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Application of mitochondrial DNA analysis in forensic science and its significance for casework
No full textCilj rada: Prikazati važnost i primjenu mtDNA u forenzičnim znanostima, posebno kod
identifikacije ljudi kroz prikaz tri različita slučaja, te prednosti i moguća ograničenja njene
primjene.
Metode: Primjenom deskriptivne metode opisana su tri različita slučaja primjene mtDNA u
forenzičnim znanostima kod identifikacije ljudi. Prikazani su slučajevi izolacije mtDNA iz
skeletnih ostataka različite starosti, kao i izolacija mtDNA iz zuba. Metodom usporedbe i analize
dostupnih podataka navedene su prednosti i moguća ograničenja primjene mtDNA.
Rezultati: Tipizacija mtDNA postala je rutina u forenzičnoj biologiji i koristi se za analizu starih
kostiju, zubi, dlaka i drugoh bioloških uzoraka u kojima je sadržaj nuklearne DNA nizak.
Usporedbom sekvenci mtDNA s poznatim srodnicima po majci, moguće je identificirati
povezanost članova jedne te iste obitelji.
Zaključak: mtDNA je snažan i koristan forenzični alat kod identifikacije ljudskih ostataka, a
posebno kod utvrđivanja srodstva. Posebno ograničenje kod primjene mtDNA kod identifikacije
ljudi može predstavljati pojava heteroplazme.Aims: To show the importance and application of mtDNA in forensic sciences, especially in the
identification of people through the presentation of three different cases, as well as the advantages
and possible limitations of its application.
Methods: Using the descriptive method, three different cases of mtDNA application in forensic
science for human identification were described. Cases of isolation of mtDNA from skeletal
remains of different ages are presented, as well as isolation of mtDNA from teeth. Using the
method of comparison and analysis of available data, the advantages and possible limitations of
mtDNA application are listed.
Results: mtDNA typing has become routine in forensic biology and is used to analyze old bones,
teeth, hair and other biological samples in which the nuclear DNA content is low. By comparing
mtDNA sequences with known maternal relatives, it is possible to identify the relatedness of
members of the same family.
Conclusion: mtDNA is a powerful and useful forensic tool for identifying human remains, and
especially for determining kinship. A special limitation in the application of mtDNA in the
identification of people can be the occurrence of heteroplasmy
Hybrid wars as a global threat
No full textCilj ovog rada je analizirati hibridne ratove kao globalnu prijetnju suvremenom sustavu nacionalne sigurnosti. Nacionalna sigurnost odnosi se na sigurnost i obranu suverene države, odnosno građana, gospodarstva, institucija i slično. Održavanje nacionalne sigurnosti smatra se dužnošću vlade svake države. Ona je izvorno zamišljena kao zaštita od vojnog napada, ali u širem smislu obuhvaća i sigurnost od terorizma, minimiziranje kriminala, ekonomsku sigurnost, energetsku sigurnost, sigurnost okoliša i hrane, kibernetičku sigurnost, javnu sigurnost, te, naposljetku, vojnu i ljudsku sigurnost. Suprotno tome, rizici za nacionalnu sigurnost uključuju djelovanje drugih nacionalnih država, nasilnih nedržavnih aktera, organiziranog kriminala, učinke prirodnih katastrofa te hibridne ratove koji su predmet istraživanja ovog rada. Pojam hibridnog značajno se razlikuje, a služi za opisivanje širokog raspona različitih fenomena koji zahtijevaju različite protumjere. Hibridno ratovanje odnosi se na strategiju koja spaja konvencionalno ratovanje, takozvano neregularno ratovanje i kibernetičke napade s drugim metodama, poput lažnih vijesti, cyber napada i vanjskih političkih intervencija. Kako hibridno ratovanje postaje sve uobičajenije, javlja se neposredna potreba za istraživanjem koje bi skrenulo pozornost na načine na koje se ovi izazovi mogu riješiti i metode razvoja sveobuhvatnog pristupa hibridnim prijetnjama i hibridnom ratovanju, pri čemu bi se očuvala nacionalna sigurnost suverenih država.The aim of this paper is to analyze hybrid wars as a global threat to the modern national security system. National security refers to the security and defense of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, institutions, and more. Maintaining national security is considered the responsibility of every government. Originally conceived as protection against military attacks, it now encompasses a broader sense of security, including counterterrorism, crime reduction, economic security, energy security, environmental and food security, cyber security, public safety, and ultimately military and human security. In contrast, risks to national security involve the actions of other nation-states, violent non-state actors, organized crime, the effects of natural disasters, and hybrid wars, which are the subject of this research. The concept of hybrid warfare is highly diverse, serving to describe a wide range of different phenomena that require various countermeasures. Hybrid warfare refers to a strategy that combines conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyberattacks with other methods such as fake news, cyberattacks, and external political interventions. As hybrid warfare becomes increasingly common, there is an immediate need for research that highlights ways to address these challenges and develop comprehensive approaches to hybrid threats and warfare while preserving the national security of sovereign states
The Legal Regulation of Short-Term Consumer Loans and Credits Granted through Digital Platforms
No full textOvaj članak obrađuje problematiku prekograničnog izdavanja kratkoročnih kredita s visokom kamatnom stopom (tzv. short-term high-cost loan) unutar Europske unije. Dok mnoge države, poput Republike Hrvatske ograničavaju najviše dopuštene kamatne stope, posebno u pogledu na potrošačko kreditiranje, sloboda kretanja usluga omogućava i stranim pružateljima financijskih usluga da djeluju na domaćem tržištu. Pritom nerijetko dolazi do toga da neki strani pružatelji financijskih usluga ne poštuju domaća ograničenja, primjerice u pogledu na najvišu kamatnu stopu. Ovaj članak predstavlja postojeći pravni okvir zaštite potrošača, ograničenja kamatnih stopa i jednakosti činidbi u Republici Hrvatskoj te planirane reforme europskoga prava potrošačkog kreditiranja. Analizom postojećih mehanizama protupravnoga kreditiranja potrošača u Hrvatskoj, autori upozoravaju na bitne nedorečenosti i očekivane probleme povezane s Prijedlogom Direktive o potrošačkim kreditima 2021/0171/COD na razini Europske unije.This article discusses the issue of cross-border issuance of short-term high-cost loans within the European Union. While many countries, such as Croatia, limit the maximum allowable interest rates, particularly for consumer lending, the freedom of movement of services allows foreign financial service providers to operate in the domestic market. This often results in some foreign financial service providers not respecting local limitations, such as the maximum interest rate. This article presents the existing legal framework for consumer protection, interest rate restrictions, and equality of transactions in Croatia, as well as the planned reforms of European consumer credit law. Through an analysis of the existing practices for unlawful consumer lending in Croatia, the authors warn of significant ambiguities and expected problems in the reform of the Consumer Credit Directive 2021/0171/COD at the European Union level
Forensic identification of a scriptor by analysis of a text written by a non-dominant hand
No full textCilj rada je bio istražiti može li se identificirati skriptor ako je pisao nedominantnom rukom. U istraživanje se išlo s hipotezom da rukopis napisan nedominantnom rukom ima sličnosti s rukopisom napisanim dominantnom rukom.
U istraživanju su sudjelovala 94 ispitanika. Svi uzorci rukopisa, 94 rukopisa ispisana dominantnom (desnom rukom) i 94 rukopisa ispisana nedominantnom rukom, analizirani su uz uporabu stereomikroskopa i videospektralnog komparatora te nakon toga i međusobno uspoređeni. Istraživanjem su se ispitivale opće i posebne značajke rukopisa ispisanog dominantnom i nedominantnom rukom te su te značajke kasnije i uspoređene s ciljem potvrđivanja gore dane hipoteze.
Kod svih utvrđenih općih značajki u rukopisima, sva podudaranja su bila iznad 50 %, osim u brzini pisanja (svega 33 %). Kod svih utvrđenih posebnih značajki u rukopisima, grafem „š“ ima najviše podudaranja (92,6 %); grafem „a“ i grafem „o“ najmanje (20,2 %, 22,3 %). Temeljem dobivenih rezultata dobivena su mišljenja: „sigurna pozitivna identifikacija“ (23 %), „siguran negativan zaključak“ (2 %), „vrlo vjerojatno – gotovo sigurno“ da se može identificirati (24 %), „vrlo vjerojatno“ da se može identificirati (19 %), „vjerojatno“ da se može identificirati skriptor (16 %), „dolazi u obzir“ identifikacija skriptora (15 %), „nema temelja za identifikaciju“ (0 %).The aim of this paper was to investigate whether it is possible to identify the writer if they write with their non-dominant hand. The hypothesis was that the handwriting of a non-dominant hand has similarities with the handwriting of a dominant hand.
94 respondents participated in this research. All handwriting samples, 94 written with the dominant (right) hand and 94 written with the non-dominant hand, were analysed with a stereomicroscope and a video spectral comparator, and then compared to one another. The research examined the general and individual features of handwriting written by dominant and non-dominant hand, and these features were later compared to confirm the above hypothesis
Regulation of Bribery in Croatian Legal System
No full textAccepting (Passive) and Offering (Active) Bribery, together with Accepting and Offering Bribes in Bankruptcy Proceedings, Accepting Bribes in Business Operations and Offering Bribes in Business Operations, and Trading in Influence, individually, represent corrupt criminal offenses in the Croatian Criminal Code (further: CCC). Although corruption and bribery are often used as synonyms in everyday communication, corruption conceptually encompasses a wider range of criminal acts. In all cultures and societies, the very exposure of the word bribe in public opinion represents a contradiction in the context of legality and morality. The word bribe in its meaning defines a monetary or another reward that is secretly given to the one who can use his official position in favor of the one who offers the reward. The destructiveness of the bribe is reflected in all branches that are necessary for the existence and successful functioning of the state, such as economy, politics, culture, sports, education, etc., which leads to consequences that primarily undermine citizens' trust in laws and government, encourage social and individual inequality, slow down economic development and prevent the establishment of the affirmation of the constitutional equality of all citizens in front of the law. There is an especially need for equality, fairness, objectivity, and most important principle of legality. The paper analyses criminal offenses against official duty that represent corruption in the narrow sense (hard core corruption)
DEBT STRUCTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE ENTERPRISES OPERATING IN THE VISEGRAD GROUP COUNTRIES
No full textResearch background: In recent years, debt financing has gained popularity as companies seek additional resources to fund their expansion and investment initiatives. Monitoring corporate indebtedness is related to corporate debt, which is a crucial aspect of assessing the overall financial health of the enterprise and will occur if an enterprise does not have enough equity. Rising indebtedness can be a difficult financial situation for enterprises in the form of default and an inability to meet their emerging liabilities.
Purpose of the article: Given that the composition of a firm's debt structure holds substantial importance when assessing the financial performance of businesses varying in size, the primary objective of this paper is to perform a comprehensive debt analysis on enterprises operating within the Visegrad Group countries. Subsequently, the authors will explore whether the enterprise's size exerts an influence on the utilization of short-term and long-term debt.
Methods: The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine if there were any significant variations in the monitored indebtedness ratios based on firm size.
Findings & Value added: Since there are differences in indebtedness indicators due to firm size, post hoc analysis results indicated that in Visegrad Group countries, the debt structure of small enterprises is significantly different not only from medium-sized but also from large and very large enterprises. Based on the results, the existence of differences between small and very large enterprises can be pointed out. Since some firm-specific features may be considered proxies for default probability, comprehending the effect of particular determinants on the corporate debt structure is crucial since it simplifies the decision-making process of creditors and stakeholders
Spolna raznolikost u upravljačkoj strukturi i upravljanje financijskim rezultatom tijekom razdoblja COVID-19 krize
No full textThis paper investigates the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the relationship
between gender diversity in management and supervisory boards and the level of
earnings management. The research sample comprised companies listed on the
Croatian national stock exchange, and the panel data was obtained for the 2015-
2020 period to estimate regression models. Findings indicated that the presence
and higher share of female directors on management boards were beneficial for
curtailing earnings management but only for the financial statements disclosed
during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, such effort was vital
due to the escalation of earnings management caused by extremely pessimistic
economic expectations. In the financial statements disclosed during the second
year of the pandemic, the level of earnings management considerably declined,
and female directors were not as effective in restraining these activities as in the
first year. It could imply greater prudence of female directors when anticipating
the intensity of public scrutiny regarding financial statements in a period of crisis.
Gender diversity in supervisory boards proved to be an insignificant determinant
of earnings management during the COVID-19 crisis.U ovom radu istražuje se učinak COVID-19 krize na povezanost spolne
raznolikosti u upravama i nadzornim odborima s razinom upravljanja financijskim
rezultatom. Uzorak istraživanja čine trgovačka društva uvrštena na hrvatsko
nacionalno tržište kapitala, a za potrebe procjene regresijskih modela prikupljeni
su panel podaci u razdoblju od 2015. do 2020. Rezultati su pokazali da su
prisutnost i veći udio ženskih članova u upravama bili korisni za smanjivanje
upravljanja financijskim rezultatom, ali samo za financijska izvješća objavljena
tijekom prve godine pandemije COVID-19. U to vrijeme takav napor bio je ključan
zbog eskalacije upravljanja financijskim rezultatom izazvane krajnje pesimističnim
gospodarskim očekivanjima. U financijskim izvješćima objavljenima tijekom druge
godine pandemije razina upravljanja financijskim rezultatom znatno je opala, a
članice uprava nisu bile tako učinkovite u obuzdavanju ovih aktivnosti kao u prvoj
godini. To bi moglo upućivati na veću opreznost ženskih članova uprave prilikom
predviđanja intenziteta javnog nadzora financijskih izvještaja u razdoblju krize.
Spolna raznolikost u nadzornim odborima nije se pokazala značajnom odrednicom
upravljanja financijskim rezultatom tijekom COVID-19 kriz
IMPACT OF CRISIS ON RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT OF PROVISIONS IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
No full textProvisions, as a separate item in the financial statements, have an effect on the balance sheet and the profit and loss account and are also published in the notes to the financial statements. The special and significant characteristic of provisions is that they are determined by the company's management, which means that they are subject to assessment. In this sense, there is a great risk and the possibility of manipulation with this position of financial statements in order to achieve the desired financial result. The aim of this work is to determine the practices of reporting provisions on a sample of Croatian companies with a special emphasis on determining and identifying practices in the recognition and measurement of provisions in financial statements in the period before the COVID pandemic and during the pandemic period. Research was conducted on a sample of 53 companies listed on Zagreb Stock Exchange in period 2016-2021. The main goal of the research is to determine whether companies increase or decrease provisions in periods of crisis as well as to analyze impact of provisions on financial result in period before crisis and in crisis period
Screening of the drugs of abuse in biological samples in University Hospital Center Split from 2015 to 2022
No full textCilj: Utvrditi prevalenciju i distribuciju sredstava ovisnosti u pacijenata čiji su biološki uzorci krvi i urina testirani u Zavodu za medicinsku laboratorijsku dijagnostiku Kliničkoga bolničkog centra Split u od 1. 1. 2015. do 31. 12. 2022. godine.
Metode: Rezultati probirnih testova na kokain, kanabinoide, opijate, benzodiazepine, amfetamine i metadon iz uzoraka urina te rezultati analize koncentracije alkohola u uzorku seruma/plazme retrospektivno su prikupljeni iz baze laboratorijskoga informatizacijskog sustava BioNet u Zavodu za medicinsko laboratorijsku dijagnostiku KBC-a Split. Podatci su uključivali rezultate testova svih punoljetnih pacijenata testiranih od 2015. do 2022. godine, vrijeme testiranje te spol i dob pacijenata. Analiziran je ukupni broj testova u odnosu na vrstu sredstava ovisnosti te u odnosu na svaku godinu. Izračunan je udio pojedinih sredstava ovisnosti u odnosu na ukupni broj pozitivnih testova te je za svako sredstvo ovisnosti izračunan udio pozitivnih testova ukupno i ovisno o spolu i dobi ispitanika, kao i deskriptivni statistički pokazatelji demografskih obilježja testiranih i pozitivnih osoba. Koncentracija alkohola razmatrana je u odnosu na kategorije djelovanja alkohola ovisno o unesenoj količini. Logističkom regresijom analiziran je utjecaj spola i dobi kao prediktora za pozitivni rezultat probirnih testova, dok je za koncentraciju alkohola primijenjena linearna regresija.
Rezultati: U razmatanome razdoblju provedene je 33 584 analiza, pri čemu se najviše analiza odnosilo na alkohol (n = 9503, 28 %), dok su ostala sredstva ovisnosti imala udio u prosjeku od oko 12 %. Od 2015. do 2022. godine ukupni broj analiza po godini porastao je s 3251 na 5612, odnosno za 73 %. Alkohol (n = 5 096; 58,5 %) i benzodiazepini (n = 1859; 21,3 %) imali su najveći udio u ukupnome broju pozitivnih testova, dok su kanabinoidi bili najčešće nedopušteno sredstvo ovisnosti (n = 771; 8,9 %). Amfetamini su činili udio od 3,8 %, a opijati, metadon i kokain imali su udio od po 2,5 %. Gledajući udio pozitivne testove unutar svake kategorije sredstva ovisnosti, najviše je bilo pozitivnih pacijenata na benzodiazepine (44,7 %) i kanabinoide (19,1 %), dok je manji udio pozitivnih zabilježen za amfetamine (8,4 %), kokain (5,6 %), metadon (5,6 %) i opijate (5,2 %). Ukupno je 53,6 % osoba bilo pozitivno na alkohol, pri čemu su pozitivne osobe bili u prosjeku u pijanome stanju s koncentracijom alkohola od 1,97 g/kg (SD = 1,15). Logistička regresija pokazala je da spol i dob imaju statistički značajan učinak na rezultate testiranja (P < 0,001). Za sva razmatrana sredstva ovisnosti izgledi za
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pozitivan rezultat testa bili su manji u žena (od oko 2,3 % za opijate do čak 71 % za metadon). Veći izgledi za pozitivan rezultat s porastom dobi zabilježeni su samo za benzodiazepine (oko2,5 %), dok su se za ostala sredstva ovisnosti izgledi za pozitivan rezultat testa smanjivali s porastom dobi (od oko 49,3 % za amfetamine do oko 96,7 % za metadon). Linearna regresija pokazala je da je koncentracija alkohola manja u žena (β = -4,415) te da opada s povećanjem dobi (β = -0,051).
Zaključci: Porast broja provedenih testova vjerojatno je posljedica prepoznavanja važnosti ovih analiza u kliničara. Najviše pozitivnih rezultata zabilježeno je za najdostupnija i legalna sredstva – alkohol i benzodiazepine, no razmjerno velik udio pozitivnih na benzodiazepine upućuje na potrebu strožega praćenja propisivanja i konzumiranja takvih lijekova. Među nedopuštenim sredstvima ovisnosti prevladavaju kanabinoidi, vjerojatno zbog najšire dostupnosti, kao i percepcije o manjoj štetnosti navedenih sredstava. Manji udio stimulansa vjerojatno je posljedica činjenice da se češće rabe kao rekreativne droge te u kontekstu društvenih događanja. Udio pozitivnih testova, kao i dobna razdioba rezultata, upućuju na to da je potrebno kontinuirano praćenje upotrebe sredstava ovisnosti prikupljanjem i analizom podataka dobivenih koristeći se različitim metodologijama te objavljivanje sveobuhvatnih izvješća o konzumaciji među različitim dobnim skupinama. To bi trebalo pridonijeti poboljšanju i usmjeravanju javnozdravstvenih akcija na najizloženije skupine, a sve radi postizanja smanjenja štetnih učinaka konzumacije sredstava ovisnosti.Aim:
To examine the prevalence and distribution of drugs of abuse in patients whose biological
samples of blood and urine were tested at the Medical Laboratory Diagnostic Division of the
University Hospital Center Split Split, Croatia ) from January 1, 2015, to December 31,
Methods:
We retrospectively collected screening test results for cocaine, cannabinoid, opiate,
benzodiazepine, amphetamine and methadone from urine samples and the results of the
analysis of alcohol concentration in the serum/plasma sample s from the BioNet laboratory
database of the Medical Laboratory Diagnostic Division (UHC Split ). The data inclu ded the
test ing results of all adult patients tested from 2015 to 2022, the testing date , and the sex and
age of the patients. The total number of tests was analyzed according to the type of drug of
abuse and year. We calculated the proportions of drugs of abuse considering the total number
of positive tests and the proportion of positive tests in each drug category ( in total and
depending on the sex and age of the patients). We also calculated descriptive statistics of
demographic characteristics for teste d and positive patients. The concentration of alcohol was
considered according to the categories of alcohol effects depending on the amount ingested.
Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of sex and age as predictors for a positive
screening test result, while linear regression was used for alcohol concentration.Results
: During the considered period, a total of 33,584 analyses were conducted, with most
analyses being related to alcohol (n = 9,503, 28%), while other addictive substances had an
average proportion of about 12%. From 2015 to 2022, the total number of analyses per year
increased from 3,251 to 5,612 73% increase)increase). Alcohol (n = 5,096; 5 8.5 %) and benzodiazepines
(n = 1,859; 21.3 %) had the highest share in the total number of positive tests, while
cannabinoids were the most frequently detected illicit substance (n = 771; 8.8 The
proportion of a mphetamines in positive test results was 3.8 %, while the proportion of opioids,
methadone, and cocaine was 2.5% each . Considering the proportion of positive test results
within each category of substances, the highest number of positive patients were detected for
benzodiazepines (44.7%) and cannabinoids (19.1%), with a lower proportion of positives
observed for amphetamines (8.4%), cocaine (5.6%), methadone (5.6%), and op ioids (5.2%). In
total, 53.6% of individuals tested positive for alcohol, with positive individuals being on
average in an intoxicated state with an alcohol concentration of 1.97 g/kg (SD = 1.15). Logistic
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regression revealed that
regression revealed that sexsex and age and age statisticalstatistically impactly impact the testing results (the testing results (PP < 0.001). For all < 0.001). For all considered substances, the odds of a positive test result were lower in females (ranging from considered substances, the odds of a positive test result were lower in females (ranging from about 2.3% for opioids to as high as 71% for methadone). Higher odds of a positive result with about 2.3% for opioids to as high as 71% for methadone). Higher odds of a positive result with increasing age wincreasing age were only observed for benzodiazepines (around 2.5%), while for other addictive ere only observed for benzodiazepines (around 2.5%), while for other addictive substances, the odds of a positive test result decreased with age (from approximately 49.3% for substances, the odds of a positive test result decreased with age (from approximately 49.3% for amphetamines to about 96.7% for methadonamphetamines to about 96.7% for methadonee). Linear regression indicated that alco). Linear regression indicated that alcohol hol concentration is lower in females (concentration is lower in females (β = β = --4.415) 4.415) and decreases with increasing age (and decreases with increasing age (β = β = --0.051).0.051).Conclusions:
The increase d number of conducted tests was likely a result of clinicians
recognizing the importance of these analyses. The highest number of po sitive results was
recorded for the most accessible and legal substances alcohol and benzodiazepines. However,
a relatively high proportion of positive results for benzodiazepines indicates the need for stricter
monitoring of prescribing and consumption of such medications. Cannabinoids were dominant
among illicit substances , likely due to their widespread availability and the perception of lower
harm associated with these substances. The lower prevalence of stimulants probably stems from
the more frequen t recreational use of such drugs and use in social events . The distribution of
positive test results, as well as age related patterns, suggests the necessity for continuous
monitoring of substance use through data collection and analysis using various meth odologies.
Comprehensive reports on consumption across different age groups should be published to
enhance and direct public health efforts toward the most vulnerable populations, all to reduce
the harmful effects of substance mis use
Forms of the theft crime in theory and practice
No full textTemom ovog rada, oblici kaznenog djela krađe u teoriji i praksi cilj je bio analizirati te predočiti koji su to oblici kaznenog djela krađe što je prikazano analizom kaznenih djela krađe, teške krađe, razbojništva te razbojničke krađe. Također primjerima iz sudske prakse pobliže su prikazani činjenični opisi navedenih kaznenih djela, njihove karakteristike te na koji način se kažnjavaju počinitelji navedenih kaznenih djela.
Pri izradi ovog rada korištene su metoda deskripcije, analize te statistička metoda kao i iskustvo i znanje iz intervjua s počiniteljima ili oštećenicima kaznenih djela koja su stečena kroz rad u policiji te prenesena u ovaj rad.
Provedenim metodama rada, odgovoreno je na hipotezu koji su to sve oblici kaznenih djela krađe kao i koje su temeljne karakteristike istih te razlike između kaznenog djela krađe i teške krađe te razbojništva i razbojničke krađe. Nakon analize navedenih djela, prikazano je na koji način se prijavljuju spomenuta kaznena djela te plan koji provode istražitelji u cilju otkrivanja počinitelja. Primjenom statističke metode prikazan je broj počinjenih analiziranih kaznenih djela te otkrivačka djelatnost za ista. Također, određeno je razdoblje od pet godina za statističke podatke u kojem se htjelo predočiti da nema velikih odstupanja u navedenim parametrima.
Za sami kraj rada kroz raspravu i zaključak iskazana su mišljenja i preporuke što bi bilo od koristi obraditi, a što nije obuhvaćeno ovim radom, a odnosi se na kaznena djela imovinskog karaktera te određenu usporedbu statističkih podataka.The topic of this paper was to analyze and present the forms of the criminal offense of theft in theory and practice. The aim was to examine and elucidate the various forms of theft as shown through the analysis of theft, aggravated theft, robbery, and aggravated robbery offenses. Furthermore, factual descriptions of these criminal acts, their characteristics, and the manner in which perpetrators of these offenses are punished were illustrated through examples from judicial practice.
In the creation of this paper, methods such as description, analysis, and statistical analysis were employed, along with insights gained from interviews with perpetrators or victims of criminal offenses, which were acquired through police work and incorporated into this study. These research methods addressed hypotheses regarding the different forms of theft, their fundamental characteristics, and the distinctions between theft and aggravated theft, as well as between robbery and aggravated robbery. After analyzing these offenses, the paper elaborated on reporting the mentioned criminal acts and the investigative plans undertaken by law enforcement to apprehend the perpetrators.
Statistical analysis was used to present the number of committed criminal acts and the detection efforts related to them. Additionally, a five-year timeframe for statistical data was chosen to demonstrate no significant deviations in the specified parameters.
In conclusion, the discussion and summary of the paper expressed opinions and recommendations for topics that would be useful to explore but were not covered in this work. These pertain to property-related criminal offenses and a specific comparison of statistical data.
Keywords: theft