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Antropological analysis of osteological material in part of the cementary from the archeological iste Solin Rupotine Crkvine
No full textUvod: Analizirano je 85 osoba s dijela arheološkog nalazišta Solin Rupotine Crkvine. Analizirani koštani ostaci datirani su od 9. – 15. stoljeća. Antropološka analiza je urađena na Sveučilišnom studijskom odjelu za forenzične znanosti u Laboratoriju za forenzičku i biološku antropologiju na Sveučilištu u Splitu.
Cilj: Analiza koštanog materijala i izrada biološkog profila za svaku osobu u svrhu usporedbe s drugim nalazom iz srednjovjekovlja te rekonstrukcija života prijašnjih populacija na području srednje Dalmacije.
Metode: Koštani materijal je detaljno očišćen i osušen, nakon čega su sve kosti izmjerene te je izrađen fotoelaborat za svaku pojedinačnu kost. Za analizu koštanog materijala korištene su standardne antropološke i antropometrijske metode. Svaka patološka promjena, bolest na kostima i zubima, te traumatska promjena izvršena je makroskopskom analizom te zabilježena u predviđene formulare.
Rezultati: Za koštani materijal s dijela analiziranog nalazišta izrađena je demografska struktura, koja je obuhvaćala omjer žena, muškaraca i djece, 1 : 0,96 : 0,63, prosječnu dob u trenutku smrti, te tjelesnu visinu. Svaka kost je analizirana makroskopskim putem radi uočavanja patoloških ili traumatskih promjena. Analiza je pokazala statistički značajne razlike u nekim segmentima između analiziranog uzorka s uspoređenim uzorkom: kod dobi između uzorka muškaraca; kod dentalnog zdravlja odnosno karijesa na zubima kod uzorka žena; kod nespecifične infekcije, periostitisa, na čitavom uzorku; te kod trauma između uzorka ženskih osoba.
Zaključak: Postojanje značajnih statističkih razlika na određenim segmentima uspoređenog koštanog materijala predstavlja slabiju kvalitetu prehrane analizirane populacije u ovom radu, veću izloženost mehaničkom stresu, kao i veću izloženost ženskih osoba težim fizičkim naporima i izloženosti traumatskom stresu kod analiziranog uzorka s nalazišta Solin Rupotine Crkvine.Introduction: A total of 85 individuals from the Solin Rupotine Crkvine archaeological site were analyzed. The analyzed skeletal remains were dated from the 9th to the 15th century. The anthropological analysis was conducted at the Department of Forensic Sciences, in the Laboratory for Forensic and Biological Anthropology at the University of Split.
Aim: To analyze the skeletal material and create a biological profile for each individual to compare the findings with other medieval remains and reconstruct the lives of past populations in the central Dalmatian region.
Methods: The skeletal material was carefully cleaned and dried, after which all bones were measured and a photographic record was made for each individual bone. Standard anthropological and anthropometric methods were used for the analysis of the skeletal material. Each pathological change, bone and dental disease, as well as traumatic injury, was recorded through macroscopic analysis and documented in the appropriate forms.
Results: For the skeletal material from the analyzed site, a demographic structure was created, including the ratio of women, men, and children (1 : 0,96 : 0,63), the average age of death, and body height. Each bone was analyzed macroscopically to identify pathological or traumatic changes. The analysis showed statistically significant differences in some aspects between the analyzed sample and the comparative sample: differences in age among male individuals, dental health (caries) among women, non-specific infection (periostitis) in the entire sample, and trauma among female individuals.
Conclusion: The presence of statistically significant differences in certain aspects of the compared skeletal material suggests poorer nutrition in the population analyzed in this study, greater exposure to mechanical stress, as well as greater exposure to mechanical stress exposure among the female individuals from the Solin Rupotine Crkvine
Analysis of the causes and consequences of traffic accidents in the area of the Split-Dalmatia Police Department in the period from 2013. to 2022.
No full textSigurnost prometa obuhvaća organizaciju, upravljanje i kontrolu prometa. Organizacija obuhvaća prometne propise i tehnička sredstva za organizaciju prometa, dok upravljanje prometom obuhvaća način i tehniku upravljanja prometom. Prometna nesreća definirana je kao događaj na cesti u kojem je sudjelovalo najmanje jedno vozilo u pokretu i u kojem je najmanje jedna osoba ozlijeđena ili poginula ili u roku od 30 dana preminula od posljedica te prometne nesreće ili je izazvana materijalna šteta. Prometnom nesrećom se ne smatra kada se radi o radnom vozilu, radnom stroju, motokultivatoru, traktoru ili zaprežnom vozilu koje se kreće po nerazvrstanoj cesti ili obavlja određeni rad u pokretu pri čemu sleti s nerazvrstane ceste ili se prevrne ili udari u neku prirodnu prepreku, a da pri tome ne sudjeluje druge vozilo ili pješak te kada tim događajem drugoj osobi nije nanesena šteta. Prometni svijet zahtijeva detaljan pristup u kojem se mogu razgraničiti brojni čimbenici. Tako se razlikuju čovjek kao osnovni element prometa, vozilo i cesta. Povećanje sudionika u prometu dovodi i do sve većeg broja prometnih nesreća. Najčešći uzrok prometnih nesreća je ljudsko ponašanje. Teško je izdvojiti što je glavni ili primarni uzročnik prometnih nesreća te se u tu svrhu analiziraju statistički podaci kojima se želi utvrditi većinski uzrok istih. Rezultati korištenih metoda analiza i doneseni zaključci izvor su potencijalnih korekcija koje mogu pridonijeti sigurnosti i potencijalno eliminirati ili smanjiti dosadašnje primarne uzroke prometnih nesreća. Pod pojmom nepropisna brzina podrazumijeva se prekoračenje brzine koja je određena tj. propisana prometnim znakom ili prometnim pravilom. Pod pojmom neprilagođene brzine podrazumijeva se brzina koja nije prilagođena stanju i uvjetima na kolniku, vidljivosti, preglednosti, atmosferskim prilikama, stanju vozila i tereta, gustoći prometa i dr. Nerijetko kriva percepcija sposobnosti vožnje dovodi do kobnih posljedica, a takav trend nažalost se prati kod vozača koji posjeduju određeni udio alkohola u krvi, tj. alkoholiziranih sudionika. Jedan od uzroka prometnih nesreća je nepropisno pretjecanje. Pretjecanje je prolaženje vozilom pokraj drugog vozila koje se kreće u istom smjeru.Traffic safety includes the organization, management and control of traffic. Organization includes traffic regulations and technical means for traffic organization, while traffic management includes the method and technique of traffic management. A traffic accident is defined as an event on the road in which at least one moving vehicle was involved and in which at least one person was injured or killed, or within 30 days died as a result of that traffic accident or material damage was caused. A traffic accident is not considered to be a work vehicle, a work machine, a motor cultivator, a tractor or a vehicle that moves on an ungraded road or performs certain work on the move, where it lands on an ungraded road or overturns or hits a natural obstacle, and that no other vehicle or pedestrian is involved in it, and that the event did not cause damage to another person. The traffic world requires a detailed approach in which numerous factors can be delineated. This is how a person as the basic element of traffic, a vehicle and a road differ. The increase in traffic participants also leads to an increasing number of traffic accidents. The most common cause of traffic accidents is human behavior. It is difficult to single out what is the main or primary cause of traffic accidents, and for this purpose, statistical data is analyzed to determine the majority of the causes of them. The results of the analysis methods used and the conclusions reached are a source of potential corrections that can contribute to safety and potentially eliminate or reduce the primary causes of traffic accidents. The term illegal speed means exceeding the speed determined by a traffic sign or a traffic rule. The term unadjusted speed means a speed that is not adapted to the state and conditions on the road, visibility, visibility, atmospheric conditions, the condition of the vehicle and load, traffic density, etc. Quite often, the wrong perception of driving ability leads to fatal consequences, and such a trend is unfortunately observed in drivers who have a certain percentage of alcohol in their blood, i.e. intoxicated participants. One of the causes of traffic accidents is improper overtaking. Overtaking is passing a vehicle past another vehicle moving in the same direction
The role of the police in the system of National security in the Republic of Croatia
No full textCilj ovoga rada je prikazati što je to nacionalna sigurnost, te koja je uloga policije u sustavu održavanja nacionalne sigurnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Analiza uloge policije u održavanju nacionalne sigurnosti dovodi nas do toga da se različitim izvorima podataka i metodama došlo do činjenica da u očuvanju nacionalne sigurnost uvelike pridonosi policija, koja štiti svoje građane i brine se za njihovu sigurnost, kao i za cijeli teritorij svoje zemlje. Policija u Republici Hrvatskoj je glavna snaga za održavanje reda i sigurnosti. Policijski službenik tijekom svoga rada ima pravo na jednako usavršavanje i razvoj u karijeri. Razvoj u karijeri policijskog djelatnika prolazi kroz različite faze i to od njegova školovanja, usavršavanja, educiranja, kao i same želje za što preciznijim radom koje dovodi do rezultata.
Policija RH surađuje s drugim međunarodnim organizacijama, kao što su Europol, Interpol, NATO, te sve kako bi postigla bolje rezlutate u poboljšanju očuvanja nacionalne sigurnosti u državi. Republika Hrvatska je kasnije ušla u NATO za razliku od svojih susjednih država Mađarske i Slovenije, a isto tako, Hrvatska kao i Slovenija i Mađarska ima slične metode za zaštitu nacionalne sigurnosti svoje države.
Nacionalna sigurnost predstavlja temelj države, te njezinu stabilnost i dobrobiti svakog suverenog društva. U svijetu koji se neprestano mijenja, pitanja koja se tiču nacionalne sigurnosti postaju sve kompleksnija i izazovnija.The aim of this work is to show what national security is, and what is the role of the police in the system of maintaining national security in the Republic of Croatia.
The analysis of the role of the police in maintaining national security leads us to the fact that, using different sources of data and methods, we have come to the fact that the police, who protect their citizens and take care of their security, as well as the entire territory of their country, contribute greatly to the preservation of national security. The police in the Republic of Croatia is the main force for maintaining order and security. A police officer has the right to equal training and career development during his work. The development in the career of a police officer goes through different stages, from his schooling, training, education, as well as the very desire for the most precise work that leads to results.
The Police of the Republic of Croatia cooperates with other international organizations, such as Europol, Interpol, NATO, and all in order to achieve better results in improving the preservation of national security in the country. The Republic of Croatia joined NATO later, unlike its neighboring countries Hungary and Slovenia, and Croatia, as well as Slovenia and Hungary, has similar methods for protecting the national security of its country.
National security is the foundation of the state, its stability and the well-being of every sovereign society. In an ever-changing world, national security issues are becoming increasingly complex and challenging
Public authorities in the field of national security of the Republic of Croatia - comparison and regulatory framework
No full textCilj ovog rada je da se analizira uloga i nadležnost ključnih institucija u nacionalnoj sigurnosti te njihovu usporedbu s međunarodnim praksama. Rad detaljno istražuje organizacijsku strukturu, uloge, odgovornost i međusobnu suradnju institucija kao što su Ministarstvo obrane, Oružane snage RH, Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova, Sigurnosno-obavještajna agencija i druge relevantne agencije. Analizira se zakonodavni okvir koji regulira područje nacionalne sigurnosti, kao što su Zakon o sigurnosno-obavještajnoj agenciji, Zakon o obrani, Zakon o zaštiti tajnih podataka i druge relevantne propise.
Kao rezultat kroz usporedbu s međunarodnim praksama, rad istražuje razlike i sličnosti u organizaciji i djelovanju institucija te identificira ključne izazove i mogućnosti za unaprjeđenje sustava nacionalne sigurnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Kroz temeljitu analizu institucionalnog okvira i zakonodavnog uređenja, rad pruža dublje razumijevanje trenutnog stanja nacionalne sigurnosti RH i identificira smjernice za buduće reforme i poboljšanja.This paper analyzes the roles and responsibillities of key institutions in national security and compares them with international practices. It thoroughly examines the organizational structure, roles, responsibilities and mutal cooperation of institutions such as the Ministry of Defense, the Croatian Armed Forces, the Ministry of the Interior, the Security and Intelligence Agency and other relevant agencies. The legislative framework regulating the field of national security is analyzed, including the Law on the Security and Intelligence Agency, the Defense Law, the Law on the Protection of Classified Information and other relevant regulations.
Through comparison with international practices, the papre explores differences and similarities in the organization and operation of institutions, identifying key challenges and opportunities for enhancing the national security system in the Republic of Croatia.
Through a thorough analysis of the institutional framework and legislative arrangements, the papre provides a deeper understanding of the current state of national security in Croatia and identifies guidelines for future reforms and improvements
Criminal offense of illegal entry, movement and residence in the Republic of Croatia, another EU Member state or signatory to the Schengen Agreement
No full textOvaj rad analizira kazneno djelo protuzakonitog ulaženja, kretanja i boravka u Republici Hrvatskoj, drugoj državi članici EU-a ili potpisnici Šengenskog sporazuma. Zaključci su izvedeni na temelju analiziranih pravnih okvira i rezultata analize slučajeva iz prakse, s posebnim naglaskom na nedozvoljen prelazak osoba (krijumčarenje ljudi). Analiza slučajeva iz prakse, provedena na temelju podataka prikupljenih od strane Postaje granične policije Vrgorac, pokazuje da su počinitelji većinom muškarci hrvatskog državljanstva, ali i državljani susjednih država, poput Albanije i Bosne i Hercegovine te u manjoj mjeri državljani zemalja članica EU-a. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za međunarodnom suradnjom i jačanjem mjera za suzbijanje krijumčarskih aktivnosti.This paper analyzes the criminal offense of illegal entry, movement, and residence in the Republic of Croatia, other EU member states, or Schengen Agreement signatories. The conclusions were drawn from the analyzed legal framework and case study results, with a particular focus on human smuggling. The case study, based on data from the Vrgorac Border Police Station, shows that most offenders are men and originate from Croatia, but also from neighboring countries, such as Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to a lesser extent from EU member states. These results highlight the need for international cooperation and strengthening measures to combat smuggling activities
Security culture
No full textTema diplomskog rada Sigurnosna kultura je definirati pojam sigurnosne kulture te istražiti
stavove i mišljenja studenta Sveučilišta u Splitu po pitanju sigurnosti. U radu se definiraju
osnovni pojmovi poput kulture, sigurnosti, organizacijske te informacijske kulture kako bi
postavili temelje istraživanja. Proveden je upitnik kako bi se ispitale hipoteze. Do rezultata se
došlo koristeći program “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”. Anketni upitnik sastojao
se od uvodnog dijela te pet tematskih cjelina, počevši sa povjerenjem kojeg studenti polažu u
fakultet po pitanju sigurnosnih procedura i postupaka, slijede osobni stavovi studenta o
sigurnosti, poznavanje novih tehnologija, zaštita podataka prilikom korištenja interneta te
edukacija po pitanju sigurnosti.
Zaključili smo kako studenti imaju izgrađena temeljna mišljenja o sigurnosti te da postoji dobra
podloga za njihov daljnji razvitak.The topic of the thesis Security culture is to define the concept of security culture and explore
the attitudes and opinions of students at the University of Split on security. The paper defines
basic concepts such as culture, security, organizational and information culture in order to lay
the foundations of research. A questionnaire was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results
were obtained using the program "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences". The
questionnaire consisted of an introductory part and five thematic units, starting with the
faculty's attitude towards security risks, personal views on security, security technology,
security procedures and security issues.
We concluded that students have developed basic opinions about safety and that there is a good
basis for their further development
New technologies and copyright protection with an emphasis on copyright protection on the Internet
No full textAutorska prava, pored industrijskog prava i srodnih prava, dio su intelektualnog vlasništva. Kao takva, produkt su i kreacija određenog pojedinca, odnosno napravljeno djelo je njegovo vlasništvo i imovina i kal takvo regulirano je i zaštićeno pravnim okvirom. Iako je pravni okvir Republike Hrvatske jako dobro i sadržajno napisan, a dodatno je njeno zakonodavstvo usklađeno s zakonodavstvom Europske unije postavlja se pitanje koliko su autorska prava u praksi zaštićena, pogotovo u vrijeme novih tehnologija i digitalnih medija kada nam je sve dostupno jednim klikom?
Analizirajući zakone dolazi se do jasnih definiranja što je autor, što je autorsko djelo, što su autorska prava, kako se ona ostvaruju, koliko traju i što se čini ukoliko ona budu prekršena. U općenitom smislu zaštite stvari su vrlo jasne, ali ako uzmemo u obzir vrijeme nove tehnologije koje se mijenja iz dana u dan, zakon u zaštiti autorskih prava i ne može baš toliko pomoći. Prvo zakoni trebaju biti tu, takvi kakvi jesu, prateći trendove izmijenjeni i dopunjeni, ali u konkretnom slučaju opisanih primjera kršenja autorskih prava u praksi, točnije kršenja autorskih prava na internetu, nisu dovoljna zaštita. Način zaštite autorskih prava leži u reguliranja sadržaja prije njegovog puštanja na interent, odnosno činjenju potrebnih koraka kako bi se isti zaštitio od nezakonitog preuzimanja i kršenje autorskih prava svelo na minimalnu razinu. Iako ni tada, autorska prava neće biti u potpunosti zaštićena, njihovo nepoštivanje bit će znatno umanjeno, a zakoni ostaju tu da odgovaraju oni koji takve prekršaje i naprave.Copyright, in addition to industrial law and related rights, is part of intellectual property. As that, they are the product and creation of a certain individual, i.e. the created work is his property and property and as such is regulated and protected by the legal framework. Although the legal framework of the Republic of Croatia is very well and comprehensively written, and additionally its legislation is harmonized with the legislation of the European Union, the question arises as to how much copyright is protected in practice, especially in the age of new technologies and digital media when everything is available to us with just one click?
By analyzing the laws, we arrive at clear definitions of what an author is, what an author's work is, what copyrights are, how they are exercised, how long they last and what happens if they are violated. In the general sense of protection, things are very clear, but if we take into account the time of new technology that changes from day to day, the law in copyright protection cannot really help that much. First, the laws should be there, as they are, amended and supplemented following the trends, but in the specific case of the described examples of copyright infringement in practice, more specifically copyright infringement on the Internet, they are not sufficient protection. The way to protect copyright lies in regulating the content before its release on the Internet, i.e. taking the necessary steps to protect it from illegal downloads and reduce copyright infringement to a minimum level. Although even then, copyrights will not be fully protected, their non-compliance will be significantly reduced, and the laws will remain there to answer those who commit such violations
Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterial infections from different biological samples of men
No full textCilj: Usporediti učestalost infekcija bakterijama Chlamydia trachomatis i Neisseria
gonorrhoeae u različitim biološkim uzrocima muškaraca u razdoblju od 01.01.2022. do
31.12.2022.g. u Odjelu za imunološku i molekularnu dijagnostiku Klinike za infektivne
bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“.
Metode: Iz laboratorijske baze podataka Odjela za imunološku i molekularnu dijagnostiku
Klinike za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“ retrospektivno su prikupljeni podatci o
pacijentima i rezultatima molekularnih testiranja koji su analizirani primjenom statističkog
paketa Statistica 13.3 (dostupno na https://statistica.software.informer.com/). Prikupljeni su
podatci o spolu, dobi ispitanika,vrsti b iološkog uzorka i rezultatima testiranja na DNA
bakterija C. trachomatis i N. gonorrhoeae. Detekcija DNA bakterija C. trachomatis i N.
gonorrhoeae u Klinici za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“ izvodi se na Abbott m2000
sustavu korištenjem Abbott RealTime CT/NG testa na uzorcima urina, brisa orofarinksa i
brisa rektuma.
Rezultati: Kod 372 pacijenta koji su primali kliničku skrb u Ambulanti za spolno-prenosive
bolesti kod muškaraca Zavoda za infekcije imunokompromitiranih bolesnika analizirane su tri
vrste bioloških uzoraka (urin, bris orofarinksa i bris rektuma) na prisutnost DNA bakterija
Chlamydia trachomatis i Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Od ukupnog broja testiranih pacijenata, njih
250 (67,2%) je bilo negativno na obje bakterije, 27 (7,2%) pozitivno na obje bakterije, 36
(9,8%) pozitivno na C. trachomatis dok je 55 (14,7%) pacijenata bilo pozitivno samo na N.
gonorrhoeae. Kod 4 (1,07%) pacijenta je detektirana inhibicija PCR reakcije pri čemu su sve
bili uzorci brisa rektuma. Većina testiranih pacijenata je bila u dobnoj skupini između 20 i 32
godine starosti.
Zaključci: Rezultati ove retrospektivne studije upućuju na važnost molekularnog testiranja
kod spolno-prenosivih infekcija, naročito kod probira i asimptomatskih pacijenata. Danas
46 molekularne metode za detekciju spolno-prenosivih infekcija postaju standard zbog svoje
visoke osjetljivosti i brze detekcije bakterija. Za potrebe probira sve više se koriste uzorci
brisa rektuma i orofarinksa obzirom da većina takvih infekcija prođe asimptomatski, dok će u
budućnosti pacijenti moći samostalno vršiti uzorkovanja što će smanjiti kliničko opterećenje.
U budućim istraživanjima trebalo bi uzeti u obzir podatke iz anamneze pacijenata pri čemu bi
se moglo saznati više o samim simptomima infekcija, učestalosti asimptomatskih pozitivnih
infekcija te povezanosti ovog tipa spolnih infekcija sa drugim spolno-prenosivim bolestima.Aim: To compare the frequency of infections with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in different biological samples in men during the period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 in the Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics of the Clinic for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević".
Methods: From the laboratory data base of the Department of Immunology and Molecular Diagnostics of the Clinic for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević" patient data and results were retrospectively collected and analyzed using the statistical package Statistica 13.3 (available at https://statistica.software.informer.com/). Data on the gender and age of the patients, type of biological sample and results of DNA testing of bacteria C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were collected. DNA detection of bacteria C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević" is performed on the Abbott m2000 system using the Abbott RealTime CT/NG test on urine samples,
oropharyngeal swabs and rectal swabs.
Results: Three types of biological samples (urine, oropharyngeal swab and rectal swab) were analyzed for the presenceof DNA bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in 372 patients who received clinical care in the Outpatient Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Men of the Institute for Infections of Immunocompromised Patients. 250 (67.2%) patientswere negative for both bacteria, 27 (7.2%) were positive for both bacteria, 36 (9.8%) patients were positive only for C. trachomatis and 55 (14, 7%) of patients were positive only for N. gonorrhoeae. PCR reaction inhibition was detected in only 4 (1.07%) patients, all of which were rectal swab samples. Most of the tested patients wer ebetween 20 and 32 years old.
Conclusions: The results of this retrospective study indicate the importance of molecular testing in sexually transmitted infections, especially in screening and asymptomatic patients. Today, molecular methods for the detection of sexually transmitted infections are becoming 48 the standard due to their high sensitivity and rapid detection of bacteria. Rectal and oropharyngeal swab samples are increasingly being used for screening because most of such infections are asymptomatic, and in the future patients will be able to collect samples themselves, which will reduce the clinical burden. The short coming of this research is insufficient information about the patients' anamnesis. In future research, data from the patients' anamnesis should be taken into account, so it would be possible to learn more about the symptoms of infections themselves, the frequency of asymptomatic positive infections and the connection of this type of sexual infections with other sexually transmitted diseases
Analysis of liquid fuels by gas chromatography
No full textCilj: Odrediti sastav hlapljivih spojeva u benzinskim i dizel gorivima koristeći se plinskom kromatografijom i na temelju prikupljenih podataka o sastavu benzinskih i dizel goriva, primjenom statističke analize, provjeriti postoji li razlika u sastavu benzinskih i dizel goriva ovisno o dobavljaču.
Metode: Analiza je provedena na 16 uzoraka benzinskog i 16 uzoraka dizel goriva. Uzorci su uzeti od registriranh dobavljača i to 12 uzoraka u Republici Hrvatskoj i 4 u Italiji. Provedena je analiza sastava hlapljivih spojeva (ugljikovodika) plinskom kromatografijom (GC-FID). Zbog različitog sastva benzinskih i dizel goriva razvijene su dvije metode za injektiranje i analizu. Detekcija signala provedena je usporedbom sa standardima, a rezultati analize sastava ugljikovodika iskazani su kao postotni odnosi.
Rezultati: Uvidom u rezultate statističke obrade podataka provedenih analiza kemijskog sastava dizel i benzinskih goriva jasno se vide dvije razdvojene grupe goriva. Jedna grupa obuhvaćabenzinska goriva hrvatskih i talijanskih distributera među kojima nije bilo značajnih razlika u sastavu goriva. U sastavu benzinskih goriva dominiraju C9, ksilen i toluene, a od ostalih alifatskih ugljikovodika jaku korelaciju su pokazali C6 i C5 spojevi. Druga grupa obuhvaća dizel goriva hrvatskih i talijanskih distributera. Unutar ove grupe došlo je do razdiobe, s jedne strane grupirala su se dizel goriva hrvatskih distributera, a izdvojila su se dizel goriva talijanskih distibutera.
Karakteristika dizel goriva hrvatskih distributera uočava se u jakoj korelacija izooktan s C10 spojem, dok se kod talijanskih uzoraka D_Es i D_Co jaka korelacija ostvaruje između alifatskih ugljikovodika C24 i C25.
Zaključci: Izneseni podaci ukazuju da je plinska kromatografija s FID detektorom dobra metoda za analizu tekućih goriva. U ovom radu, zbog različitog sastava benzinskih i dizel goriva razvijene su dvije metode za injektiranje i analizu. Provedenom statističkom analizom kromatografskih podataka dobiveno je značajno razdvajanje benzina i dizel goriva što je bilo i očekivano. Statističkom analizom značajno su razdvojeni dizeli talijanskih dobavljača u odnosu na hrvatske što bi moglo upućivati da su dizel goriva porijeklom od različitih proizvođača.Aim: Determine the composition of the volatile compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel using gas chromatography and, based on the data collected on the composition of gasoline and diesel fuel, use statistical analysis to check whether there is a difference in the composition of gasoline and diesel fuel depending on the supplier.
Methods: The analysis was performed on 16 samples of gasoline and 16 samples of diesel fuel. The samples were taken from registered suppliers, namely 12 samples in the Republic of Croatia and 4 in Italy. The composition of volatile compounds (hydrocarbons) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Due to the different composition of gasoline and diesel fuels, two methods were developed for injection and analysis. Signal detection was performed by comparison with standards, and the results of the hydrocarbon composition analysis were expressed as percentage ratios.
Results: Looking at the results of the statistical evaluation of the analysis of the chemical composition of diesel and gasoline fuels, two separate groups of fuels can be clearly seen. One group includes gasoline fuels from Croatian and Italian dealers, between which no significant differences in fuel composition were found. The composition of gasoline is dominated by C9, xylene and toluene, and among the other aliphatic hydrocarbons, C6 and C5 compounds showed a strong correlation. The second group includes diesel fuel from Croatian and Italian distributors. Within this group, there was a subdivision: diesel fuel from Croatian traders was combined in one group, while diesel fuel from Italian traders was separated. The peculiarity of the diesel fuels from Croatian dealers can be seen in the strong correlation of isooctane with the C10 compound, while in the Italian samples D_Es and D_Co there is a strong correlation between the aliphatic hydrocarbons C24 and C25.
Conclusions: The data presented show that gas chromatography with FID detector is a good method for the analysis of liquid fuels. Due to the different composition of gasoline and diesel fuels, two methods for injection and analysis were developed in this work. The statistical analysis of the chromatographic data showed a significant separation of gasoline and diesel fuel, which was expected. The statistical analysis showed a significant separation of diesel fuel from Italian suppliers compared to Croatian suppliers, which could indicate that the diesel fuels originate from different producers