Repository of Doctoral School, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek
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THEORY OF THE IMAGE AND ANALYTICAL PAINTING
No full textTeorijska istraživanja slike u okviru aktualnog videocentričnog promišljanja
suvremene stvarnosti u posljednjih su tridesetak godina postala vrlo intenzivna te su pokazala
kako je nakon sedamdesetih godina u teorijsko-kritičkom diskursu o vizualnoj umjetnosti
došlo do vrlo izražene promjene u pristupu i metodama analize slike. Brojni su istraživači
složni u stavu kako je stara paradigma umjetnosti aktualna do sredine osamdesetih nadiđena i
zamijenjena novom paradigmom vizualnosti.
Kada su u posljednjem desetljeću prošloga stoljeća Gottfried Boehm i William John
Thomas Mitchell zaključili da je nastupilo doba ikoničkog, odnosno slikovnog obrat, otvorilo
se novo područje u istraživanju slike i vizualnosti utemeljeno na originalnim pristupima
karakterističnima za novonastale znanstvene discipline kao što su vizualni studiji i znanost o
slici. Novi pristupi slici, koji su se prema njoj odnosili ponajprije kao prema vizualnoj i
kulturalnoj reprezentaciji, otvorili su prostor drugačijim disciplinarnim analizama slika – sada
ne samo kao povijesnih, nego i kao transpovijesnih činjenica. Dok je povijest umjetnosti od
svog službenog utemeljenja u 18. stoljeću, s pionirom struke Johannom Jochimom
Winkelmannom, bila isključivo usmjerena prema lijepim umjetnostima, nova je znanost o
slici obuhvatila puno široke interdisciplinarno područje unutar kojega se koriste sve one
discipline koje mogu pridonijeti potpunijem razumijevanju fenomena slike kroz iskaze o
raznovrsnim oblicima i tipovima slika, njihovoj upotrebi, postupku proizvodnje i obrade te
recepciji i distribuciji. Promjene u pristupu slici događale su se postupno i dijelom su išle
ukorak s promjenama vidljivima u produkciji slika. Početak suvremenog pristupa smješta se u
drugu polovicu 19. stoljeća kada su francuski slikari počeli platno doživljavati kao autonomno
vizualno polje koje više nije trebalo reprezentirati stvarnost, nego predstaviti vlastiti ikonički
potencijal. Logika reprezentacije, prepuštena tada fotografiji, dala je slikarskom platnu posve
nove mogućnosti vizualne realizacije koja je svoj puni potencijal doživjela pojavom
apstraktnoga likovnog jezika. Inauguracija apstraktne umjetnosti s kraja prve dekade 20.
stoljeća započinju i istraživanja koja su provedena u ovom doktorskom radu.
U djelima pionira apstrakcije, napose ako se paralelno uz njih prouče i eseji tih
umjetnika, vidi se da je slika tretirana predmet kojim se nastoji prekinuti postojeći poredak
vizualnog doživljaja svijeta, ali ona je kao takva još uvijek pripadala tom poretku. Apstraktna
slika Vasilija Kandinskog ili Kazimira Maljeviča želi biti drugačija od svih dotada poznatih
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slika, ona se nastoji prometnuti kao tradicionalna slika koja prikazuje nešto novo, nešto na što
promatrač do tada u slikarstvu nije naviknuo. U ovoj se fazi još uvijek ne može govoriti o
postojanju intrinzične pikturalne samosvijesti jer je slika bila element otpora – ontološki i
dalje ista kao druge slike, ali u reprezentacijskom smislu i svojoj epistemologiji ipak različita
od svega do tada viđenoga. Dakle, pojava apstrakcije se može smatrati prvom fazom u
procesu razvoja pikturalne samosvijesti. Da je spomenuti proces stao u ovoj ranoj fazi, gotovo
se sigurno kroz umjetničku praksu ne bi otvorila nova poglavlja suvremene umjetnosti u
kojima se dogodio zbiljski paradigmatski odmak od klasične umjetnosti i
povijesnoumjetničke tradicije.
Na početku druge faze razvoja pikturalne samosvijesti nalazi se Marcel Duchamp.
Obrazovan u maniri klasičnoga slikara, Duchamp je polje umjetnosti proširio do neslućenih
granica otvarajući idejom ready madea posve novi pretinac u umjetničkom sustavu. U
Duchampovoj umjetničkoj praksi klasična apstrakcija nije ostavila velikoga traga. Štoviše, on
je vrlo brzo napustio domenu slikarstva usmjerivši svoj interes prema objektima. Činjenica da
određeni predmet iz svakodnevice snagom performativnoga iskaza može postati umjetničkim
djelom, narušila je u to vrijeme svako moguće poimanje umjetničkog predmeta kao rezultata
ingeniozne djelatnosti. Teoretičarima umjetnosti i estetičarima trebalo je nekoliko desetljeća
da se domisle kako argumetirano opravdati Duchampovu poetičku gestu, no u području
umjetničke prakse ready made je od svoga postanka slavodobitno preživljavao balansirajući
između tradicionalnoga kiparstva i novonastalog shvaćanja umjetničkoga djela kao objekta.
Razvijanje konceptualnog promišljanja umjetnosti u potpunosti se oslanja na Duchampa i
njegovu umjetničku praksu. Kada se govori o konceptualnom pristupu umjetnosti, važno je
istaknuti da on nije vezan isključivo uz jedan mediji, nego je riječ o transmedijalnoj
kategoriji. U okviru ove teme neophodno je istaknuti i značaj konceptualnoga pristupa u
mediju slikarstva, osobito ako se u obzir uzme analitičko slikarstvo koje po svojim temeljnim
poetičkim načelima pripada upravo sferi konceptualnoga. Problem konceptualne umjetnosti je
taj što je ne samo jezik kojima se djelo oblikuje, već i samo djelo kao fizički objekt postalo
apstrahirano. Ideja apstrakcije je, dakle, kroz jedan segment konceptualne umjetnosti prodrla i
u samu materijalnu strukturu umjetničkoga artefakta lišavajući ga one njegove
najekskluzivnije estetičke dimenzije, a to je osjetilna pojavnost.
Suodnos konceptualnog i analitičkog pristupa razvijen u mediju slikarstva u drugoj
polovici šezdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća pokazao je do koje je mjere moguće na teorijskoj
razini promišljati sliku i istovremeno u njezinu vizualnu strukturu implementirati određeni
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koncept ili pak čitavu teoriju. Dok je rano apstraktno slikarstvo razgradilo i pojednostavilo
oblikovni jezik reprezentacije stvarnosti u slici, a konceptualni pristup odustao od artefakta
nauštrb evokacije ideje, u analitičkom su se slikarstvu oni isprepleli otvarajući na području
teorije slike jedno novo poglavlje čije će teorijske implikacije imati važnu ulogu u
znanstvenom pristupu slici od devedesetih godina do danas. Slikarstvo apstraktnog
prednazaka nikada nije u potpunosti odustalo od sebe kao slikarstva, nego je bila riječ o
postojanju jednog paralelnog kolosijeka koji se razvijao usporedno s klasičnim
reprezentacijskim modelom. Apstraktno je slikarstvo postavilo pitanje o prirodi slikarskoga
jezika, ali još uvijek nije postavilo pitanje o prirodi slike kao takve. S ontološke strane
gledano, pojavom apstrakcije slika se i dalje definirala na isti način. Odmak od tradicionalne
definicije slike djelomično je učinjen u okviru konceptualističkoga promišljanja umjetnosti,
ali je zadržan opravdani strah da u takvom sustavu u potpunosti nestane slikarstvo koje je i
dalje gajilo snažnu svijest o nužnosti svoje predmetne dimenzije. U analitičkom je
promišljanju slika postala predmet interesa teorije i to ne više kao prezentacija nečega (bilo da
je to figurativan prikaz stvarnosti bilo apstrahirana forma lišena konkretnog referenta) nego
isključivo kao slika koja sebe predstavlja kao sliku. Premda se ovdje misli isključivo na
slikarsku sliku (onu predmetnu koju je Mitchell nazivao picture) – platno – suvremene teorije
slike predmet svoga interesa određuju puno šire.
Analitička je slika ohlađena činjenica, fakt unutar kojega ne postoji dublja metafizička
stvarnost. Iz toga se razloga može reći kako je ikonolastička potka analitičkoga slikarstva
nadišla emotivan pristup slici, a bez emotivnoga pristupa i samo pitanje ikonoklazma dobiva
novu dimenziju jer se bez unutarnjega interesa za sliku koja privlači svojim emocionalnim
impulsom ne može razviti ni odnos sviđanja između slike i promatrača. Ikonofilija u slučaju
analitičke slike može biti samo adoracija slike kao činjenice, ali ne i onoga što u slici postoji u
semantičkom smislu budući da je značenje analitičke slike ona sama. Posvemašnjim
hlađenjem slikarske površine, suvremeni je ikonoklazam doživio svoj tijumf, dok je fetišizam
slike sveden na obožavanje same njezine predmetnosti nauštrb sadržaja koji može prenositi
jer je sadržaj izjednačen sa slikom. Iz toga kuta gledano, u analiti čkom je slikarstvu
tematiziranje slike kroz okvir i plohu kakvo se nalazi kod Clementa Greenberga, bez uplitanja
u njezinu semantiku, došlo do svoga teorijskog ispunjenja i zbog toga je analitička slika onaj
pravi kraj modernističke paradigme, ali je u isto vrijeme i početak nove paradigme vizualnosti
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u kojoj se slika počinje graditi i promišljati na temelju samoreferencijalnosti, ali u njoj ne
završava.
Na temelju suvremenih istraživanja na polju estetike vizualnosti u doktorskom će se
radu naglasak staviti na analizu recentnih pristupa slici i problemu slikovne reprezentacije
nakon pojave apstraktnoga slikarstva u prvim desetljećima 20. stoljeća te će se pokazati zbog
čega je analitičko slikarstvo zahvaljući autoreprezentacijskoj prirodi istovremeno kraj
modernističke paradigme te početna točka suvremene videocentrične ontologije.Theoretical research of the image within the current video-centric reflection on
contemporary reality has become very intense over the past thirty years. It has shown that
since the 1970s, there has been a significant shift in the approach and methods of image
analysis within the theoretical-critical discourse on visual art. Many researchers agree that the
old art paradigm, relevant until the mid-1980s, has been surpassed and replaced by a new
paradigm of visuality.
When, in the last decade of the previous century, Gottfried Boehm and William John
Thomas Mitchell concluded that the era of the iconic or pictorial turn had arrived, a new field
of image and visuality research opened up, grounded in original approaches characteristic for
newly established scientific disciplines such as visual studies and image science. These new
approaches to the image, treating it primarily as a visual and cultural representation, paved the
way for different disciplinary analyses of images – not only as historical, but also as
transhistorical facts.
While the art history, since its formal establishment in the 18th century with Johann
Joachim Winckelmann as its pioneer, had been exclusively focused on the fine arts, the new
image science encompassed a much broader interdisciplinary field. Within this field, all
disciplines that could contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the image
phenomenon were employed, providing insights into various forms and types of images, their
use, production processes, handling, reception, and distribution. The changes in the approach
to the image occurred gradually and partly kept pace with the changes seen in image
production. The beginning of the contemporary approach is placed in the second half of the
19th century when French painters began to perceive the canvas as an autonomous visual field
that no longer needed to represent reality but to present its own iconic potential. The logic of
representation, at that point left to photography, granted the painter's canvas entirely new
possibilities of visual realization, which reached its full potential with the emergence of
abstract visual language.
The inauguration of abstract art at the end of the first decade of the 20th century marks
the beginning of the research conducted in this doctoral thesis. In the works of the pioneers of
abstraction, especially when their essays are studied along with their paintings, it becomes
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clear that the image was treated as an object aiming to disrupt the existing order of the visual
experience of the world. However, as such, it still belonged to that order. The abstract
painting of Wassily Kandinsky or Kazimir Malevich sought to be different from all previously
known images. It attempts to present itself as a traditional painting depicting something new –
something the viewer still has not been accustomed to in the field of painting. At this stage, it
is still not possible to speak of the existence of intrinsic pictorial self-awareness, as the
painting was an element of resistance – ontologically the same as other paintings, but in terms
of representation and its epistemology, it was different from everything seen before.
Therefore, the emergence of abstraction can be considered the first phase in the process of
developing pictorial self-awareness. Had this process halted at this early stage, it is almost
certain that new chapters in contemporary art, in which a real paradigmatic shift from
classical art and art-historical tradition occurred, would not have opened through artistic
practice.
At the beginning of the second phase of the development of pictorial self -awareness
stands Marcel Duchamp. Trained in the manner of a classical painter, Duchamp expanded the
field of art to unforeseen limits, opening an entirely new compartment in the artistic system
with the idea of the ready-made. In Duchamp's artistic practice, classical abstraction left little
mark. In fact, he quickly abandoned the domain of painting, redirecting his interest toward
objects. The notion that an everyday object could become a work of art through the power of
a performative statement disrupted all possible conceptions of the artwork as the result of
ingenious activity at that time. It took several decades for art theorists and aestheticians to
develop a well-argued justification for Duchamp's poetic gesture, but in the realm of artistic
practice, the ready-made has triumphantly endured since its inception, balancing between
traditional sculpture and the emerging understanding of the artwork as an object. The
development of conceptual thinking in art relies entirely on Duchamp and his artistic practice.
When discussing the conceptual approach to art, it is important to emphasize that it is not tied
exclusively to a single medium, but rather represents a transmedial category. In this context, it
is essential to highlight the significance of the conceptual approach within the medium of
painting, particularly when considering analytical painting, which, in its fundamental poetic
principles, belongs precisely to the conceptual sphere. The challenge of conceptual art is that
not only the language through which the work is shaped, but also the work itself as a physical
object has become abstracted. Therefore, the idea of abstraction, through one segment of
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conceptual art, penetrated into the material structure of the artistic artefact, stripping it of its
most exclusive aesthetic dimension: its sensory presence.
The relationship between the conceptual and analytical approaches developed in the
medium of painting in the second half of the 1960s demonstrated the extent to which it is
possible, at a theoretical level, to reflect on the image while simultaneously implementing a
specific concept or even an entire theory into its visual structure. While early abstract painting
deconstructed and simplified the formal language of representation in the image, and the
conceptual approach abandoned the artefact in favor of evoking ideas, in analytical painting,
these elements intertwined, opening a new chapter in the theory of the image whose
theoretical implications will play an important role in the scientific approach to the image
from the 1990s to the present.
Abstract painting never fully renounced itself as painting; rather, it existed as a parallel
track that developed along with the classical representational model. Abstract painting raised
questions about the nature of the painterly language but did not yet question the nature of the
image as such. Ontologically speaking, with the emergence of abstraction, the image was still
defined in the same way. The departure from the traditional definition of the image was
partially made within the framework of conceptual thinking about art, but there remained a
justified fear that in such a system, painting, which still nurtured a strong awareness of the
necessity of its object dimension, would entirely disappear. In analytical reflection, the image
became the subject of theoretical interest, no longer as a presentation of something (whether it
was a figurative representation of reality or an abstract form devoid of a concrete referent) but
exclusively as an image that represents itself as an image. Although this specifically refers to
pictorial painting (the object that Mitchell referred to as “picture“—the canvas—
contemporary theories of the image define their subject of interest much more broadly.
The analytical image is a cooled fact, a fact within which there is no deeper
metaphysical reality. For this reason, it can be said that the iconoclastic underpinning of
analytical painting has transcended the emotional approach to the image. Without an
emotional approach, the very question of iconoclasm acquires a new dimension because
without an inner interest in the image that attracts through its emotional impulse, a
relationship of liking between the image and the observer cannot develop. Iconophilia, in the
case of the analytical image, can only be the adoration of the image as a fact, but not of what
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exists in the image in a semantic sense since the meaning of the analytical image is itself.
Through the complete cooling of the painted surface, contemporary iconoclasm has achieved
its triumph, while the fetishism of the image has been reduced to the worship of its mere
objecthood at the expense of the content it may convey, as content is equated with the image.
From this perspective, in analytical painting, the thematization of the image through the frame
and surface, as found in Clement Greenberg's work, has reached its theoretical fulfillment
without delving into its semantics. This is why the analytical image represents the true end of
the modernist paradigm, but at the same time, it marks the beginning of a new paradigm of
visuality, in which the image begins to be constructed and contemplated based on selfreferentiality,
though it does not end there.
Based on contemporary research in the field of the aesthetics of visuality, this doctoral
thesis will emphasize the analysis of recent approaches to the image and the problem of
pictorial representation following the emergence of abstract painting in the early decades of
the 20th century. It will demonstrate why analytical painting, due to its autoreferential nature,
simultaneously represents the end of the modernist paradigm and the starting point of
contemporary video-centric ontology
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTICULTURALISM ON THE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES WITH THE REFLECTION ON THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textUvažavajući interdisciplinarni pristup, doktorski rad sveobuhvatno istražuje pojam i doktrinu
multikulturalizma, koju postavlja kao širi koncept upravljanju ljudskim potencijalima. U
globaliziranom društvu, multikulturalizam postaje sve značajniji, posebice gledajući radno
okruženje u kojem se susreću ljudi različitih etničkih, vjerskih i kulturnih pozadina. Različitosti
na radnom mjestu s jedne strane donose brojne probleme za organizacije, dok gledano iz druge
perspektive, mogu donijeti i značajne benefite.
Analizirani su zakonski okviri i međunarodni standardi koji postavljaju temelje za razumijevanje
kako različiti pravni sustavi pristupaju pitanjima zabrane diskriminacije i osiguravaju jednak
tretman radnika. Istražene su i najbolje prakse u upravljanju različitostima, s naglaskom na politike
i strategije koje organizacije mogu usvojiti kako bi promovirale inkluzivno radno okruženje.
Empirijski dio rada donosi istraživanje o utjecaju multikulturalizma na uspješnost poslovanja
poduzeća. Analizirano je poslovanje 25 organizacija, odnosno 73,53 % svih onih organizacija u
Republici Hrvatskoj koje su u 2017. godini potpisale dokument Povelja o raznolikosti Hrvatska,
čime su se obvezale u svoje poslovanje implementirati politike o poštivanju raznolikosti, provoditi
i promicati načela raznolikosti te izvještavati o poduzetim aktivnostima.
Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da poduzeća koja u svoje poslovanje uspješno integriraju
multikulturalne politike ostvaruju bolje poslovne rezultate. Osim toga, istraživanje potvrđuje da
multikulturalizam, ukoliko se njime upravlja na adekvatan način, može pozitivno utjecati na
društvenu koheziju i razvoj lokalnih zajednica.
Zaključno, a s ciljem unapređenja prakse upravljanja različitostima i promicanja multikulturalnog
društva, rad donosi prijedloge za buduća istraživanja i praktične preporuke za poslodavce,
zakonodavce i tvorce politika.Taking into consideration the interdisciplinary approach, the doctoral work comprehensively
explores the concept and doctrine of multiculturalism, which it sets as a broader concept of human
resource management. In a globalised society, multiculturalism is becoming increasingly
important, especially in the context of the working environment in which people of different
ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds meet. Differences in the workplace, on the one hand,
bring many problems for organisations, while from a different perspective, they can also bring
significant benefits.
Legal frameworks and international standards have been analysed, laying the foundations for
understanding how different legal systems approach non-discrimination issues and ensure equal
treatment of workers. Best practices in diversity management were also explored, focusing on the
policies and strategies organisations can adopt to promote an inclusive working environment.
The empirical part of the paper provides research on the impact of multiculturalism on business
performance. The activities of 25 organizations were analysed, in total 73.53% of all organizations
in the Republic of Croatia that signed the document of the Charter of Diversity of Croatia in 2017,
thereby committing to implement diversity policies, implement and promote diversity principles
and report on the activities undertaken.
Research results show that companies that successfully integrate multicultural policies into their
business achieve better business results. In addition, research confirms that multiculturalism, if
properly managed, can have a positive impact on social cohesion and the development of local
communities.
In conclusion, in order to improve diversity management practices and promote multicultural
society, the paper makes proposals for future research and practical recommendations for
employers, legislators and policy makers
Rad ne sadrži naslov na drugom jeziku.
No full textIako je obitelj primarno i djetetu najbliže okruženje u kojem bi se trebalo osjećati zaštićeno i
sigurno, upravo u obitelji djeca trpe različite oblike nasilja. Fizičko nasilje nad djecom u obitelji
obuhvaća svaki oblik nasrtaja na tjelesni integritet djeteta koji počine roditelji ili drugi članovi
obitelji, a manifestira se kao zlostavljanje te kao tjelesno kažnjavanje. Uz intenzitet, ključna razlika
između ova dva podoblika jest motivacija roditelja da tjelesnim kažnjavanjem utječu na djetetovo
ponašanje, dok kod zlostavljanja takva motivacija nije nužna. Ipak, tjelesno kažnjavanje jedan je od
najvažnijih prediktora za zlostavljanje.
Brojna domaća i međunarodna istraživanja pokazala su raširenost tjelesnog kažnjavanja u obitelji,
negativne posljedice koje ostavlja te njegovu neučinkovitost kao odgojne metode, no ono je i dalje
snažno ukorijenjeno u društvene norme. Unatoč tome, ovo istraživanje potvrđuje kako, zbog
nekonzistentnih definicija i određenja pojmova te različitih shvaćanja oblika fizičkog nasilja u
obitelji, postoje i znatni metodološki problemi u njihovu razumijevanju, praćenju i uspoređivanju,
kao i u pravnoj kvalifikaciji.
Sveobuhvatna analiza međunarodnih dokumenata donesenih u okviru UN-a i Vijeća Europe koji
uspostavljaju odgovarajuće norme i standarde, kao i analiza prakse relevantnih međunarodnih tijela,
potvrđuje početnu hipotezu ovog istraživanja da međunarodno i europsko pravo nije dovoljno
učinkovito u zaštiti djece od tjelesnog kažnjavanja u obitelji. Također, analiza normativnog okvira
za zaštitu djece od fizičkog nasilja i tjelesnog kažnjavanja u obitelji u Republici Hrvatskoj pokazala
je kako je ono uglavnom usklađeno s međunarodnopravnim normama i standardima, međutim,
prostor za unaprjeđenje de lege ferenda nalazi se prije svega u području obiteljskog prava. Osim
toga, u Republici Hrvatskoj značajan je nedostatak u donošenju transparentnih i kvalitetnih
strateških dokumenata te njihovih provedbenih planova, postojanju i dostupnosti službenih podataka
o pojavnosti tjelesnog kažnjavanja djece u obitelji, uz prisutnu potrebu za boljom koordinacijom
nadležnih tijela i međusektorskom suradnjom te provođenju kvalitetnih edukativnih i informativnih
aktivnosti kojima bi se ono preveniralo.Although the family is the primary and closest environment to the child in which they should feel
protected and safe, it is in the family that children suffer various forms of violence. Physical
violence against children in the family includes any form of attack on the physical integrity of the
child, committed by parents or other family members, and manifests itself in two sub-forms: as
abuse and as corporal punishment. In addition to the intensity, the key difference between these two
subtypes is the parents' motivation to influence the child's behavior through corporal punishment,
while in the case of abuse, such motivation is absent. However, corporal punishment is one of the
most significant predictors of abuse.
Numerous domestic and international studies have shown the prevalence of corporal punishment in
the family, the negative consequences it leaves and its ineffectiveness as an educational method, but
precisely because it is a milder form of violence, it is still strongly rooted in social norms. Despite
that, this research confirms that, due to inconsistent definitions of forms of physical violence in the
family, there are also significant methodological problems in their understanding, comparison and
monitoring, as well as in legal qualification.
A comprehensive analysis of international documents adopted within the framework of the UN and
the Council of Europe that establish appropriate norms and standards, as well as the analysis and
practices of relevant international bodies, confirms the initial hypothesis of this research that
international and European law is not effective enough in protecting children from corporal
punishment in the family. Also, the analysis of the normative framework for the protection of
children from physical violence and corporal punishment in the family in the Republic of Croatia
showed that it is mostly harmonized with international legal norms and standards, however, the
room for improvement de lege ferenda is primarily in the area of family law. In addition, in the
Republic of Croatia, there is a significant lack of transparent and high-quality strategic documents
and their action plans. Likewise, there are gaps in the availability of official data on the occurrence
of corporal punishment of children in the family, coupled with the need for better coordination of
competent authorities and the implementation of high-quality educational and awareness – raising
activities that would prevent such violence
THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE RESISTANCE OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) TO DROUGHT STRESS IN GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH
No full textU ovom istraživanju je provedena serija pokusa s dva hibrida suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.), Luka i Apolon, naklijavanjem sjemena na filter papiru u kontroliranim uvjetima u klima komori te s hibridom Luka i njegovim roditeljskim linijama, u poljskim uvjetima naklijavanjem u posudama s tlom. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi fiziološku ulogu sumporovodika (H2S) u klijancima uzgojenim iz sjemena koje je prethodno primirano u otopinama natrijevog hidrosulfida (NaHS) te su klijanci uzgajani u uvjetima sušnog stresa. U pokusu u kontroliranim uvjetima, povećanje razine osmotskog stresa primjenom rastućih koncentracija polietilen glikola (PEG) 6000 je smanjilo vigor sjemena kod oba testirana hibrida te je najistaknutiji pozitivni učinak predsjetvenog primiranja sjemena donorom sumporovodika utvrđen pri niskoj (2,5 % PEG) i srednjoj (5 % PEG) razini osmotskog stresa. U poljskom pokusu, primiranje sjemena otopinom NaHS rezultiralo je zadržavanjem visokog postotka klijavosti kod hibrida Luka te obje roditeljske linije uzgajane pri sušnom stresu iniciranom saturacijom tla vodom do 30 % poljskog vodnog kapaciteta (PVK). Najistaknutiji pozitivni učinak NaHS na povećanje klijavosti, mase nadzemnog dijela i listova u uvjetima sušnog stresa, utvrđen je kod majčinske linije te je općenito odgovor na osmoprimiranje ovisio o genotipu. Također, primiranje sjemena NaHS-om nije rezultiralo stimulacijom enzimatskog antioksidativnog obrambenog mehanizma. Dobiveni rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu dati buduće smjernice selekcijskom i oplemenjivačkom procesu s ciljem povećanja otpornosti suncokreta na sušu, što je u vrijeme izraženih klimatskih promjena od velikog značaja za proizvodnju ove strateški važne uljarice.In this research, a series of experiments was carried out with two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids, Luka and Apolon, by germinating seeds on filter paper under controlled conditions in a climate chamber, as well as with hybrid Luka and his parental lines, in a field conditions by germinating seed in pots filled with the soil. The aim of the research was to determine the physiological role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in seedlings grown from seeds previously primed in sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) solutions and exposed to drought stress conditions during germination. In an experiment under controlled conditions, increasing the level of osmotic stress by applying increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 reduced seed vigor in both tested hybrids, and the most prominent positive effect of pre-sowing seed priming with a hydrogen sulfide donor was determined at low (2.5% PEG) and medium (5% PEG) level of osmotic stress. In a field experiment, seed priming with NaHS solution resulted in maintaining a high percentage of germination in the hybrid Luka and both parental lines grown under drought stress initiated by soil saturation with water up to 30% of the field water capacity (FWC). The most prominent positive effect of NaHS on the increase in germination, mass of the aerial part and leaves under conditions of drought stress was determined in the maternal line, and the response to osmopriming depended on the genotype in general. Also, seed priming with NaHS did not result with stimulation of the enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism. The obtained results of this research can provide future guidelines for the selection and breeding process with the aim of increasing sunflower drought resistance, which is of great importance for the production of this strategically important oil crop in times of severe climate change
Influence of hMSH3 and interleukin-6 on the occurrence of microsatellite instability and DNA double-stranded breaks in sporadic colon cancer
No full textMikrosatelitna nestabilnost tipa EMAST i MSI rezultat je neispravnog popravka krivo sparenih baza (MMR). EMAST je povezan s premještanjem hMSH3 iz jezgre u citoplazmu gdje ne može sudjelovati u popravku molekule DNA. Potencijalni uzrok ovog premještanja je signalizacija putem IL-6. U ovom radu ispitali smo ekspresiju proteina hMSH3, IL-6 i γH2A.X, kao i status polimorfizama gena MSH3, IL-6, IL-6R i gp130 u oboljelih od sporadičnog karcinoma debelog crijeva obzirom na prisutnost i tip mikrosatelitne nestabilnosti. U našem istraživanju skupine su definirane tako da razlikujemo nestabilnost tipa EMAST koja se javlja samostalno ili udružena s nestabilnosti na dinukleotidnim mikrosatelitnim ponavljanjima (skupina E) odnosno nestabilnost tipa EMAST koja se javlja udruženo s nestabilnost na mononukleotidnim mikrosatelitnim ponavljanjima (skupina M) u odnosu na tumore u kojima nije utvrđena mikrosatelitna nestabilnost (skupina S). U našem istraživanju je u skupinama E i M utvrđen veći udio jezgara negativnih na hMSH3 u odnosu na skupinu S. Nosioci alela C polimorfizma gp130 +148G/C bili su značajno manje zastupljeni u skupini E u odnosu na skupinu S. U tumorima u kojima nisu dokazane mutacije gena TP53 utvrđen je veći udio jezgara pozitivnih na γH2A.X u skupini E u odnosu na skupine S i M. Očekuje se da će rezultati ovog istraživanja doprinijeti razjašnjavanju utjecaja hMSH3 i IL-6 na pojavnost mikrosatelitne nestabilnosti i dvolančanih lomova DNA u sporadičnim karcinomima debelog crijeva.Microsatellite instability, (MSI and EMAST) type, rises from an impaired MMR system. EMAST is associated with the translocation of hMSH3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, thereby hindering its role in DNA repair. It has been proposed that IL-6 signaling cascade is implicated in this translocation. In this study, we have investigated the expression of hMSH3, IL-6, and γH2A.X, as well as the status of polymorphisms within the MSH3, IL-6, IL-6R, and gp130 genes in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer in relation to the presence and type of microsatellite instability. In our study, groups were defined to differentiate EMAST instability occurring independently or in association with instability at dinucleotide microsatellite repeats (group E), and EMAST instability occurring combined with instability at mononucleotide microsatellite repeats (group M) compared to tumors where microsatellite instability was not detected (group S). Compared to the group S, groups E and M exhibited a higher percentage of hMSH3 negative nuclei. Carriers of the gp130 +148C allele were less frequent in the group E compared to the group S. In the subset of tumors lacking TP53 mutations, a higher percentage of the γH2A.X positive nuclei was observed in group E compared to the groups S and M. The results of this study might help clarify the role of hMSH3 and IL-6 in the occurrence of microsatellite instability and DNA double-strand breaks in sporadic colon cancer
DISCRIMINATION OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE FIELD OF WORK AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textDiskriminacija pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u području rada i zapošljavanja prepreka je
ostvarenju njihovih zajamčenih gospodarskih ili ekonomskih i socijalnih prava, a prema
podatcima Ureda pučke pravobraniteljice upravo su etnička ili nacionalna pripadnost i područje
rada najčešća osnova, odnosno područje diskriminacije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Zato je cilj ove
disertacije istražiti diskriminaciju pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u području rada i
zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj, kao i postojanje višestruke diskriminacije pripadnika nacionalnih
manjina te njihovu upoznatost sa zakonodavnim okvirom zabrane diskriminacije. Istraživanje
diskriminacije u području rada i zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj provedeno je metodom ankete na
uzorku od 520 ispitanika pripadnika nacionalnih manjina u 2021. godini. Za analizu podataka
određeni su parametri deskriptivne statistike na osnovu adekvatnih mjera centralne tendencije i
mjera disperzije, odnosno napravljen je hi-kvadrat test za analizu podataka u odnosu na sociodemografske karakteristike ispitanika. Utvrđena je pouzdanost mjerne ljestvice o pojavnosti
diskriminacije nacionalnih manjina u području rada i zapošljavanja, utvrđeni su osnovni
segmenti radnog odnosa koji doprinose pojavnosti diskriminacije te je ispitana snaga povezanosti
stavova ispitanika pripadnika nacionalnih manjina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju nedostatnu
upoznatost ispitanika pripadnika nacionalnih manjina sa zakonodavnim okvirom zabrane
diskriminacije u Hrvatskoj. Rezultati pokazuju da je u području rada i zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj
prisutna diskriminacija pripadnika nacionalnih manjina te da povećanjem pojavnosti
diskriminacije na temelju etničke pripadnosti u pojedinim segmentima radnog odnosa raste i
šansa da će se diskriminacija ponoviti ili da će trajati kroz dulje vrijeme. Provedeno istraživanje
prvo je kvantitativno znanstveno istraživanje na temu diskriminacije u području rada i
zapošljavanja u Hrvatskoj na manjinskoj populaciji te predstavlja kvalitetnu podlogu za dublje
znanstvene analize i istraživanja ove teme.Discrimination of persons belonging to national minorities in the field of work and employment
is an obstacle to the realization of their guaranteed economic and social rights. According to the
Office of Ombudswoman, ethnic or national affiliation is the most common basis of
discrimination, and the field of work and employment is the most common area of discrimination
in the Republic of Croatia. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to investigate discrimination
of persons belonging to national minorities in the field of work and employment in Croatia, as
well as existence of multiple discrimination against persons belonging to national minorities and
respondents’ knowledge of the legislative framework of protection against discrimination in the
Republic of Croatia. A survey of discrimination in the field of work and employment in Croatia
was conducted in 2021 on a sample of 520 respondents belonging to national minorities. The
parameters of descriptive statistics based on adequate central tendency measures and dispersion
measures were determined for data analysis. A chi-square test was done in order to analyze the
data in relation to the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The reliability of the
measurement scale on the occurrence of discrimination of persons belonging to national
minorities in the field of work and employment was determined, the basic segments of
employment that contribute to the occurrence of discrimination have been identified as well as
the strength of the connection between the attitudes of the respondents belonging to national
minorities. The results of the research show the insufficient knowledge of the legislative
framework for protection against discrimination in Croatia. The results show that discrimination
of minority population is strongly present in the field of work and employment in Croatia and
that occurrence of discrimination in certain segments of the employment increase the chance that
discrimination will recur or last for a longer period of time. The conducted research is the first
quantitative scientific research on the topic of discrimination in the field of work and
employment in Croatia on the minority population and represents a quality basis for deeper
scientific analysis and research on the topic
SEROTONINSKI SUSTAV POSTELJICE: MEĐUODNOS REGULATORNIH GENA I MAJČINOG METABOLIČKOG STANJA U TRUDNOĆI
No full textSerotonin je multifunkcionalna signalna molekula s važnom ulogom u regulaciji razvoja i funkcija posteljice. Cilj ovog rada bio je doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju homeostaze serotoninskog sustava posteljice u majčinoj pretilosti i gestacijskom dijabetesu melitusu (GDM). Istraživanja na kliničkim uzorcima posteljice na kraju trudnoće pokazala su povezanost majčine debljine i GDM-a s promjenama ekspresije gena SERT i funkcije enzima MAOA. Koncentracije pojedinih lipida u krvi majke bile su povezane s razinama mRNA SERT, OCT3 i HTR2A, ali ne TPH1 i MAOA u posteljici. Pokazano je da u regulaciji gena SERT i MAOA dominiraju epigenetički mehanizmi, dok je razina mRNA HTR2A povezana s rijetkom varijantom gena. Istraživanja in vitro, na modelu stanica posteljice iz prvog tromjesečja trudnoće upućuju da razine glukoze, inzulina i kisika tijekom rane trudnoće mogu biti okidač promjena homeostaze serotonina u posteljici. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose boljem razumijevanju molekularnih mehanizama povezanih s majčinom debljinom i GDM-om, što je posebno važno s obzirom na sve veću učestalost ovih poremećaja u svijetu.Serotonin is a multifunctional signaling molecule important in regulating placental development and functions. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the placental serotonin system homeostasis in maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Research on clinical samples of the term placenta showed an association between maternal obesity and GDM with changes in the SERT gene expression and MAOA enzyme function. Maternal blood lipid concentrations were associated with placental SERT, OCT3 and HTR2A, but not TPH1 and MAOA mRNA levels. Epigenetic mechanisms dominated in the regulation of SERT and MAOA, while HTR2A mRNA levels were associated with a rare gene variant. In vitro studies on a first trimester trophoblast cell line suggested that glucose, insulin and oxygen levels during early pregnancy may trigger changes in the placental serotonin homeostasis. These results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to maternal obesity and GDM, which is especially important considering the increasing rates of these disorders worldwide
Talin and KANK proteins in integrin αVβ5 mediated focal and reticular adhesions in melanoma cell line MDA-MB-435S
No full textStanice melanoma MDA-MB-435S tvore fokalne (FA) i retikularne adhezije (RA) posredovane integrinom αVβ5. Utišavanje integrina αV povećava osjetljivost stanica melanoma MDA-MB-435S na protutumorski lijek paklitaksel te smanjuje učinkovitost migracije. U ovom radu pokazali smo da je prekid funkcionalne veze proteina talina 2 iz FA i KANK2 iz kortikalnog kompleksa za stabilizaciju mikrotubula mehanizam kojim stanice postaju osjetljivije na paklitaksel, upućujući da su talin 2 i KANK2 potencijalne mete u liječenju melanoma. Analizirali smo RA stanica MDA-MB-435S i utvrdili da je KANK2, uz talin2, sastavnica RA.Melanoma cell line MDA-MB-435S forms integrin αVβ5 mediated focal (FA) and reticular adhesions (RA). Knockdown of integrin αV increases the sensitivity of MDA-MB-435S cells to the microtubule-targeting antitumor drug paclitaxel and reduces migration. In this work, we showed that the mechanism of these effects is mediated by the binding of talin 2 from FA and KANK2 from the cortical microtubule stabilizing complex. We identified talin 2 as a potential target in tumor therapy. We analyzed RA in MDA-MB-435S cells and discovered KANK2 as a new component of RA
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT OF CROATIAN PHYSICIANS IN THE EU – WORK CONDITIONS AND PROFESSIONAL PROMOTION
No full textMigracijski tokovi prisutni su među ljudima kroz povijest. Smjerovi gospodarskih migracija
oduvijek su definirani boljim životnim uvjetima, što je ujedno i činilo razliku među državama
svijeta te ih dijelilo na one koje privlače radnike i one koje ih gube. Trendovi su i danas isti. U
gotovo svim naprednijim gospodarskim granama dolazi do mogućnosti kretanja radne snage iz
jedne države u drugu u smjeru privlačnih i potisnih faktora. Zdravstveni sustav stoga nije
iznimka. Ulaskom Republike Hrvatske u članstvo Europske unije, priča oko migracija
zdravstvene radne snage, a posebice liječnika, intenzivirala se i dobila na velikom značaju.
Prisutnost Republike Hrvatske na zajedničkom tržištu Europske unije postala je izazov, više u
smislu zadržavanja radne snage nego privlačenja tuđe radne snage. Došlo je do odljeva
zdravstvene radne snage, posebice liječnika. Uzevši u obzir činjenice da godine koje slijede i
svijet u kojem živimo neće usporiti, tijek migracija zdravstvene radne snage u mjeri da one ne
postoje, nužno je sagledati koja je pozicija hrvatskog zdravstvenog sustava u odnosu na druge
zemlje članice Europske unije, koji je glavni problem nezadovoljstva liječnika i njihove nakane
za migracijama, koji su to potisni faktori koji utječu na migracije i što se može učiniti kako bi
se taj problem minimizirao.
Uvodno u disertaciji prikazani su opis problema istraživanja, svrha i ciljevi istraživanja, te
struktura rada i predviđeni znanstveni doprinos. U teorijskom dijelu disertacije daje se prikaz
politike slobode kretanja radnika u Europskoj uniji i raspravlja o problemu migriranja liječnika
na razini Europske unije i na razini Hrvatske, s posebnim naglaskom na efekt širenja Europske
unije na potencijalne migracije liječnika i njihovom utjecaju na zdravstvene sustave Europske
unije. Istraživački problem fokusiran je na dobivanje konkretnih pokazatelja o (e)migracijama
liječnika Republike Hrvatske, kao i njihovim razlozima. Također, pruža se usporedba s drugim
zemljama Europske unije vezano za isti problem.
Zatim se prikazuju radni uvjeti u zdravstvenim sustavima zemalja članica Europske unije.
Predstavljeni su pretpostavljeni uvjeti koje svaki zdravstveni sustav mora posjedovati kako bi
zaštitio svoje djelatnike, posebice liječnike, i omogućio im veće zadovoljstvo na radnom
mjestu, čime bi posljedično smanjio potencijalne migracije i negativne posljedice koje one
ostavljaju na zdravstveni sustav i pružanje zdravstvene skrbi. Prikazane su temeljne odrednice
za postizanje što boljih i kvalitetnijih radnih uvjeta, a poseban osvrt dan je na hrvatski
zdravstveni sustav.
Potom slijedi prikaz metodologije kojom je istraživanje provedeno kao i statističke metode koje
su korištene za obradu podataka. Također, definirane su sljedeće glavne hipoteze istraživanja
koje se ispituju.
H1: Sloboda kretanja radnika olakšava/potiče migracije mlađih liječnika bez specijalizacije ili
specijalista bez uže specijalizacije iz Republike Hrvatske u zemlje članice Europske unije.
H2: Liječnici su skloniji migriranju u zemlje članice Europske unije nego u treće zemlje.
H3: Migracije liječnika prema zemljama članicama Europske unije uvjetovane su
(ne)zadovoljstvom radnim i profesionalnim uvjetima te mogućnostima profesionalnog
napredovanja.
H4: Postotak liječnika u Hrvatskoj koji su poduzeli korake oko preseljenja u drugu državu
članicu Europske Unije manji je od 10 %.
Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja daju detaljni pregled istraživačkog uzorka i rezultata istraživanja
po ključnim kategorijama ispitanika i prema ključnim smjerovima i istraživačkim pitanjima.
Konačno, u posljednjem poglavlju predstavlja se glavna rasprava vezana za provedeno
istraživanje u odnosu na dostupna istraživanja na razini Europske unije. Dolazi se do
potvrđivanja hipoteza H1, H2 i H3 dok hipoteza H4 nije potvrđena. Zbog cjelokupnog stanja
zdravstvenog sustava, kao i dobivenih rezultata istraživanja, u poglavlju se definira model za
ključne promjene u zdravstvenom sustavu na temelju kojih bi se postigla veća učinkovitost
sustava, smanjio financijski debalans i postigli bolji radni uvjeti za cjelokupnu zdravstvenu
radnu snagu, posebice promatranu skupinu – liječnike.
Zaključno, istraživanje pokazalo je da je 25 % ispitanika poduzelo korake oko preseljenja u
neku od zemalja članica Europske unije. Omjer vjerojatnosti za migracije liječnika u zemlje
članice Europske unije manji je s većim brojem godina ispitanika, većim zadovoljstvom
profesionalnim uvjetima i većim zadovoljstvom plaćom. Stoga je na razini države potrebno
definirati mjere koje su provedive i koje će brzo dovesti do stabilizacije zdravstvenog sustava,
a potom i poboljšanja, odnosno veće efikasnosti sustava.Migration flows are present among people throughout history. The directions of economic
migration have always been defined by better living conditions, which at the same time made
a difference between the countries of the world and divided them into those that attract workers
and those that lose them. The trends remain the same until today. In almost all advanced
economic branches, there is the possibility of labor force movement from one country to another
in the direction of attractive and repulsive factors. The healthcare system is therefore no
exception. With the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the membership of the European
Union, the story about the migration of the health workforce, especially health professionals,
intensified and gained great importance. The presence of the Republic of Croatia in the common
market of the European Union has become a challenge more in terms of how to retain the
workforce than how to attract foreign workforce. There has been an outflow of the health
workforce, especially health professionals. Taking into account the fact that the following years
and the world we live in will not slow down the migration of the health workforce, it is
necessary to look at the position of the Croatian health system in relation to other member states
of the European Union, find out which is the main problem of dissatisfaction of health
professionals, what are their their intentions to migrate, what are the push factors that affect
migration and what can be done to minimize this problem.
In the introduction, the dissertation presents a description of the research problem, the purpose
and goals of the research, as well as the structure of the work and the expected scientific
contribution. The theoretical part of the dissertation presents the policy of freedom of movement
of workers in the European Union and discusses the problem of migration of health
professionals at the level of the European Union and at the level of Croatia, with special
emphasis on the effect of the expansion of the European Union on the potential migration of
health professionals and their impact on the health systems of the European Union. The research
problem is focused on obtaining concrete indicators about the (e)migration of health
professionals in the Republic of Croatia, as well as their reasons. Also, a comparison is given
with other countries of the European Union regarding the same problem.
Working conditions in the health systems of the member states of the European Union are
presented as assumed conditions that each health system must possess in order to protect its
employees, especially health professionals, and enable them to be more satisfied in the
workplace are presented, which would consequently reduce potential migrations and the
negative consequences on the health system. The fundamental determinants for achieving the
best and highest quality working conditions are presented, and a special review is given to the
Croatian health system.
This is followed by a presentation of the methodology by which the research was conducted, as
well as the statistical methods used for data processing. Also, the following main research
hypotheses are defined as follows.
H1: Freedom of movement of workers facilitates/encourages the migration of younger health
professionals without specialization or specialists without narrow specialization from the
Republic of Croatia to Eropean Union member states.
H2: Health professionals are more inclined to migrate to European Union member states than
to third countries.
H3: Migration of health professionals towards the member states of the European Union is
conditioned by (dis)satisfaction with working and professional conditions and opportunities for
professional advancement.
H4:The percentage of health professionals in Croatia who have taken steps to move to another
European Union member state is less than 10%.
The obtained research results provide a detailed overview of the research sample and research
results by key categories of respondents and by key directions and research questions.
Finally, the last chapter presents the main discussion related to the conducted research in
relation to available research at the level of the European Union. Hypotheses H1, H2 and H3
are confirmed, but hypothesis H4 is not confirmed. Due to the overall state of health system as
well as the obtained research results this chapter defines a model for key changes in the
healthcare system, on the basis of which greater efficiency of the system would be achieved,
financial imbalances would be reduced and better working conditions would be achieved for
the entire healthcare workforce, especially the observed group – health professionals.
In conclusion, the research showed that 25% of respondents took steps to move to one of the
European Union member states. The probability ratio for the migration of health professionals
to the member states of the European Union is lower with a greater number of age of the
respondents, with greater satisfaction with professional conditions and with greater satisfaction
with salary. Therefore, at the state level, it is necessary to define measures that are
implementable and that will lead to the stabilization of the health system and then to the
improvement or greater efficiency of the system
Political orientation and ideological (self)identification of political journalist in Croatia
No full textPolitička i ideološka političkih novinara dosad je bilo n
edovoljno istraženo područje u Hrvatskoj,
stoga je prvo istraživanje ove vrste trebalo otkriti kojoj strani političkog spektra novinari pripadaju i
kako se ideološki pozicioniraju između ljevice i desnice, te između liberalnog i konzervativnog.
Cilj istraž
ivanja bilo je otkriti utječu li i u kolikoj mjeri njihovi stavovi na obavljanje novinarskog
posla, te provjeriti ugrožavaju li njihova politička uvjerenja i ideološka profilacija ustaljena načela
novinarske uravnoteženosti i nepristranosti.
Istraživanje j
e provedeno tijekom 2020. i 2021. godine na uzorku od 21 novinara iz pet redakcija
nacionalnih i regionalnih dnevnih novina. Kroz intervjue s političkim reporterima, kolumnistima i
komentatorima pokušalo se otkriti kako se odnose prema političkim akterima i strankama, prema
uređivačkoj politici svojih novina, te prema publici.
Istraživanje se naslonilo na slična istraživanja među novinarima provedenima u SAD
u i zapadnoj
Europi, kao i na teorijske koncepte liberalne pristranosti, objektivnosti, interpretati vnog
novinarstva, društvene uloge novinara, povjerenja u medije i medijske zasićenosti. Kroz intervjue s
ispitanicima analizira se položaj političkih novinara na medijskoj sceni koja se konstantno mijenja,
kroz utjecaj vlasti, politike, odnosa s javnošću i marketinga.
Kroz analizu sadržaja pokušalo se otkriti je li ideološka profilacija novinara vidljiva u njihovim
člancima, može li se u člancima detektirati politička pristranost prema političkim akterima, ali i
njihov odnos prema svjetonazorskim temama.
I
straživanje je pokazalo da su novinari ljevije orijentirani od njihovih novina i njihove publike, dok
je u analiziranim člancima vidljiva njihova politička orijentacija i ideološka profilacija, premda u
mnogo manjoj mjeri od stavova izraženih u intervjuimaThe political and ideological aspects of political journalists have so far been an under
researched
area in Croatia, therefore the firs t research of this kind had to reveal which side of the political
spectrum journalists belong to and how they ideologically position themselves between the left and
the right, and between liberal and conservative.
The aim of the research was to find out wh
ether and to what extent their attitudes affect the
performance of journalistic work, and to check whether their political beliefs and ideological
profiling threaten established principles of journalistic balance and impartiality.
The research was conducte
d during 2020 and 2021 on a sample of 21 journalists from five
newsrooms of national and regional daily newspapers. Through interviews with political reporters,
columnists and commentators, an attempt was made to discover how they relate to political actor s
and parties, to the editorial policy of their newspapers, and to the audience.
The research relied on similar research among journalists conducted in the USA and Western
Europe, as well as on the theoretical concepts of liberal bias, objectivity, interpr etive journalism, the
social role of journalists, trust in the media and media saturation. Through interviews with
respondents, the position of political journalists on the constantly changing media scene is analysed,
through the influence of government, p olitics, public relations and marketing.
Through content analysis, an attempt was made to find out whether the ideological profiling of
journalists is visible in their articles, whether political bias towards political actors can be detected
in the article s, as well as their attitude towards worldview topics.
The research showed that journalists are more left
oriented than their newspapers and their
audience, while their political orientation and ideological profiling is visible in the analyzed articles,
al though to a much lesser extent than the attitudes expressed in the interviews