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Sexual abusers of children - The typology of the perpetrators
No full textIstraživanje je provedeno na temu „Seksualni zlostavljači djece i maloljetnika- tipologija počinitelja“. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bilisu istraživanje i proučavanje obilježja počinitelja seksualnih kaznenih delikata na štetu djece i maloljetnika kako bismo razumjeli tko su zapravo počinitelji seksualnih delikata na štetu djece, razlikuju li se od ostale populacije te na koji način čine seksualne delikte na štetu djece i maloljetnika. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 79 počinitelja seksualnih delikata na štetu djece i maloljetnika od 1993. do 2017. godine. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su kako možemo govoriti o tipičnom mjestu, načinui vremenu seksualnog delikta na štetu djece i maloljetnika. Također smo dobili podatke o socioekonomskom statusu počinitelja i obiteljskoj anamnezi. Ispitivana obilježja kao što su psihijatrijske dijagnoze, bračni status, radni status i intelektualni status počinitelja, te način počinjenja kaznenog djela razlikuje počinitelje ovakvog seksualnog delikta. Druga ispitivana obilježja nisu pokazala statistički značajne razlike u tipologiji počinitelja seksualnih delikata na štetu djece i maloljetnika.The research was conducted on the subject of "Sexual abusers of children and minors - types of perpetrators". Purpose of this research was investigating and studying characteristics of offenders who committed sexual offences against children and minors. The main goal was to establish what makes them different from the rest of population and to determine the ways they commit sexual violence against children and minors. The research was conducted on the sample of 79 perpetrators of sexual crimes against children and minors from 1993 to 2017. Results of this research are showing that we can establish typical place, modus operandi and time in which violent sexual offences against children and minors are being committed. We have also established the breakdown of social and economic background of perpetrators, as well as the family anamnesis. Researched characteristics, such as psychiatric diagnosis, marital status, working status and intellectual status of perpetrators, as well as the way they committed the crime, are what distinguishes the perpetrators of sexual offences. Other researched characteristics did not show any statistically significant differences in types of perpetrators of sexual abuse against children and minors
Foreign tourists perception towards personal safety in Republic of Croatia and finding solution to safety challenges in tourism
No full textHrvatska je postala popularna turistička destinacija u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Međutim, s obzirom na povećan broj dolazaka stranih turista s jedne strane, kao i brojne terorističke napade s druge strane, treba se postaviti pitanje: “Osjećaju li se turisti sigurno u Hrvatskoj?” Iako nije izravno pogođena s terorističkim napadom, Hrvatska kao i druge zemlje ima obvezu omogućiti turistima da njihovo kratko putovanje prođe što sigurnije. Polazna točka u tome jest dobiti percepciju turista o osobnoj sigurnosti tijekom putovanja. Ovaj rad sadrži rezultate istraživanja o percepciji osobne sigurnosti hrvatskih turista. Rezultati su dobiveni metodom ispunjavanja upitnika koji je sastavljen od 12 pitanja o osobnom osjećaju sigurnosti turista u Hrvatskoj.Croatia has become a popular tourist destination over the last few years. However, considering the large number of tourists on the one side and increased number of terrorist attacks as well as political instability in Europe and the rest of the world on the other side, there is a question to be asked and that is: "Do tourists feel safe while visiting Croatia?" Although not directly affected by terrorist attack, Croatia like other countries also has the obligation to make its tourists feel safe as much as possible. The starting point is to get tourists' perspective on personal safety while traveling abroad. This paper contains research data about tourists’ perception of safety while staying in Croatia. Data is generated from the questionnaire which is made up of a list of 12 questions about tourists’ personal view of safety while staying in Croatia
Assessment of public security in the city of Split from 2013 to 2018.
No full textProcjena sigurnosti javnih okupljanja u gradu Splitu od 2013. do 2018. Pravo na javno okupljanje je temeljno ustavno pravo te je kao takvo uređeno nizom zakonskih i podzakonskih propisa. Isto tako zaštićeno je i brojnim međunarodnopravnim dokumentima i konvencijama Europske Unije. Javno okupljanje predstavlja svako mirno okupljanje i javne prosvjede, javne priredbe i druge oblike okupljanja. Tijekom pisanja rada analizirano je stanje sigurnosti u Splitu od 2013. do 2018. godine, a podaci koji su obrađeni u radu su službeni podaci MUP-a.Safety assessment of public assemblies in the city of Split since 2013. until 2018. The right to public assessment is a fundamental and normal right as such is governed by a series of laws and regulations. It is also protected by a number of European Union instruments and conventions. A public gathering is any peaceful gathering and public protests, public events and other forms of gathering. During the writing of the paper, the security situation in Split was analyzed since 2013. until 2018., and the data proces brought up in the paper is official data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Exposure to influencing factors of the work environment and their impact on the health of forensic pathologists' in European countries
No full textSudska medicina sudjelovanjem u forenzičkoj znanosti upotpunjuje njen mozaik interdisciplinarnosti. Specijalisti sudske medicine su pozvani forenzičkim istražiteljima ponuditi saznanja o patogenezi neke ozljede ili činjenice smrti. Osnovano je pretpostaviti da se specijalisti sudske medicine izlažu riziku od različitih opasnosti, štetnosti i napora. Dobra kvaliteta i podržana sigurnost radne okoline preduvjeti su dobre prakse u zahtjevu uspješne suradnje i očekivanju jasnih zaključaka po kojima forenzički istražitelji dalje postupaju. Osnovni cilj rada je istražiti i opisati pojavnost svih čimbenika u radnom okruženju specijalista sudske medicine koji se mogu smatrati utjecajnim na kvalitetu rada i održivost zdravlja. U stratificiranom su grupnom uzorku (N=159) sudjelovali specijalisti i specijalizanti sudske medicine zaposleni u državnim bolničkim institucijama EU. Podatci su prikupljeni anketnim upitnikom. Ocjenjivan je status općih i specifičnih čimbenika radne okoline, općih uvjetima i načina rada, incidentnih okolnosti tijekom radnog staža, specifičnih uvjetima rada te krizne komunikaciji s okolinom. Razlika u učestalosti odgovora ispitivala se χ2, tj. Fisher egzaktnim testom. Povezanosti među varijablama izražene su Spearmanovim koeficijentom. Razlike između varijabli ispitivane su Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon testom. Za kvantifikaciju povezanosti i utjecaja varijabli koristila se ordinalna regresija. U ocjeni općih i specifičnih čimbenika ispitanici najčešće odgovarali „u velikoj mjeri“ (48,4%). U ocjenjivanju općih uvjeta i na čina rada, proporcija rezultata prikazala se podijeljeno u odabiru odgovora „u velikoj mjeri“ i „potpuno“. Najveći udio odgovora vezanih za incidentalne okolnosti pripada kategoriji „nikad“ (33,7%), zatim slijedi kategorija „nekoliko puta (10) zastupljene s nešto više od 14%. Incident ozljede iglom ili drugim oštrim predmetom dogodio se gotovo svakom ispitaniku barem jednom ili više puta. Ispitanici su o stresogenoj prirodi posla kao najčešći odgovarali „donekle“ (44,7%), te „u velikoj mjeri“ (42,1%). Čak je 91,8% imao barem jednom verbalni ili manji fizički incident s radnim kolegom. Veće omjere izgleda za veći broj ozljeda iglom ili drugim oštrim predmetom prezentiraju ispitanici koji su na pitanje o stresogenoj prirodi posla odgovorili s „u velikoj mjeri“ ili „potpuno“ u odnosu na ispitanike koji su na isto pitanje odgovorili „ne uopće“. U zaključivanju o dobivenim rezultatima treba uzeti u obzir da gotovo 40% ispitanika pripada zemljama višeg gospodarskog statusa. Bolji uvjeti rada i podržana sigurnost na radu proizvode povoljniji učinak na kvalitetu rada i zdravlja. Stresogena priroda posla nije zanemariv čimbenik i češće je utjecajan nego opći i specifični čimbenici koju nije moguće prevenirati uobičajenim mjerama, stoga valja razmotriti opcije reduciranog radnog tjedana te pridodani radni staž.Forensic medicine is a unique scientific field combined with the knowledge and skills of the biomedical and legal profession in a specific way. Involvement in forensic science fulfills the mosaic of its multidisciplinarity. Forensic medicine specialists provide investigators with observations and facts according to the causality of injury or death as connected with criminal acts, moreover, stating those to the courtroom. The medico-legal autopsy has been considered as a basic method on clarifying occurrences found on death-body. Performing requires special knowledge, competence, and environmental demands. It is respectively expected that forensic medicine specialists are exposed to substantial occupational risks, hazards, and sterns due to many hazardous sources and influencing factors due to characteristics of the working environment. Important prerequisites of good practice lie upon the quality-managed and secure-supported working environment. That is the base for achieving cooperation which will result in irrefutable facts further provided to the investigators and courtroom. The main purpose was to investigate and describe the occurrences of all influencing factors in the working environment considered as influential due to their qualitative and quantitative impact on work and health sustainability of this population of medical experts. Stratified group sample (N = 159) consists of forensic medicine specialists employed in state hospital institutions of the European Union. In an anonymous questionnaire, respondents assessed the status of general and specific factors of the working environment, general conditions, and modes of work, incidental circumstances during work, specific working conditions and crisis communication with the environment. The most noteworthy correlation among all the examined variables was the stress factor as the most influential factor in the working environment, the effect of which greatly changes the quality of work and the sustainability of health. There was also a high presence of stinging and cutting injuries. Even 11.9% of respondents had such an incident more than ten times. It was noted that even larger outcomes of appearance for a greater number of injuries by needle or other sharp objects were presented by respondents who responded "to a large extent" or "completely" to the question of the stressful nature of the job opposite to respondents who answered the same question "no even "(OR = 52.51, 95% CI 1.84-1.500.32, P= 0.021). High incidence of stress is an omnipresent factor in the work environment of these medical specialists, which significantly reduces the quality of work and health sustainability, which cannot be prevented by usual prevention and improvements in the working environment, so reduced weekly working hours and beneficial retirement remains as preventative measures of choice
Security of the City of Sinj and video surveillance system of public areas
No full textGrad Sinj pripada Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji i s užom okolicom ima 24 832 stanovnika. Poznat je po viteškoj igri naziva Sinjska alka i svojoj zaštitnici Čudotvornoj Gospi Sinjskoj. Najveći je grad dalmatinskog zaleđa, te gospodarsko i zemljopisno središte Cetinske krajine. Bogat je kulturno-povijesnim nasljeđem i prekrasnom prirodom. Grad Sinj iz godine u godinu privlači sve veći broj turista, što je vidljivo u statističkim podaci o dolascima i noćenjima turista. Javna sigurnost je temeljni čimbenik razvoja i održivosti turizma kao najvažnije gospodarske grane u RH. Grad Sinj se može pohvaliti da je četiri godine za redom (2014. - 2017.) proglašen najsigurnijim hrvatskim gradom, međutim tijekom 2019. godine u javnost je izašao veći broj medijski natpisi o povećanju počinjenih kaznenih djela i prekršaja na njegovu području. Prema osobnom dojmu sudionika ankete, koja je provedena u ljeto 2019. godine, njih 53% ocijenilo je stanje sigurnosti u Sinju sigurno, dok njih 47% smatra da je stanje sigurnosti u Sinju nesigurno. Provedena je i analiza poslova i broja policijskih službenika u Policijskoj postaji Sinj, kojom prilikom je uočeno da je zaposlen nedovoljan broj policijskih službenika u usporedbi s brojem stanovnika. Cilj ovog rada je prvenstveno potaknuti implementiranje sustava videonadzora javnih površina, kako bih se razina javne sigurnosti podignula na viši razinu i kako bi Grad Sinj u RH i šire bio prepoznat kao pametan grad koji ulaže u sigurnost i nove tehnologija. Svi stanovnici i zaposlenici u Gradu Sinju trebaju „razmišljati globalno, a djelovati lokalno“, te se voditi mišlju „tko ne napreduje, taj nazaduje“. Komparativnom analizom predmetnog sustava u odabranim gradovima i općinama s Gradom Sinjom uočava se da Sinj zaostaje u korištenju istoga. U radu se navedene brojne prednosti sustava videonadzora javnih površina, dok je naveden vrlo mali broj nedostatka, sukladno rezultatu brojnih analiziranih izvorima. Uz kvalitetno izrađen projekt kao temelj uspješnog sustava videonadzora javnih površina Grada Sinja, u kojem se može koristiti prikazana logička matrica, izvor financiranja istoga neće biti teško pronaći.The City of Sinj belongs to the Split-Dalmatia County and has a population of 24 832. He is known for his knightly game called Sinjska alka and his patron saint the Miraculous Lady of Sinj. It is the largest city in the Dalmatian hinterland, and the economic and geographical center of the Cetina region. It is rich in cultural and historical heritage and beautiful nature. The City of Sinj is attracting more and more tourists from year to year, which is evident in the statistics on tourist arrivals and overnight stays. Public safety is a fundamental factor in the development and sustainability of tourism as the most important economic branch in the Republic of Croatia. The City of Sinj boasts that it has been proclaimed the safest Croatian city for four consecutive years (2014-2017), however, during 2019, a number of media reports on the increase of crimes and misdemeanors in its area were released to the public. According to the personal impression of the survey participants, which was conducted in the summer of 2019, 53% rated the security situation in Sinj safe, while 47% considered the security situation in Sinj unsafe. An analysis of the jobs and the number of police officers in the Sinj Police Station was also carried out, which revealed that there were insufficient number of police officers in comparison to the population. The aim of this paper is primarily to encourage the implementation of video surveillance systems for public areas, to raise the level of public safety to a higher level and to make the City of Sinj in the Republic of Croatia and beyond recognized as a smart city investing in security and new technologies. All residents and employees of the City of Sinj need to "think globally and act locally" and be guided by the thought "who does not prosper, that declines. A comparative analysis of the system in question in selected cities and municipalities with the City of Sinj reveals that Sinj is lagging behind in its use. The paper outlines a number of advantages of a video surveillance system for public areas, while a very small number of disadvantages is stated, in accordance with the result of numerous analyzed sources. With a well-designed project, as the basic successful system of video surveillance of public areas of the City of Sinj, in which a logical matrix can be displayed, the source of financing for it will not be difficult to find
Challenges of the Forensic and Criminal Investigation Terminology Project in Defining Terms from Identification Domain
No full textOd travnja 2018. do listopada 2019. godine odvija se projekt Forenzično-kriminalističko nazivlje (FuNK) u sklopu programa Izgradnja hrvatskoga strukovnog nazivlja (Struna) Hrvatske zaklade za znanost (HRZZ). Projektom je predviđeno definiranje 3000 pojmova iz područja istraživanja mjesta događaja, suvremenih kriminalističkih teorija i izvršnoga upravljanja, forenzične obrade bioloških, kemijskih i fizikalnih tragova, forenzične balistike i mehanoskopije, daktiloskopije, forenzične analize spornih dokumenata i novca te masovnih katastrofa i masovnih grobnica. Tijekom rada na projektu suradnici su se susreli s brojnim izazovima u usklađivanju i osuvremenjivanju nazivlja terminologije; te će u ovome radu predložiti rješenja za definiranje pojmova identifikacije, klasifikacije i individualizacije, koji se često rabe u forenzičnoj praksi, no počesto u pogrešnome i neodgovarajućemu kontekstu.Croatian vocational terminology project (Struna), under the name of Forensic-Criminalistic Terminology is an ongoing project by the Croatian Science Foundation that started in April 2018 and is planned to end in October 2019. The project envisages the definition of 3000 terms from the areas such as crime scene investigation (CSI), contemporary criminal theories and executive management, forensic processing of biological, chemical and physical traces, forensic ballistics and toolmark examination, dactyloscopy, forensic analysis of disputed documents and money, and mass disasters and mass graves. During the project, the authors met with numerous challenges in aligning and modernizing the terminology, and in this paper they will propose solutions to define the concepts of identification, classification and individualization, which are often used in forensic practice, but in a misleading and inappropriate context
Age Estimation in Forensic Examination of Child Pornography
No full textDječja pornografija kao pojava u društvu prisutna je od antičkih vremena, ali se razvojem računalne
tehnologije i zahvaljujući sve većoj dostupnosti interneta njena fenomenologija promijenila
što je uzrokovalo drastičan porast njene dostupnosti ali i kaznenih djela koja se čine
u vezi s dječjom pornografijom. Međunarodnim i zakonodavnim naporima dječja pornografija
definirana je te se provode različite mjere s ciljem prevencije i suzbijanja ove pojave te sankcioniranja
počinitelja. U sudskim postupcima vezanim uz dječju pornografiju važnu ulogu imaju
sudski vještaci koji radi zakonskih propisa trebaju procijeniti dob osoba prikazanih u spornim
materijalima. U ovome radu opisana je bitna terminologija, relevantni međunarodni dokumenti i
nacionalno zakonodavstvo, dostupni statistički podaci, trenutačno korištena metoda vještačenja
pornografskog materijala kao i put prema novoj metodi vještačenja procjene dobi korištenjem
mjera ljudskih lica, temeljenoj na fotoantropometriji. Na kraju rada opisane su smjernice za
buduća istraživanja iz ovog područja pomoću kojih bi se nova metoda vještačenja mogla dalje
razvijati i potencijalno rabiti u svrhe vještačenja.Child pornography as a social phenomenon has been present since Antiquity. With the development of computer technology and the increasing availability of the Internet, its phenomenology has changed, resulting in a drastic increase in its availability as well as criminal offenses related to child pornography. The international and legislative efforts were undertaken to define child pornography and various measures are being implemented to prevent and eradicate this phenomenon as well as to sanction the perpetrators. In court proceedings related to child pornography, witness experts have an important role of assessing the age of the persons depicted in the pornographic materials. This paper describes essential terminology, relevant international documents and national legislation, available statistical data, the age estimation method currently used in court proceedings, and the process of development of the new method of age estimation based on photo anthropometry. This paper also recommends guidelines for future researches that would further develop this method and potentially make it applicable in court proceedings
Impact of DNA degradation on massively parallel sequencing-based autosomal STR, iiSNP, and mitochondrial DNA typing systems
No full textBiological samples, including skeletal remains exposed to environmental insults for extended periods of time, exhibit increasing levels of DNA damage and fragmentation. Human forensic identification methods typically use a combination of mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequencing and short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, which target segments of DNA ranging from 80 to 500 base pairs (bps). Larger templates are often unavailable as skeletal samples age and the associated DNA degrades. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci target shorter templates and may serve as a solution to the problem. Recently developed assays for STR and SNP analysis using a massively parallel sequencing approach, such as the ForenSeq kit (Verogen, San Diego, CA), offer a means for generating results from degraded samples as they target templates down to 60 to 170 bps. We performed a modeling study that demonstrates that SNPs can increase the significance of an identification when analyzing DNA down to an average size of 100 bps for input amounts between 0.375 and 1 ng of nuclear DNA. Observations from this study were then compared with human skeletal material results (n = 14, ninth to eighteenth centuries), which further demonstrated the utility of the ForenSeq kit for degraded samples. The robustness of the Promega PowerSeq™ Mito System was also tested with human skeletal remains (n = 70, ninth to eighteenth centuries), resulting in successful coverage of 99.29% of the mtDNA control region at 50× coverage or more. This was accompanied by modifications to a mainstream DNA extraction technique for skeletal remains that improved recovery of shorter templates
Identification of synthetic textile fibers with burn test
No full textU ovom radu provedena je identifikacija tekstilnih vlakana probom gorenja. Ova metoda je jedna od najlakših i najbržih preliminarnih metoda koja se može koristiti u forenzici. Primarni cilj ovog rada je validacija metode identifikacije tekstilnih vlakana probom (testom) gorenja. Namjera je bila procijeniti je li taj jednostavan i brz postupak pogodan za primjenu u forenzici kao preliminarna metoda identifikacije tragova tekstilnih vlakana. . Prikazana i opisana sva poznata sintetička vlakana kao i metode koje se koriste pri identifikaciji tekstilnih vlakana, a zatim je kroz eksperiment provedena identifikacija tekstilnih vlakana metodom gorenja. Prilikom prvog dijela eksperimenta korištena su poliesterska, poliamidna, aramidna, polipropilenska, polietilenskoa, akrilna i fluorna vlakna. U drugom dijelu eksperimenta korištene su vatrogasne hlače Fire ECO (Art. Br. 1372 001A1); EN 469.2005+A1:200; proizvođača: 2011 TEXPORT GmbH, Salzburg. Partija 11371. Sastava vanjski materijal: Nomex Tough od 75% m-Aramid (Nomex), 23% p-Aramid (Kelvar), 2%P140 (Carbon); vodoodbojna podstava od 100% eptfePTFE od Gore-Tex-a; toplinska podstava od Runo koji se sastoji od 100% m-Aramid (Nomex) i tkanine koja se sastoji od 50% m-Aramid (Nomex), 50% Viskoza FR. Rezultati provedenih eksperimenata pokazali su da je ovom brzom jeftinom i jednostavnom metodom moguće dosta pouzdano odrediti kojoj skupini pripada neki trag vlakna te čak pretpostaviti koje je to vlakno. No kako se danas najčešće za proizvodnju odjeće i ostalih tkanih predmeta koriste uglavnom mješavine, a takve kombinacije različitih vlakana, ovisno o njihovom sastavu, mogu značajno utjecati na rezultate svake faze probe gorenja, ovu metodu u praksi svrsishodno je koristiti samo u slučajevima kad se želi dobiti brzi odgovor koji bi mogao eventualno usmjeriti daljnja forenzička ispitivanja.In this paper the identification of textile fibers by burning test was carried out. This method is one of the easiest and fastest preliminary methods that can be used in fiber forensics. The primary objective of this paper is to validate the method of identification of textile fibers by burning test. The intention was to evaluate whether this simple and fast procedure is suitable for use in forensics as a preliminary method of identifying traces of textile fibers. All known synthetic fibres as well as the methods used for the identification of textile fibres are presented and described. Afterword the identification of textile fibres by the burning technique was performed through the experiment. During the first part of the experiment, synthetic fibres were used: polyester fibres, polyamide fibres, aramid fibres, polypropylene fibres, polyethylene fibres, acrylic fibres and fluorinated fibres. In the second part of the experiment firefighters paints Fire ECO Fire Brigade (Art No. 1372 001A1) was used; EN 469 2005 + A1: 200; manufacturer: 2011 TEXPORT GmbH, Salzburg. Part No. 11371. Composite outer material: Nomex Tough of 75% m-Aramid (Nomex), 23% p-Aramid (Kelvar), 2% P140 (Carbon); water-repellent lining of 100% eptfePTFE from Gore-Tex; thermal lining of Runo consisting of 100% m-Aramid (Nomex) and fabrics consisting of 50% m-Aramid (Nomex), 50% Viscosa FR. Using this preliminary method, it has been shown that it is possible to determine which fibre has be used or to which fibre group the sample belongs
Special evidentiary actions in the context of judicial control of their application in practice in the Republic of Croatia
No full textThe focuse of this paper is the institute of special evidentiary actions, its application in practice, and the question to what extent the content component of the investigating judge's order must be justify in order to respond to the challenge of the standard of legal predictability. Proving the existence of certain forms of crime, with elements of conspiracy and latency, would be significantly hampered without the use of special evidentiary actions. The complexity of this challenge is raised to a higher level as it involves certain encroachment into individual human rights that are proclaimed as the highest constitutional values and are the subject of numerous international conventions and documents. Special evidentiary actions are taken latently, or secretly, because otherwise the realization of their very nature and purpose would be thwarted. In the light of this, the main guarantee of the protection of the defendants rights, as well as other persons, from excessive interventions into their fundamental rights lies precisely in the role of the court. The turning point in Croatian court practice was the decision of the European court for human rights in the case Dragojević v. Croatia, successively followed by the decisions in the cases of Bašić v. Croatia and Matanović v. Croatia, in the field of retrospective statement of reasons for investigating judge's orders, through the application of special evidentiary actions in practice. Such practice of domestic courts, by the decision of European court for human rights, was established as a behavior contrary to Art. 8. of the Convention, which led to a reassessment of the assurance level of appropriate guarantees against various possible abuses by public authorities