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Money laundering prevention in context of EU legislation
No full textPranje novca u svijetu prisutno je u svim državama bez obzira na njihovu razvijenost. Sklonost ljudske prirode jest težnja materijalnom, ponekad u patološkim razmjerima, pa se u pitanje dovode moralne i etičke vrijednosti. Pravne i fizičke osobe mogu na različite načine putem kriminalnih aktivnosti doći do novca, te tako stečeni „prljavi“ novac pokušati opravdati s ciljem da ga mogu legalno koristiti. U radu je prikazano sprječavanje pranja novca u kontekstu legislative Europske unije, kao i hrvatsko zakonodavstvo, njegovo usklađivanje s međunarodnim standardima i učinkovita provedba u praksi. Zaključak diplomskog rada je da donošenje novih zakona i izmjena postojećih je važan korak prema novom konceptu promatranja problema pranja novca te da Hrvatska uspješno usklađuje svoje zakonodavstvo sa zakonodavstvom Europske unije.Money laundering exists in all countries regardless of their development. It is in essence of human nature to strive for the material gain, sometimes even to the pathological degree, so moral and ethical values are often brought into question. Natural and legal persons can make money through various criminal activities and try to justify the use of „dirty money“ for legal purposes. This paper presents means to prevent money laundering in the context of EU legislation, as well as Croatian legislation, its alignment with international standards and effective implementation in practice. The conclusion of the thesis is as follows: the adoption of new laws and alterations to the existing ones are important steps towards a new concept of money laundering monitoring and Croatia is successfully adjusting its legislation with the EU legislation
Police as part of the national security of the Republic of Croatia
No full textPolicija je primarni čimbenik i sastavnica nacionalne sigurnosti bilo koje države pa tako i Republike Hrvatske. Svojim radom kako preventivnim tako i represivnim bori se protiv raznih ugroza, prijetnji i rizika nacionalnoj sigurnosti kao što su organizirani kriminalitet, terorizam, cyber kriminalitet, nezakonite migracije i mnogi drugi oblici. Samim napretkom tehnologije javljaju se sve modernije i opasnije prijetnje te je za boljitak društva, države i nacionalne sigurnosti potrebno da svi sudionici kao što su pravosuđe, policija, vojska, sigurnosno-obavještajne službe i mnogi drugi drže korak s vremenom, tehnologijom i samim prijetnjama da bi se pravovremeno zaštitili ili pak u slučaju napada obranili svi interesi koji su ugroženi.Police are the primary factor and component of national security of any state, including the Republic of Croatia. Through its work, both preventive and repressive, it fights against various threats, threats and risks to national security such as organized crime, terrorism, cybercrime, illegal migration and many other forms. Technological advances are becoming more and more dangerous and threatening, and for the betterment of society, the state and national security it is necessary for all participants such as justice, police, military, security intelligence and many others to keep up with time, technology and threats themselves they would be protected in time or, in the case of an attack, they would defend all the interests that were endangered
Endangered witnesses and their protection
No full textJedan od zadataka svjedoka tijekom kaznenog postupka je davanje iskaza o činjenicama koje je svjedok opazio ili saznao od drugih subjekata, a koji mogu biti od vaţnosti za rješavanje kaznenog procesa. U kaznenom postupku svjedok ima odreĎene duţnosti koje su propisane zakonom, a to su duţnost odazivanja pozivu, duţnost davanja iskaza, duţnost istinitog iskazivanja i duţnost trpljenja tjelesnog pregleda. Zakon o kaznenom postupku navodi da kad je prisutna mogućnost da bi svjedok davanjem iskaza ili odgovorom na pojedino pitanje sebe ili njemu blisku osobu izloţio ozbiljnoj opasnosti po ţivot, zdravlje, tjelesnu nepovredivost, slobodu ili imovinu većeg opsega taj svjedok spada u kategoriju ugroţenog svjedoka koji ima odreĎena prava. Osobit način ispitivanja i sudjelovanja ugroţenog svjedoka u postupku ureĎuju se Zakonom o kaznenom postupku, a najčešće su u ulozi ugroţenih svjedoka prikriveni istraţitelji i krunski svjedoci. Navedena vrsta svjedoka ovlaštena je uskratiti iznošenje osobnih, identifikacijskih podataka, ne odgovarati na pojedina pitanja ili ne davati iskaza u cijelosti, dok se ne osigura njegova zaštita. Zaštićeni svjedok ima pravo na brojne postupovne i izvanpostupovne privilegije koje bi u konačnici trebale rezultirati pribavljanjem ključnih dokaza za kazneni postupak uz minimiziranju štetnih posljedica po svjedoka koji predstavlja izvor dokaza.One of the witness's tasks during the criminal proceedings is to give testimony of the facts he observed or learned from other subjects, which may be of crucial importance for solving the criminal process. In the criminal proceedings, the witness has certain duties prescribed by the law, namely the duty to respond to a call, the duty to give a statement, the duty of truthfulness and the duty to endure a physical examination. The Criminal Procedure Act states that endangered witness is a witness who is giving a testimony that can be harmful for his or a close realtive´s life, health, body integrity, freedom or property. A special way of examining and participating in the endangered witness is in the process of being regulated by the Criminal Procedure Act, and most often the undercover witnesses are the undercover investigators and Crown witnesses. The aforementioned type of witness is authorized to refrain from issuing personal identification data, not answering individual questions, or failing to give full statement until his / her protection is assured. A protected witness has the right to numerous procedural and out-of-privilege privileges that ultimately should result in obtaining key evidence for criminal proceedings while minimizing the adverse consequences of the witness who is the source of evidence
Impact of the migrant crisis on city of Sinj
No full textMigracije su sastavni dio ljudskog života. One ovise o raznim čimbenicima kao što su različiti klimatske neprilike, ratni sukobi, vjerski i politički progoni, ekonomski razlozi i sl. U tome najveću ulogu ima samo jedna činjenica, a to je stvaranje boljeg i sigurnijeg života. Bijegom od sukoba, progona i sl. se nastoji poboljšati sigurnost pojedinca, te kvaliteta njegovog života. Posljednja migrantska kriza pokazuje kako nekoliko milijuna ljudi bježe od različitih sukoba i negativnih utjecaja. Čitavu krizu je pokrenula islamska radikalna organizacija poznata pod nazivom ISIS koja svojim brutalnim ubojstvima, silovanjima, progonima itd. tjera neistomišljenike u izbjeglištvo. Iako je tzv. Islamska država pobijeđena, te više ne postoje ratni sukobi u tolikoj mjeri, velika većina izbjeglica se ne vraća u svoje zemlje, nego nastoji legalnim ili ilegalnim putem se domoći razvijenih zapadnoeuropskih zemalja. Zbog nedostatka radne snage u Njemačkoj, te uvjeta koje ona nudi, migrantima je ona jedan od temeljnih ciljeva. Ipak, u tome putu se javljaju mnogi problemi, posebno oni koji su vezani uz sigurnost ne samo lokalnog stanovništva nego i samih migranata. Sve se više javlja odbojnost lokalnog stanovništva među migrantima, posebno u sredinama u kojima postoje izbjeglički centri, odnosno gdje postoji veći broj migranata. Također, javljaju se i kriminalne radnje čiji su počinitelji upravo migranti što povećava osjećaj nesigurnosti lokalnog stanovništva. Hrvatska trenutno nema značajnijih problema u tom pogledu, ali se takvi problemi u skoroj budućnosti mogu pojaviti, posebno zbog činjenice kako se promijenila migrantska ruta koja sad vodi preko BiH. Jedan od smjerova migranata može biti i Sinj koji bi se tada našao u sigurnosnim i gospodarskim problemima. Cilj ovog rada je ukazati na sigurnosne probleme koji se mogu pojaviti značajnijim dolaskom migranata na području Sinja, te koje bi implikacije oni mogli imati na život u širem području ovog grada. Provedenom analizom je vidljivo kako trenutno, bez obzira na određene ilegalne prijelaze se lokalno stanovništvo osjeća sigurno, ali je važno voditi analize stanja i komunicirati sa susjednim zemljama u pogledu situacije sa migrantima kako bi se moglo promptno reagirati na potencijalne probleme.Migrations are an integral part of human life. They depend on various factors such as different climatic conditions, war conflicts, religious and political persecution, economic considerations, etc. The single most important role in this is the creation of a better and safer life. Escaping conflict, persecution, etc., seeks to improve an individual's safety and quality of life. The recent migrant crisis shows how several million people are fleeing various conflicts and negative impacts. The entire crisis has been triggered by an Islamic radical organization known as ISIS which, through its brutal killings, rapes, persecutions, etc., drives non-refugees into refuge. Although the so-called. The Islamic State has been defeated and there is no longer a war of conflicts to the extent that the vast majority of refugees do not return to their countries but seek to reach developed Western European countries legally or illegally. Due to the lack of labour force in Germany and the conditions it offers, it is one of the fundamental goals for migrants. However, there are many problems along the way, especially those related to the security of not only the local population but also the migrants themselves. The local population's resentment among migrants is increasing, especially in areas where there are refugee centres, or where there are more migrants. There are also criminal acts committed by migrants, which increases the sense of insecurity of the local population. Croatia does not currently have any significant problems in this regard, but such problems may arise in the near future, especially due to the fact that the migrant route now running across BiH has changed. One of the migrant destinations may also be Sinj, which would then find itself in security and economic problems. The aim of this paper is to highlight the security problems that may occur with the significant arrival of migrants in the Sinj area, and what implications they may have for life in the wider area of this city. The analysis shows that currently, regardless of certain illegal transitions, the local population feels safe, but it is important to conduct situation analyses and communicate with neighbouring countries regarding the situation with migrants so that they can promptly respond to potential problems
The Utilization of Frontal Sinuses in Forensics
No full textSažetak
Individualizacija osoba i ljudskih ostataka jedan je od izazova s kojim se susreću forenzičari u
svome radu u slučajevima poput masovnih katastrofa, požara i masovnih grobnica. Frontalni se
sinusi pojavljuju kod većine ljudi te su kod svake osobe individualnog oblika i dimenzija. Koriste
se za individualizaciju osoba kada nisu prisutni crteži papilarnih linija te kada DNK analiza nije
moguća. U praksi se frontalni sinusi rabe za individualizaciju osoba od 20-ih godina 20. stoljeća.
Određivanje spola prvi je korak u stvaranju biološkog profila ljudskih ostataka. U dosadašnjim
istraživanjima spolnog dimorfizma frontalnih sinusa postotak pouzdanosti procjene spola iznosio
je od 60 % do 85 %. Razlike u rezultatima autori objašnjavaju korištenjem različitih radioloških
metoda kojima su napravljene snimke, veličinom uzorka te populacijskom specifičnošću.
Za potrebe individualizacije osoba razvijeni su brojni kodni sustavi za klasifikaciju oblika i dimenzija
frontalnih sinusa koji su u stvarnim slučajevima omogućili pozitivnu individualizaciju
posmrtnih ostataka. Kodni sustavi polaze od ideje da će kombinacija koda biti jedinstvena ili
dovoljno rijetka unutar promatrane populacije. Unatoč nedostacima, kodni sustavi klasifikacije
frontalnih sinusa predstavljaju dobru pomoćnu metodu prilikom individualizacije osoba.
Nijedno istraživanje proučavanjem populacijske specifičnosti te spolnoga dimorfizma frontalnih
sinusa nije napravljeno na području Republike Hrvatske.Individualization of persons and human remains is one of the most common challenges forensic experts encounter during their work with cases such as mass disasters, fires and mass graves. Frontal sinuses are an anatomical structure with unique shape and dimensions that appears in almost the whole human population. They are used for personal identification when the fingerprints are not present and when the DNA analysis is impossible or financially unsuitable and time-consuming. Frontal sinuses have been in use as a mean of individualization since 1920's.
Sex determination is a first step in a process of biological profiling of human remains. Studies of sexual dimorphism of frontal sinuses resultet with the percentage of reliability of sex estimation ranging from 60% to 85%. The authors explain the differences in the results by using different radiological methods for recording, sample size and population specificity.
For the purposes of individualization, a number of coding systems have been developed for the classification of the shape and dimensions of the frontal sinuses, which have provided a positive individualization of mortal remains in real cases. Coding systems are based on the idea that the code combination will be unique or rare enough within the observed population. Despite the disadvantages, coding systems for frontal sinus classification are a good auxiliary method when individualizing individuals.
No research on the population's specificity and the sexual dimorphism of the frontal sinuses was done on the territory of the Republic of Croatia
Model of Forensic Hydrography
No full textForensic science plays a vital role in the work of judicial bodies. The contents, knowledge, and specialized expertise permit the identification of facts essential to law enforcement and judicial disputes. Hydrography is an applied science that concerns the physical description, measurement, mapping, and predictions of marine and terrestrial water features (ocean, seas, rivers, lakes, and coastal areas). A variety of economic and other activities take place in water resources. In order to reduce incidents and losses, it is extremely important to operate with accurate hydrographic data. In addition to its standard analytical role, forensics may serve in the prevention of adverse events and /or conditions. This paper aims at contributing towards the development of the new multidisciplinary field of forensic hydrography. The specific objectives are to provide a framework for the establishment of a model of forensic hydrography. A model of forensic hydrography is developed based on eleven modules (elements) relevant to fields in the marine, terrestrial, and coastal water domains. Forensic hydrography should serve the analysis and prevention of unwanted and other events and
conditions to increase safety of navigation and security of water resources and in support of all other marine activities, including
economic development, defence, safety and security, scientific research, social cohesion, as well as environmental management and conservation
Comparasion of methods for DNA isolation
No full textProšlo je već stoljeće otkako je Friedrich Miescher prvi put izolirao DNA. Metode i protokoli za izolaciju DNA su uvelike napredovali od fenol-kloroform metode i danas se koriste u gotovo svim područjima genetike i molekularne biologije. DNA izolacija je napredovala s ciljem obrade što više uzoraka u što kraćem vremenu. Kao odgovor na potražnju svjetskih laboratorija za što naprednijom metodom danas postoji veliki broj kitova za izolaciju DNA na tržištu. DNA izolacija obično zahtjeva ciljane protokole za izolaciju ovisno o vrsti uzorka koju je potrebno obraditi. U ovom radu su opisane i uspoređene metode za izolaciju koje se najčešće koriste u forenzičnim laboratorijima. Metode za izolaciju su uspoređene na temelju uzoraka koje mogu procesuirati, čistoće DNA, vremenskog trajanja postupka, jednostavnog korištenja, mogućnosti simultanog obrađivanja uzoraka, vjerojatnosti kontaminacije i cijene. Metode koje koriste čvrste nosače su se pokazale najučinkovitijim od svih tehnika koje su dostupne na tržištu dok je automatizacijom smanjena mogućnost ljudske pogreške i kontaminacije uzorka. U budućnosti bi trebalo osmisliti sustav koji će sve vrste uzoraka jednako dobro obraditi i predstavljati zlatni standard za izolaciju DNA.A century has passed after Friedrich Miescher performed first DNA isolation. Since that first phenol-chloroform isolation methods and protocols for DNA isolation have greatly improved and are nowadays used in almost all fields of genetics and molecular biology. DNA isolation has progressed with the aim of processing as many samples as possible in the shortest possible time. As a response to the demand of world laboratories for the most advanced, today there is a large number of DNA isolation kits on the market. DNA isolation usually requires optimized protocols for DNA isolation depending on the type of sample that is going to be processed. In this thesis methods for isolation that are commonly used in forensic laboratories are described and compared. Isolation methods were compared based on samples that can be processed, DNA purity, duration, simplicity of usage, ability for simultaneous processing of samples, probability of contamination and price. Methods that use solid phase have proved to be the most effective of all techniques available on the market while automation has reduced the possibility of errors and contamination. In the future, a system should be designed that will be able to handle all types of samples equally efficient and would represent the golden standard for DNA isolation
Microbiom analysis and application in forensics and medicine
No full textIstraživanja mikrobioma sve više se koriste u forenzičnim istragama, ali i u medicini. Najčešće korištene metode za istraživanja mikrobioma su analiza 16S rRNA, te sekvenciranje cijelog genoma. Svoju primjenu u forenzičnim istragama, analiza mikrobioma bi mogla imati kod utvrđivanja identiteta osobe, utvrđivanja identiteta pomoću mikrobioma okoliša, utvrđivanja lokacije, kao i uzroka smrti te kod procjene post mortem intervala. U medicini se otvaraju nove mogućnosti u liječenju mnogih bolesti koristeći transplataciju korisnih mikrobioma kod oboljelih osoba te „preciznu medicinu“ što bi dovelo do razumijevanja osnovnog mehanizma u patologiji tih bolesti. Najviše istraženi mikrobiote su mikrobiote probavnog sustava, mikrobiote kože te usne šupljine. Analiza mikrobioma svakim danom se sve više razvija te bi u budućnosti trebala biti dio rješavanja forenzičnih slučajeva, ali i biti od velike koristi u otkrivanju i liječenju bolesti.Microbiome research is more often used in forensic investigations, but also in medicine. The most frequent used methods for microbiome research are 16S rRNA analysis and whole genome sequencing. Microbiome research can be used in the forensic investigations when it comes to identifying individual, identifying identity using environmental microbiome, detecting location, as well as the cause of the death and in post mortem interval estimation. New possibilities in treating many diseases by using transplantation of useful microbiomes in the patients with illness or by using „precise medicine“ are being developed in the medicine, which can lead to the understanding of the basic mechanism in the pathology of those diseases. The most studied microbiota are gastrointestinal microbiota, skin microbiota and oral microbiota. Microbiome research is being constantly developed and it should be used in solving future forensic cases, but it can also be useful in discovering and treating illnesses
Determination of amino acid and fatty acid composition in various types od meat
No full textMeso je iznimno važna hrana u ljudskoj prehrani stoga je vrlo važna kvaliteta mesa. Analiza sastava masnih kiselina i udjela pojedinih aminokiselina u mesu daje uvid u njegovu kvalitetu i nutritivne vrijednosti. Nakon kiselinske hidrolize uzoraka mesa, omjeri aminokiselina određeni su tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke učinkovitosti. Iako u određenoj životinjskoj vrsti dominiraju iste aminokiseline, one se malo razlikuju u različitim pozicijama određene vrste mesa. Ukupne masti u mesu određene su Soxhletovom ekstrakcijom. Omjeri pojedinih masnih kiselina određeni su GC / FID kromatografijom nakon hidrolize KOH / MeOH. Rezultati ukazuju na značajnu prisutnost zasićenih masnih kiselina u mesu i manji udio nezasićenih masnih kiselina. Utvrđeno je da pojedine masne kiseline i pojedine aminokiseline mogu služiti u svrhu detektirajućeg markera, koji nas upućuje na pojedinu vrstu mesa. Usporedbom profila i udjela pojedinih aminokiselina i masnih kiselina moguće je otkriti prijevaru vezanu uz nepravilno deklariranje ili dodavanje vode u meso.Meat is an extremely important food in the human diet, so the quality of the meat is very important. Analysis of the fatty acid composition and the content of individual amino acids in the meat gives insight into its quality and nutritional values. After acid hydrolysis of meat samples, amino acids ratios were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Although same amino acids dominate in a particular animal species, they are also a little bit different in various parts of the meat. The total fat in meat was determined by Soxhlet extraction. The ratio of individual fatty acids was determined by GC/FID chromatography after KOH/MeOH hydrolysis. Results indicate the significant presence of saturated fatty acids in meat, and the lower proportion of the unsaturated fatty acids. It has been established that certain fatty acids and certain amino acids can serve as a detectable marker, which points us to a particular type of meat. By comparing the profile and content of individual amino acids and fatty acids, it is possible to detect fraud related to incorrect declaration or addition of water to meat
Maritime accident investigations in Republic Croatia for the period 2013 - 2018
No full textSve pomorske države svakodnevno rade na poboljšanju sigurnosti na moru, kroz donošenje novih pravila zasnovanih na napretku tehnologije i stečenom iskustvu. Jedan od važnih čimbenika u tom radu je prikupljanje i obrada podataka na mjestu pomorske nesreće ili nezgode, te kvalitetna koordinacija između institucija koje se bave istragama pomorskih nesreća i nezgoda i onih koje svojim radom tim istragama pridonose. Važno je da se u istragu uključe sve institucije i društva koja mogu biti od pomoći prilikom istraživanja uzroka nastanka pomorskih nesreća i nezgoda. Upravo stoga je važno da se prilikom prikupljanja i obrade tih informacija ne događaju propusti. U ovom radu obrađuju se postojeći načini istraživanja s naglaskom na eventualne propuste u sustavu obrade i istrage pomorskih nesreća i nezgoda u Republici Hrvatskoj od 2013. - 2018.All maritime countries are working daily to improving sea safety through the adoption of new rules based on acquired experience and technology advancement. One of the important factors in this meather is the collection and processing of data at the scene of a maritime accident and the coordination between institutions involved in investigations of maritime accidents, and those who can help with his work. It is important that all institutions are included in the investigation, with the common purpouse to solving the causes of marine accidents. That is why it is important that the collection and transmission of this information does not fail. This work is facing with existing ways of maritime accidents investigations, with highlighting possible failures in the investigation system of maritime accidents processing in the Republic of Croatia 2013 - 2018