedena, ima značajan taktički i psihološki učinak na protivnika. Za uspješnu provedbu zasjede zapovjednik dobro poznaje taktike, tehnike i procedure silovitog udara, sve elemente zasjede i njihove zadaće, zna koje vrste i oblici zasjeda postoje te kako snage pravilno i najsigurnije napuštaju mjesto zasjede. Na studijama slučaja jasno se vidi kako dobro isplanirana zasjeda, kao ona u Groznom, radi veliku štetu neprijatelju i postiže zbunjenost kod njega. Druga studija slučaja govori o bliskom primjeru iz Domovinskog rata, kada su hrvatske snage upale u zasjedu u selu Kusonje te koliko je kod sumnje na zasjedu izvidnica bitna za sprječavanje upada u istu.Most warfare nowadays takes place in urban environments, which are unique due to their configuration and differ significantly from open areas. Ambushes are an offensive type of operation that, when well-planned and executed, have a significant tactical and psychological impact on the enemy. For a successful ambush, the commander must be well-versed in the tactics, techniques, and procedures of a forceful strike, understand all elements of an ambush and their tasks, know the types and forms of ambushes, and how to safely and effectively withdraw forces from the ambush site. Case studies clearly show how a well-planned ambush, like the one in Grozny, can cause substantial damage to the enemy and create confusion. Another case study discusses a close example from the Homeland War when Croatian forces fell into an ambush in the village of Kusonje, highlighting the importance of reconnaissance in preventing such incidents when there is suspicion of an ambush
Acquisition of human resources in the military organization
No full textPribavljanje ljudskih potencijala predstavlja ključnu funkciju u svakom suvremenom poslovnom okruženju. Ova aktivnost podrazumijeva proces identifikacije, privlačenja, selekcije i zapošljavanja kvalificiranih kandidata koji će doprinijeti postizanju strateških ciljeva organizacije. U dinamičnom tržištu rada, gdje su promjene brze i nepredvidljive, sposobnost organizacije da privuče i zadrži vrhunske talente može predstavljati razliku između uspjeha i neuspjeha. Pravilno upravljanje ljudskim potencijalima ne samo da omogućava optimalno korištenje vještina, znanja i sposobnosti zaposlenih, već i potiče inovativnost, povećava produktivnost te unaprjeđuje ukupnu konkurentnost organizacije. Isto vrijedi za svaku vojnu organizaciju koja se u modreno doba mora prilagoditi svim okolnostima i vanjskim utjecajima. Stoga bi vojna organizacija trebala ulagati znatne napore u razvoj PR odjela i usavršavati svoje članove u marketinškom i promidžbenim aspektu, te na taj način stvarati vlastite modele za promidžbu vojske i vojnog poziva. Ukoliko se vojna organizacija nedovoljno angažira u svrhu privlačenja mladih i kompetentnih ljudi u svoj sustav, kroz izvjestan broj godina mogle bi uslijediti značajne poteškoće zbog manjka ljudskih resursa, a samim time i značajan porast rizika da se uspješno obrani i očuva stanovništvo zemlje, teritorijalna cjelovitost i suverenitet te države.Acquiring human resources is a key function in any modern business environment. This activity implies the process of identification, attraction, selection and employment of qualified candidates who will contribute to the achievement of the organization's strategic goals. In a dynamic job market, where change is rapid and unpredictable, an organization's ability to attract and retain top talent can mean the difference between success and failure. Proper management of human resources not only enables the optimal use of skills and knowledge of employees, but also encourages innovation, increases productivity and improves the overall competitiveness of the organization. The same is true for every military organization, which in the modern age must adapt to all circumstances and external influences. Therefore, every military organization should invest considerable efforts in the development of PR suits and improve its members in the marketing and publicity aspects, and in this way create their own models for the promotion of the army and the military profession. If the military organization is insufficiently involved in attracting young and competent people into its system, significant difficulties could follow over a certain number of years due to a lack of human resources, and thus a significant increase in the risk of successfully defending and preserving the country's population, territorial integrity and sovereignty of that state
Digital maturity frameworks and their impact on digital transformation
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu bilo je potrebno istražiti okvire digitalne zrelosti koji opisuju elemente spremnosti za primjenu suvremenih tehnologija radi digitalne transformacije poslovanja u promatranoj organizaciji, usko povezana s vojnim sektorom.
Kroz pregled relevantne znanstvene literature i analize prikupljenih podataka, potrebno je identificirati ključne okvire te opisati njihove sličnosti i razlike.
Na temelju rezultata analize postojećih okvira, razmotrit će se njihova primjena u vojnom sektoru i globalnim organizacijama.
Provest će se detaljna analiza elemenata okvira koji se odnose na primjenu tehnologija, uz primjenu metoda i tehnika dizajna rješenja s ciljem omogućavanja digitalne transformacije.
Tijekom ovog rada, pružit će se sveobuhvatan uvid u proces digitalne transformacije te konkretni prijedlozi za primjenu relevantnih okvira i strategija unaprjeđenja tehnoloških kapaciteta u promatranoj organizaciji.In this master's thesis, it was necessary to explore frameworks of digital maturity that describe the elements of readiness for the implementation of modern technologies for the digital transformation of business in the observed organization, closely linked to the military sector. Through a review of relevant scientific literature and analysis of collected data, it is necessary to identify key frameworks and describe their similarities and differences. Based on the results of the analysis of existing frameworks, their application in the military sector and global organizations will be considered. A detailed analysis of framework elements related to technology application will be conducted, employing methods and techniques of solution design aimed at enabling digital transformation. Throughout this work, a comprehensive insight into the process of digital transformation will be provided, along with specific proposals for the application of relevant frameworks and strategies for enhancing technological capacities in the observed organization
Historical development of HUMINT
No full textU radu se analizira povijesni razvoj i ključna obilježja discipline HUMINT, odnosno prikupljanja podataka posredstvom ljudskih izvora. Cilj rada je definirati pojmove i metode HUMINT djelovanja kako bi se stekao opći uvid u djelatnost te prikazati razvoj i prilagodbu od antičkih civilizacija do danas. Povijesnim primjerima ukazat će se na važnost ove najstarije obavještajne discipline, ali i spomenuti etika koja je nezaobilazan dio obavještajne profesije. U završnom dijelu rada spomenuti su izazovi modernog doba koji utječu na daljnji razvoj discipline. U konačnici, cilj ovog rada je, kroz analizu duge povijesti prikupljanja podataka posredstvom ljudskih izvora i evolucije taktika i tehnika, prikazati korisnost discipline HUMINT i razlog zbog kojeg je jedna od najvažnijih obavještajnih disciplina.The paper analyzes the historical development and key features of the HUMINT discipline, i.e. data collection through human sources. The aim of the paper is to define the concepts and methods of HUMINT operations in order to provide a general insight into the activity and to illustrate its development and adaptation from ancient civilizations to the present day. Historical examples will highlight the importance of this oldest intelligence discipline, while also addresing ethics that is an essential part of the intelligence profession. In the final part of the paper, the challenges of the modern era are mentioned that affect the further development of the discipline. Ulitmately, the goal of this paper is to demonstrate, through the analysis of the long history of data collection through human sources and the evolution of tactics and techniques, the usefulness of the HUMINT discipline and the reason why it is one of the most important intelligence disciplines
The role of media and propaganda in war conflicts - case study Battle for Vukovar
No full textZavršni rad na temu „Uloga medija i propagande u oružanim sukobima- studija slučaja Obrana Vukovara“ sustavno prikazuje i analizira načela propagande te primjere koji su zapaženi tijekom bitke za Vukovar. Rad započinje definiranjem propagande i uvodom u Domovinski rat. Rad opisuje što je ratna propaganda i koji su primjeri ratne propagande u bitci za Vukovar. Glavni primjer i osnova cijelog rada su montirani razgovori između zapovjednika Obrane Vukovara i ostalih sudionika Domovinskog rata. Kroz navedene primjere najjasnije je prikazana moć i utjecaj propagande. Rad se, također, dotiče i uloge medija i ostalih sredstava u širenju dezinformacija i propagandnih ideja i ciljeva.The final paper on the topic „The role of the media and propaganda in armed conflicts - a case study of the Defense of Vukovar“ systematically presents and analyzes the principles of propaganda and the examples that were observed during the battle for Vukovar. The paper begins with the definiton of propaganda and an introduction to the Homeland War. The paper describes what war propaganda is and what are the examples of war propaganda in the battle for Vukovar. The main example and basis of the entire work are edited conservations between the commander of the Defense of Vukovar and other participant sin the Homeland War. Their example clearly shows the power and influence of propaganda. The paper also touches on the role of the media and other means in spreading misinformation and propaganda ideas and goals
Analysis of the organization of defense lines in modern wars
No full textSvaka vojna kampanja ili glavna operacija, bez obzira uključuje li ona sukob visokog intenziteta, u sebi sadrži napadne i obrambene operacije. Iako su napadne operacije odlučujući oblik vojnih operacija, obrambene operacije kroz zadržavanje ključnog zemljišta, zaštitu naših snaga i pružanjem ključnog vremena za konsolidaciju i reorganizaciju stvaraju preduvjete za provedbu napadnih operacija. Zbog prisutnosti velikog broja različitih fortifikacijskih struktura obrambene linije u modernim konvencionalnim ratovima nalikuju obrambenim linijama iz prošlosti, ali ipak postoje razlike. Načini kako se obrana može provesti i uporabiti snaga u obrani, te razmatranje što u konačnici dovodi do uspješne ili neuspješne obrane, ključna su pitanja kojima se bavi ovaj diplomski rad.Every military campaign or major operation, regardless of whether it involves a large-scale conflict, contains offensive and defensive operations. Although offensive operations are decisive type of military operations, defensive operations by holding key terrain, protecting our forces, and providing critical time for force consolidation and reorganization create the necessary conditions for offensive operations. Because of the presence of large number of fortifications in modern conventional wars in some regard defensive lines resemble defenses of the past but there are differences. The ways in which defense can be conducted and employment of different branches in the defense, considerations of what ultimately leads to a successful of unsuccessful defense are the key questions addressed in this thesis
Satellite Tracking
No full textRad opisuje temu praćenja satelita definirajući što je orbita i koji su parametri bitni za definiranje putanje i položaja praćenog satelita. Opisana je teorija i tehnike praćenja, što povezuje algoritme i teoretski dio s tehnološkim, hardverskim dijelom s ciljem prikupljanja točnih i preciznih podataka o položaju i parametrima orbite satelita.
Prikazani su osnovni parametri orbite, visina, brzina, nagib i ekscentricitet. Detaljno se razmatraju kako bi se čitatelju pružilo temeljno razumijevanje dinamike satelitskih orbita. Opisani su algoritmi i tehnike praćenja satelita, što uključuje razmatranje metoda za određivanje položaja i brzine satelita, kao i tehnike za predviđanje budućih putanja. Prikazani su izazovi i problemi koji su učestali prilikom primjene postupaka praćenja satelita, što uključuje faktore poput atmosferskog trenja, promjena parametara orbite i međusobnih smetnji između satelita. Provedena je analiza različitih aspekata vezanih uz praćenje koji čitatelju pružaju razumijevanje koncepata.The paper describes the topic of satellite tracking, defining what an orbit is and which parameters are essential for defining the trajectory and position of a tracked satellite. The theory and tracking techniques are described, which connects the algorithms and the theoretical part with the technological, hardware part with the aim of collecting accurate and precise data on the position and parameters of the satellite's orbit.
The fundamental parameters of the orbit, height, speed, inclination and eccentricity are shown. They are discussed in detail to provide the reader with a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of satellite orbits. Algorithms and techniques for tracking satellites are described, which includes consideration of methods for determining the position and velocity of satellites, as well as techniques for predicting future trajectories. Challenges and problems that are common when applying satellite tracking procedures are presented, which include factors such as atmospheric friction, changes in orbit parameters and mutual interference between satellites. An analysis of various aspects related to satellite tracking that was carried out will provide the reader with an understanding of main concepts
Predictive factors of insurgency outcomes: lessons learned
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se pitanjem čimbenika koji utječu na uspješnost pobuna i problemom određivanja najuspješnijeg načina borbe protiv pobuna. Nakon pružanja teorijske podloge za razumijevanje pobuna i protupobunjeničkih operacija slijede tri studije slučaja. Prva proučava američki neuspjeh tijekom Vijetnamskog rata 1955.-1975. godine koji je bio uzrokovan pretjeranim oslanjanjem na vojna sredstva za rješavanje političkog problema. Sljedeća studija slučaja bavi se jednako neuspješnom intervencijom u Afganistanu. Koalicijske snage nisu uspjele poraziti talibanski pokret zbog svojeg nerazumijevanja složenih međuplemenskih odnosa u zemlji, nemogućnosti da unište talibanske baze u Pakistanu i nedostatka zajedničke strategije između afganistanske vlade i njezinih vanjskih partnera. Posljednja studija slučaja bavi se Malezijskom krizom 1948.-1954. godine u kojoj su britanske snage uspješno porazile pobunjenike tako što su ih odvojili od stanovništva na čiju su se potporu pobunjenici oslanjali. Studije slučaja potom su uspoređivane po operativnim čimbenicima vremena, prostora i snaga. Na temelju te usporedbe može se zaključiti kako uspjeh u protupobunjeničkim operacijama ovisi o prvenstvu političke dimenzije sukoba, odvajanja pobunjenika od stanovništva i o prekidu dovoda vanjske pomoći namijenjene pobunjeničkom pokretu.This master's thesis deals with the issue of factors that influence the successfulness of insurgencies and the problem of determining the best course of action when fighting against insurgencies. The thesis will provide the theoretical basis neccesary for comprehending insurgencies and counterinsurgency operations, which will be followed by three case studies. The first will examine the American failure in the Vietnam War 1955-1975 which was caused by excessive reliance on military means in order to adress a political problem. The next study deals with the equally unsuccessful intervention in Afghanistan 2001-2021. The coalition forces were unable to defeat the Taliban movement because of their lack of understanding of the complex tribal relations in the country, their inability to destroy the Taliban bases in Pakistan and a lack of a common strategy between the government of Afghanistan and its foreign partners. The last case study deals with the Malaysian Emergency of 1948-1954, during which the British forces managed to defeat the insurgents by separating them from the population they depended upon. The case studies will then be compared using the operational factors of time, space and forces. Based on that comparison it can be concluded that success in counterinsurgency operations depends on the primacy of political means, the separation of insurgents and the population, and the curtailing of foreing aid being sent to the insurgent group
The Political Use of Military Forces as an Instrument of the US State Policy: Promoting Democracy or Achieving Hegemony?
No full textPreobrazba Sjedinjenih Američkih Država iz politike izolacionizma u svjetsku supersilu značajno je promijenila njihov pristup međunarodnim odnosima. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, SAD su sve češće koristile svoje vojne snage kao primarni alat vanjske politike, često opravdavajući intervencije teorijom pravednog rata. Vodeće figure američke vlasti često navode promicanje demokracije i borbu protiv autoritarizma kao ključne motive iza tih vojnih akcija. Međutim, postoji široko rasprostranjeno mišljenje da je pravi cilj održavanje američke globalne hegemonije. Vođene vlastitim interesima i često zanemarujući međunarodne ratne zakone, američke intervencije obično su popraćene pokušajima nametanja demokratskih sustava u zemljama gdje interveniraju. Iako SAD često postižu svoje inicijalne ciljeve, suočavaju se s poteškoćama u upravljanju nepredviđenim posljedicama intervencija, poput uništenih državnih institucija, pobune među civilnim stanovništvom ili visokih troškova povezanih s održavanjem tih operacija. Te posljedice često ugrožavaju dugoročnu stabilnost i uspjeh intervencije, aludirajući na razdiobu između neposrednih vojnih pobjeda i širih geopolitičkih ishoda.The transformation of the United States from a policy of isolationism to a global superpower has significantly altered its approach to international relations. After World War II, the U.S. increasingly used its military forces as a primary tool of foreign policy, often justifying interventions with the theory of just war. American leaders frequently cite the promotion of democracy and the fight against authoritarianism as key motives behind these military actions. However, there is widespread belief that the true aim is to maintain U.S. global hegemony. Driven by self-interest and often disregarding international laws of war, U.S. interventions are usually accompanied by efforts to impose democratic systems in the countries they target. While the U.S. often achieves its initial military objectives, it struggles to manage the unintended consequences of its interventions, such as the destruction of state institutions, civilian insurgencies, or the high costs associated with sustaining these operations. These consequences often undermine the long-term stability and success of the intervention, suggesting a disconnect between the immediate military victories and the broader geopolitical outcomes