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The role of international intelligence services in the national security of states
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu naslova: „Uloga međunarodnih obavještajnih službi u nacionalnoj sigurnosti država“ je definiran utjecaj međunarodnih obavještajnih službi na nacionalnu sigurnost pojedine države. Sigurnost predstavlja preduvjet za opstanak čovjeka, društva i države. Sve veća potreba za sigurnošću je rezultirala nastankom sigurnosno-obavještajnih službi. Obavještajne službe su organizacije koje se bave prikupljanjem i analiziranjem informacija o potencijalnim prijetnjama koje predstavljaju ugrozu nacionalnoj sigurnosti. One imaju ključnu ulogu u zaštiti nacionalne sigurnosti. Nacionalna sigurnost predstavlja stanje zaštićenosti temeljnih vrijednosti društva. U radu su definirane obavještajne službe u Hrvatskoj i najznačajnije međunarodne obavještajne službe. Sam cilj rada je usmjeren na temu diplomskog rada te se on odnosi na stjecanje uvida u odnose međunarodnih obavještajnih službi i nacionalne sigurnosti pojedine države. Navedenim primjerima je pružen uvid u pozitivne i negativne utjecaje međunarodnih obavještajnih službi. Rad obavještajnih službi je obavijen velom tajni stoga je količina podataka o njima ograničena. Proučavajući navedene primjere može se tvrditi da je napretkom svijeta potreba za sigurnošću sve veća ali je potrebno uspotaviti ravnotežu slobode i sigurnosti.In this graduation thesis entitled: "The role of international intelligence services in the national security of states" the influence of international intelligence services on the national security of a particular state is defined. Security is a prerequisite for the survival of man, society and the state. The increasing need for security resulted in the emergence of security and intelligence services. Intelligence services are organizations that collect and analyze information about potential threats that pose a danger to national security. They play a key role in protecting national security. National security can be defined as a state of protection of the fundamental values of society. The thesis defines the intelligence services in Croatia and the most important international intelligence services. The very goal of the thesis is focused on the subject of the graduation thesis, and it refers to gaining insight into the relations between international intelligence services and the national security of a particular state. The above examples provide an insight into the positive and negative impacts of international intelligence services. The work of the intelligence services is shrouded in secrecy, so the amount of information about them is limited. Studying the above examples, it can be argued that with the progress of the world, the need for security is increasing, but it is necessary to establish a balance between freedom and security
Visibility testing of saggital suture on dry bones and MSCT scans
No full textCILJ: Testiranje vidljivosti sagitalnog šava promatrajući ga odvojeno na sva četiri segmenta na suhim kostima lubanje i njihovim MSCT snimkama. Potom, komparativnom analizom usporediti i utvrditi ponovljivost rezultata.
METODE: Odabir, priprema i fotografiranje materijala koje prethode vizualnoj analizi i testiranju vidljivosti sagitalnog šava na suhoj kosti kao i na odgovarajućim MSCT snimkama. Vizualnim pregledom ocjenjivan je stupanj srastanja četiri segmenta sagitalnog šava kategorijama od 0 do 4, 0 je označavala najveći stupanj otvorenosti i vidljivosti šava dok je 4 označavala potpuno srastao i nevidljiv šav. Bodovanje je provedeno u dva kruga u razmaku od nekoliko dana.
REZULTATI: Izračunate Kappa vrijednosti koje se temelje na dobivenim mjerama četiriju segmenata sagitalnog šava kod odabranih 30 lubanja i njihovih MSCT snimaka u dva kruga mjerenja, većina (56%) pokazuje rezultate u intervalu od 0.21 do 0.40, što je prema Cohenovoj Kappi samo kao osrednje podudaranje. Jedino 3. segment (pars obelica) pokazuje pozitivno odstupanje rezultata i to samo pri usporedbi mjerenja vidljivosti na suhoj kosti u prvom krugu sa MSCT snimkom u drugom krugu. Tu je ostvaren znatno bolji rezultat od 0.65961 koji je prema Cohenovoj Kappi kao značajno podudaranje. U ostalim trima kombinacijama usporedbe mjerenja vidljivosti na suhoj kosti i MSCT snimkama, 3. segment (pars obelica) također daje mnogo lošije rezultate kao i ostali segmenti sagitalnog šava.
ZAKLJUČAK: Dobiveni rezultati vidljivosti sagitalnog šava promatrani odvojeno na sva četiri segmenta na suhoj lubanji i njenoj MSCT snimci podudarali su se osrednje (0.21 – 0.4), što nije dovoljan stupanj podudarnosti za usporedbu dvaju modaliteta.OBJECTIVE: Testing the visibility of the sagittal suture by observing it separately on all four segments of dry skull bones and their corresponding MSCT images. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted to determine the reproducibility of the results.
METHODS: Selection, preparation, and photography of materials preceding the visual analysis and visibility testing of the sagittal suture on dry bones and their corresponding MSCT images. The degree of fusion of the tested sagittal suture is determined using categories ranging from 0 to 4, 0 indicated the highest degree of openness and visibility of the seam, while 4 indicated a completely fused and invisible seam. Scoring was conducted in two rounds, a few days apart.
RESULTS: Calculated Kappa values based on the obtained measurements of the four segments of the sagittal suture in 30 selected skulls and their MSCT images, in two rounds of measurements, are most (56%) ranging from 0.21 to 0.40, which Cohen interprets as only fair agreement. Only the 3rd segment (pars obelica) shows a positive deviation in the results, specifically when comparing the visibility measurements on dry bone in the first round with the MSCT image in the second round. A significantly better result of 0.65961 is achieved, which Cohen interprets as substantial agreement. In the other three combinations of comparing visibility measurements on dry bone and MSCT images, the 3rd segment (pars obelica) also yields much poorer results, as do the other segments of the sagittal suture.
CONCLUSION: The results of observing the visibility of the sagittal suture separately on all four segments on a dry skull and its MSCT image cannot be compared, considering the two rounds of observation
Threats in cyberspace
No full textU digitalnom dobu sveprisutne tehnologije, kibernetičke prijetnje su sve raširenije i naprednije, stvarajući ozbiljan rizik za pojedince, organizacije i čak države. Ovaj rad temeljito analizira različite oblike kibernetičkih prijetnji, uključujući zlonamjerne softvere, prevare putem elektroničke pošte, ucjenjivačke napade (ransomware), preopterećenja usluga (DDoS) i brojne druge. Paralelno s razvojem ovih prijetnji, evoluiraju i metode zaštite. Rad istražuje važnost vatrozida, antivirusnih programa, šifriranja podataka te usvajanja sigurnosne svijesti kao ključnih zaštita. S brzim tehnološkim napretkom i sveprisutnom digitalizacijom društva, izazovi za očuvanje kibernetičke sigurnosti postaju sve kompleksniji. Posebno se analiziraju utjecaji tehnoloških trendova na kibernetičku sigurnost te strategije za upravljanje budućim rizicima. Kroz kombinaciju teorijskih spoznaja i praktičnih primjera, rad koristi stvarne slučajeve kibernetičkih napada kako bi ilustrirao konkretnu prirodu ovih prijetnji, pružajući čitatelju dublje razumijevanje ove iznimno važne teme.In the digital age of ubiquitous technologies, cyber threats are becoming increasingly widespread and sophisticated, posing a serious risk to individuals, organizations, and even nations. This paper thoroughly analyzes various forms of cyber threats, including malicious software, email scams, ransomware attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, and many others. Concurrently with the development of these threats, methods of protection are also evolving. The paper explores the importance of firewalls, antivirus programs, data encryption, and the adoption of security awareness as key safeguards. With rapid technological advancements and the pervasive digitization of society, challenges in preserving cyber security are becoming increasingly complex. The impacts of technological trends on cyber security are particularly analyzed, as well as strategies for managing future risks. By combining theoretical knowledge and practical examples, the paper utilizes real-life cases of cyber attacks to illustrate the concrete nature of these threats, providing the reader with a deeper understanding of this highly important topic
Frequency and distribution of fingerprint minutiae in Croatian population sample
No full textCilj: Analizirati učestalost i razdiobu posebnih anatomskih obilježja (minucija) crteža papilarnih linija prsta u hrvatskoj populaciji.
Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 30 muškaraca i 30 žena, pripadnika hrvatske populacije kojima su uzeti otisci svih prstiju lijeve i desne ruke. Svakom uzetom otisku određen je opći oblik i brojnost sedam individualnih anatomskih karakteristika (krajevi, rašlje, crtice, točkice, kukice, otočići i mostovi). Brojenje i bilježenje svih minucija provedeno je pojedinačno i manualno unutar i izvan kružnice koju čini 15 grebena od središta otiska. Izračunata je učestalost općih i posebnih oblika u uzorku te je analizom korespondencije i/ili grafički ispitana povezanost broja minucija na otisku s općim oblicima, pojedinačnim prstima i spolom ispitanika.
Rezultati: U istraživanju je analizirano 600 otisaka pri čemu su označene 48 842 minucije. Ulnarna zamka bila je najzastupljeniji opći oblik (60,8 %,) a najmanje su bile zastupljene radijalne zamke (3,2 %). U ukupnom uzorku najveću učestalost od svih ostalih minucija zajedno imali su krajevi (69,34 %), dok su otočići i mostovi bili najrjeđe minucije (< 1 %). Sve minucije, osim krajeva, više su se pojavljivale unutar kruga. Istraživanje je pokazalo povezanost broja i raspodjele određenih minucija u odnosu na opći oblik prsta i pripadnost otiska pojedinom prstu (P < 0,001) te su utvrđene spolne specifičnosti u udjelu određenih minucija. U uzorku hrvatske populacije zapažen je veći udio krajeva i točkica te manji udio rašlji u odnosu na populacije obuhvaćene prethodim istraživanjima.
Zaključak: Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na to da bi otočići i mostovi, a zatim kukice i crtice mogle imati najveću identifikacijsku vrijednost u hrvatskoj populaciji te da bi hrvatska populacija mogla biti specifična po učestalosti određenih minucija. Međutim, kako bi se podatci o učestalosti minucija mogli rabiti u forenzičkome kontekstu, potrebno je provesti dodatna istraživanja koja bi veličinom i strukturom uzorka mogla biti reprezentativna za hrvatsku populaciju.Aim: To analyze the frequency and distribution of fingerprint minutiae in the Croatian population sample.
Methods: The sample included fingerprints of both hands of 30 men and 30 women from the Croatian population. On each finger, we determined its general pattern and number of seven different minutiae types (ridge endings, bifurcations, fragments, dots, hooks, islands and bridges). Minutiae were manually counted and documented separately inside and outside the area of the circle formed by 15 ridges from the center of the fingerprint. We calculated the frequency of general fingerprint patterns and minutiae types and examined the relationship of minutiae counts with fingerprint patterns, particular fingers, and sex using correspondence analysis and/or data visualization.
Results: We analyzed 600 fingerprints and recorded 48,842 minutiae. The most common fingerprint pattern was the ulnar loop (60.8%), while the least common pattern was the radial loop (3.2%). In an overall sample, the proportion of ridge endings was greater than all other minutiae together (69.34%), while the islands and bridges were the least prevalent traits (<1%). All the minutiae were more frequent within the circle except for ridge endings. The study showed an association between the number and distribution of specific minutiae to general fingerprint patterns and particular fingers (P < 0.001) and identified sex-specificities in minutiae proportions. The Croatian population sample had a greater proportion of ridge endings and dots than those analyzed in previous studies.
Conclusion: The study findings suggest that islands and bridges, followed by hooks and dots, could have a greater identification value in the Croatian population and that the Croatian population could be specific in terms of the frequency of certain minutiae. However, to employ data and study findings in a forensic framework, conducting additional studies that could realistically represent the Croatian population according to the sample size and structure is essential
Comparative analysis of bankruptcy prediction models
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bila je komparacija metoda za predviđanje stečaja i utvrđivanje njihove
točnosti na uzorku hrvatskih trgovačkih društava. Korištene metode su: Altmanov Z-score,
Zmijewski model i Grover model.
Uzorak se sastoji od dvadeset i četiri trgovačka društva u stečaju. Svi podaci su preuzeti s mrežnih
stranica Zagrebačke burze, te obuhvaćaju financijske izvještaje za prvu, drugu i treću godinu prije
otvaranja stečajnog postupka.
Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju da postoji statistički značajna razlika vrijednosti modela za
predviđanje stečaja u prvoj godini prije otvaranja stečajnog postupka u odnosu na drugu godinu
prije otvaranja stečajnog postupka, kao i statistički značajna razlika vrijednosti modela za
predviđanje stečaja u drugoj godini prije otvaranja stečajnog postupka u odnosu na treću godinu
prije otvaranja stečajnog postupka.The aim of this research was to compare methods for predicting bankruptcy and determining their
accuracy on the sample of Croatian companies. The methods used are: Altman's Z-score,
Zmijewski model and Grover model.
The sample consists of twenty-four bankrupt companies. All data were collected from the Zagreb
Stock Exchange website, and include financial statements for the first, second and third year before
the opening of bankruptcy proceedings.
The obtained results confirm that there is a statistically significant difference in the value of the
model for predicting bankruptcy in the first year before the opening of bankruptcy proceedings
compared to the second year before the opening of bankruptcy proceedings, as well as a
statistically significant difference in the value of the model for predicting bankruptcy in the second
year before the opening of bankruptcy proceedings compared to the third year before the opening
of bankruptcy proceedings
Differences in business fraud between state-owned and private companies : case of Croatia
No full textAbstract Fraud presents a serious problem and arising issue for all of society at national and global levels. According to global fraud research conducted by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, it is estimated that the average company loses about 5% of its annual revenue due to different types of business fraud. Total estimated annual fraud losses according to global ACFE research reaches about 4.7 trillion dollars. Business frauds also present an important issue for the Croatian economy, business community and society as a whole. Thereby, considerable attention should be given to this issue with the aim of raising awareness throughout society on fraud and its negative and destructive impact on all of society. The main purpose of this paper is to examine differences in fraud characteristics between state-owned and private companies in the Republic of Croatia. Research was based on data on business frauds obtained by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Croatia which included 124 respondents. Data were related to frauds that occurred in Croatian companies in 2021 and 2020. In this paper we focused on fraud characteristics such as fraud loss, type of fraud, fraud duration and methods of fraud detection in order to determine whether fraud in privately owned companies differs significantly from fraud in state-owned companies. Research results revealed how differences in fraud characteristics among privately and state-owned companies exist. Based on a sample of Croatian companies that were victims of fraud, it is noted how fraud in state-owned companies lasts longer and creates greater loses in comparison to fraud in private owned companies. Moreover, data related to estimated fraud loss and fraud duration were statistically significant in terms of differentiating these two groups of companies. Based on data on discriminatory variables a logistic regression model correctly classified 78.46% of companies in the group of companies that are privately or state-owned
Forensic significance of preliminary drug tests
No full textCilj ovog rada je utvrditi podudaraju li se rezultati preliminarnog vještačenja s rezultatima Vještačenja u Centru, odnosno utvrditi točnost i pouzdanost preliminarnih testova za drogu. Za potrebe rada prikupljeno je 160 uzoraka te analizom preliminarnih testova za marihuanu, speed i heroin te usporedbom s rezultatima potvrdnih testova utvrđeno kako su preliminarni testovi za drogu točni i pouzdani. Samo je u jednom slučaju postojala razlika između preliminarnoga testa (koji je bio pozitivan) i potvrdnoga (koji je također bio pozitivan), ali je koncentracija aktivne tvari bila niža od zakonski dozvoljene.The aim of this paper is to determine whether the results of the preliminary expertise coincide with the results of the Expertise at the Center, and to determine the accuracy and reliability of preliminary drug tests. For the purposes of the study, 160 samples were collected and the analysis of preliminary tests for marijuana, speed and heroin, and a comparison with the results of confirmatory tests, determined that the preliminary tests for drugs were accurate and reliable. Only in one case was there a difference between the preliminary test (which was positive) and the affirmative (which was also positive), but the concentration of the active substance was lower than legally allowed
Data protection and security in the virtual world
No full textZaštita podataka i sigurnost u virtualnom svijetu su ključni aspekti modernog digitalnog okruženja. Uz rastuću upotrebu interneta i tehnologije, važno je shvatiti njihovu važnost radi zaštite osobnih informacija, poslovnih podataka i osiguranja integriteta sustava. Cyber prijetnje poput malware-a, phishinga, DDoS napada i insajderskih prijetnji konstantno su prisutne, što zahtijeva implementaciju raznolikih sigurnosnih metoda.
Osnovni principi zaštite podataka uključuju enkripciju, autentifikaciju, autorizaciju i kontrolu pristupa. Enkripcija omogućava siguran prijenos i pohranu podataka, dok autentifikacija i autorizacija osiguravaju da samo ovlaštene osobe imaju pristup informacijama. Kontrola pristupa dodatno održava sigurnost sustava regulirajući tko može pristupiti određenim resursima.
Zakonodavstvo poput Opće uredbe o zaštiti podataka (GDPR) igra ključnu ulogu u zaštiti privatnosti korisnika, namećući organizacijama obvezu zaštite i odgovorno upravljanje osobnim podacima. Uz to, edukacija korisnika o sigurnosnim praksama na internetu postaje sve važnija kako bi se smanjio rizik od ljudskih pogrešaka i ranjivosti.
Budući trendovi u zaštiti podataka uključuju integraciju umjetne inteligencije i blockchain tehnologije, koje mogu pojačati sigurnost i osigurati transparentnost. Uza sve ove napore, održavanje visokih standarda sigurnosti u virtualnom svijetu je imperativ kako bi se sačuvao integritet podataka, zaštitila privatnost korisnika i osiguralo nesmetano funkcioniranje digitalnog društva.Data protection and security in the virtual world are key aspects of the modern digital environment. With the growing use of the Internet and technology, it is important to understand their importance to protect personal information, business data and ensure system integrity. Cyber threats such as malware, phishing, DDoS attacks and insider threats are constantly present, which requires the implementation of diverse security methods.
The basic principles of data protection include encryption, authentication, authorization and access control. Encryption enables secure data transfer and storage, while authentication and authorization ensure that only authorized persons have access to information. Access control further maintains system security by regulating who can access certain resources.
Legislation such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) plays a key role in protecting user privacy, imposing an obligation on organizations to protect and responsibly manage personal data. Additionally, educating users about online security practices is becoming increasingly important to reduce the risk of human error and vulnerability.
Future trends in data protection include the integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology, which can enhance security and ensure transparency. With all these efforts, maintaining high security standards in the virtual world is imperative in order to preserve the integrity of data, protect user privacy and ensure the smooth functioning of the digital society
Intelectual property in the digital age with special reference to computer programs
No full textAutorska prava, kao i industrijska i srodna prava koja spadaju u intelektualno vlasništvo, a ona su zapravo umni produkt i umna tvorevina jedne osobe te su kao takvo njegovo vlasništvo. Iako su neopipljiva, tj. nematerijalna imovina, za razliku od nekada, danas su autorska prava regulirana i zaštićena pravnim okvirima. Republika Hrvatska je kroz povijest pratila razvoj intelektualnog vlasništva pa danas ima dobro razvijen pravni okvir zaštite istoga, a ulaskom u Europsku uniju, naš pravni okvir dodatno je usklađen sa zakonodavnim okvirom Europske unije.
Razvojem računala, informacijskih tehnologija, a pogotovo interneta zaštita autorskih prava, tj. intelektualnog vlasništva postaje sve teža. To je pogotovo vidljivo u trenutnom vremenu jer su skoro sve informacije dostupne u nekoliko sekundi i u par klikova na računalu ili pametnom telefonu. Problem stvara i sporost izmjene zakona, koji često ne prate tehnološki razvoj u realnom vremenu. Drugi problem stvara ne provođenje tih zakona u praksi, kroz neobrazovanost djelatnika koji bi ga trebali provoditi kao i do nedovoljne tehničke opremljenosti. Hakeri i pirati su puno obrazovaniji i potkovaniji po pitanju zaobilaženja zaštita autorskih prava i uglavnom imaju i bolju tehničku opremu za probijanje te zaštite. Autorska prava nikada neće biti u potpunosti zaštićena, ali bi se u budućnosti trebalo na razini Europske unije i državnim razinama ozbiljnije pozabaviti rješavanjem ovog problema koji će u skoroj budućnosti uzimati sve više i više maha.Copyrights, as well as industrial and related rights, belong to intellectual property, and they are actually the mental product and mental creation of one person and as such are his property. Although they are intangible, i.e. intangible assets, unlike in the past, today copyrights are regulated and protected by legal frameworks. Throughout history, the Republic of Croatia has followed the development of intellectual property, so today it has a well-developed legal framework for the protection of the same, and by joining the European Union, our legal framework is additionally harmonized with the legislative framework of the European Union.
With the development of computers, information technologies, and especially the Internet, the protection of copyrights, i.e. intellectual property, is becoming more and more difficult. This is especially visible in the current time, because almost all information is available in a few seconds and in a few clicks on a computer or smartphone. The slowness of changing laws, which often do not follow technological development in real time, also creates a problem. Another problem is the non-implementation of these laws in practice, due to the lack of education of the employees who should implement them, as well as insufficient technical equipment. Hackers and pirates are much more educated and skilled in circumventing copyright protection and generally have better technical equipment to break through that protection. Copyright will never be fully protected, but in the future, the European Union and state levels should take a more serious approach to solving this problem, which will gain more and more momentum in the near future
Methods of lying detection
No full textLaganje je često u svakodnevnom životu, a posebice u forenzičkim postupcima u kojima je
izbjegavanje odgovornosti, a posljedično tome i kazne za kažnjiva ponašanja, među glavnim
razlozima zašto osobe lažu. Istraživanja iz područja detekcije laganja su područje interesa
znanstvenika različitih disciplina tisućljećima. Detekcija laganja odnosi se primarno na
procjene usmenih izjava (iskaza) počinitelja i svjedoka, i to s ciljem otkrivanja mogućih
namjernih prijevara te uključuje procjenu različitih verbalnih, neverbalnih i fizioloških
pokazatelja laganja. U radu su obuhvaćene spoznaje o lažima i emocionalnim procesima pri
laganju, kao i mogućnostima otkrivanja laži tijekom kaznenog postupka i pri ispitivanju
žrtava, svjedoka te osumnjičenih osoba. Također, prikazan je povijesni pregled razvoja
detekcije laži, kao i pregled različitih metoda i tehnika koje se upotrebljavaju u današnjoj
praksi – od psihofiziološki metoda, preko neverbalnih i verbalnih metoda detekcije laži do
psihometrijskih testova razvijenih za procjenu laganja i simuliranja. Potrebna su daljnja
istraživanja iz ovog područja te daljnji razvoj mjernih instrumenata za detekciju laži. Također,
istraživanja pokazuju potrebu kontinuirane edukacije stručnjaka, posebice onih uključenih u
forenzičke postupke, o različitim tehnikama, instrumentima i metodama za detekciju laži, kao
i o njihovoj implementaciji u svakodnevnoj praksi.Lying is very common in everyday life amongst the people, and even more so during the
forensic procedures in which humans are trying to avoid responsibility. The outcome of the
behaviour can be sanction by the law which is the main trigger for lying. The studies in the
field of lying detection is the field of interest for many scientists for many centuries. Lying
detection is directed primary on verbal aspect of the offender and the witness to discover
possible attentional fraud and includes evaluation of different verbal, non-verbal and physical
indicators of lying. The paper covers insights about lies and emotional processes during lying,
as well as the possibilities of detecting lies during criminal proceedings and victim
interrogations, witnesses and other suspects. Also, the historical development has been
displayed and the information about various methods and techniques used in today's detection
practice – verbal and non-verbal methods, and psychological instruments designed to estimate
and evaluate the lie. Further development in this field is necessary as well as the development
of measuring instrument that can detect lie. Researches in this field indicates a need for
constant development of experts in this profession, especially the ones involved in criminal
forensic procedures. Also, there is a need for continuous education about various techniques,
instruments and methods for detecting lies, as well as their implementation in everyday
practice