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The impact of Artificial Intelligence on future of jobs
No full textRad istražuje utjecaj umjetne inteligencije na tržište rada, s naglaskom na promjene u strukturi poslova, nužne vještine i mogućnosti za razvoj novih zanimanja. Tehnološki napredak u području strojnog učenja, automatizacije i analize velikih podataka značajno mijenja industrije, što dovodi do nestanka određenih poslova, ali istovremeno otvara prilike za nova, specijalizirana radna mjesta. Cilj rada je analizirati kako ove promjene utječu na tržište rada, radnu snagu i društvo u cjelini te utvrditi koje su prilagodbe potrebne obrazovnom i gospodarskom sustavu. Poseban naglasak stavlja se na prepoznavanje sektora u kojima je umjetna inteligencija najviše prisutna te na analizu njezinog utjecaja na radne procese, produktivnost i uloge zaposlenika. Također, istražuju se poslovi i vještine koje su najviše izložene riziku automatizacije, kao i ona zanimanja koja postaju ključna u suvremenom tržištu rada. Analizom se nastoji utvrditi koji tipovi poslova imaju najveći rizik od nestanka te koje su vještine sve traženije kako bi se radna snaga mogla uspješno prilagoditi tehnološkim promjenama. Obrazovne prilagodbe važan su aspekt istraživanja, pri čemu se razmatra kako obrazovni sustav može pripremiti buduće generacije za poslove pod utjecajem umjetne inteligencije. Proučava se i uloga cjeloživotnog učenja u osiguravanju konkurentnosti radnika na tržištu rada koje se ubrzano mijenja. Naglasak se stavlja na potrebu za fleksibilnim obrazovnim programima koji će omogućiti stjecanje novih znanja i prilagodbu zahtjevima digitalnog doba. Uz ekonomske i obrazovne aspekte, rad se bavi etičkim i regulatornim izazovima primjene umjetne inteligencije u svijetu rada. Posebna pažnja posvećena je zaštiti prava radnika u kontekstu digitalizacije i automatizacije, uz analizu mogu ih regulativa koje bi osigurale pravedne uvjete rada. Na kraju, rad nudi preporuke za prilagodbu tržišta rada i društva, s ciljem omogućavanja održive tranzicije prema gospodarstvu u kojem umjetna inteligencija ima sve veću ulogu.The paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market, focusing on changes in job structures, essential skills, and opportunities for the development of new professions. Technological advancements in machine learning, automation, and big data analytics are significantly transforming industries, leading to the disappearance of certain jobs while simultaneously creating opportunities for new, specialized positions. The aim of this study is to analyze how these changes affect the labor market, workforce, and society as a whole, as well as to determine the necessary adaptations in the education and economic systems. Special emphasis is placed on identifying the sectors where artificial intelligence is most prevalent and analyzing its impact on work processes, productivity, and employee roles. Additionally, the study examines jobs and skills most at risk of automation, as well as the professions that are becoming increasingly essential in the modern labor market. The analysis seeks to determine which job types are at the highest risk of disappearing and which skills are becoming more in demand, ensuring that the workforce can successfully adapt to technological changes. Educational adaptations represent a crucial aspect of the research, as the study examines how the education system can prepare future generations for jobs influenced by artificial intelligence. The role of lifelong learning in maintaining workers' competitiveness in a rapidly changing labor market is also explored. The emphasis is placed on the need for flexible educational programs that will enable the acquisition of new knowledge and adaptation to the demands of the digital age. Beyond economic and educational aspects, the paper addresses ethical and regulatory challenges related to the application of artificial intelligence in the world of work. Special attention is given to the protection of workers’ rights in the context of digitalization and automation, along with an analysis of possible regulations that could ensure fair working conditions. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for labor market and societal adaptations, aiming to facilitate a sustainable transition toward an economy where artificial intelligence plays an increasingly significant role
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Theoretical insights and case analysis in practice
No full textMünchhausenov sindrom preko posrednika (MSP) predstavlja ozbiljan oblik zlostavljanja djece, u kojem roditelj ili skrbnik namjerno izaziva ili lažira simptome bolesti kod djeteta kako bi pridobio pažnju i suosjećanje medicinske i šire društvene zajednice. Ovaj poremećaj, koji se u najnovijim dijagnostičkim klasifikacijama definira kao „umišljeni poremećaj nametnut od drugoga“ izuzetno je složen za dijagnostiku i pravovremeno prepoznavanje. Dijagnoza MSP-a zahtijeva pažljiv, interdisciplinaran i multisektorski pristup, uključujući suradnju zdravstvenih, socijalnih i pravosudnih institucija.
Cilj rada je analizirati dosadašnje spoznaje o MSP i konkretne slučajeve kako bi se pružilo sveobuhvatno razumijevanje ovog složenog i rijetkog poremećaja te predložila primjena dosadašnjih spoznaja u praksi.
U radu su prikazane temeljne teorijske pretpostavke o ovom poremećaju, uključujući dijagnostičke kriterije, psihološke profile počinitelja i utjecaj na žrtve. Posebna pažnja posvećena je analizi medijski eksponiranih slučajeva iz prakse, uključujući slučaj iz Hrvatske. Zaključno, zbog visoke uvjerljivosti počinitelja i prikrivene prirode MSP, potrebno je educiranje zdravstvenih, forenzičkih, socijalnih i drugih stručnjaka kako bi se omogućilo pravovremeno prepoznavanje, adekvatne intervencije te prevencija daljnjeg zlostavljanja, što zahtijeva interdisciplinarnu suradnju, utemeljenu na kliničkim i forenzičkim procjenama te pravodobnom prepoznavanju ranih i prikrivenih pokazatelja ovog oblika zlostavljanja.Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy represents a severe form of child abuse, in which a parent or caregiver deliberately induces or fabricates symptoms of illness in a child to gain attention and sympathy from the medical and broader social community. This disorder, which is defined in the latest diagnostic classifications as a “factitious disorder imposed on another,” is extremely complex to diagnose and recognize in a timely manner. Diagnosing MSP requires a careful, interdisciplinary, and multisectoral approach, involving collaboration between healthcare, social welfare, and judicial institutions.
The aim of this paper is to study current knowledge about MSP and documented case studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of this rare and complex disorder and propose the practical application of existing findings. The paper presents the fundamental theoretical assumptions about this disorder, including diagnostic criteria, psychological profiles of perpetrators, and the impact on victims. Special attention is given to the analysis of media-exposed cases from practice, including a case from Croatia.
In conclusion, due to the persuasiveness of the perpetrators and the concealed nature of MSP, it is essential to educate healthcare, forensic, social work and other professionals to ensure timely recognition, appropriate interventions, and the prevention of further abuse. This requires interdisciplinary collaboration based on clinical and forensic assessment and the early identification of subtle indicators of this form of maltreatment
Effect of the surface roughness on developing latent fingermarks
No full textCilj: analizirati utjecaj hrapavosti površine na mogućnost vizualizacije latentnih tragova papilarnih linija.
Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo osam odraslih osoba koji su ostavljali otiske prsta na polistirolnu ploču. Ploča je obrađena brusnim papirima različite granulacije (60, 240, 600) s time da je jedna ploča ostala neobrađena. Nakon obrade ploče, izmjerena je hrapavost na svim površinama. Nakon ostavljanja otisaka, upotrijebljeni su različiti prašci za vizualizaciju: Magnetic Jet Black i Jet-Black Special, nakon čega su se tragovi ocjenjivali ocjenama od 0 do 4. Deskriptivna statistička analiza, linearni mješoviti model i mješoviti logističko-regresijski model korišteni su za analizu učinka različitih čimbenika na kvalitetu vizualiziranog otiska.
Rezultati: Magnetski prašak pružio je bolju kvalitetu otisaka, s 96,9 % otisaka pogodnih za identifikaciju, u usporedbi sa specijalnim prahom, koji je postigao 71,9 %. Na vrlo glatkim površinama, magnetski prah je također pokazao bolje rezultate. Linearni mješoviti model je otkrio da povećanje hrapavosti površine statistički značajno smanjuje kvalitetu otisaka (P = 0,001), dok magnetski prah povećava kvalitetu otisaka za 0,687 jedinica (P < 0,001). Interakcija između praška i vrste podloge pokazuje da magnetski prašak daje bolje rezultate na hrapavijim površinama (P = 0,030). Mješoviti logističko-regresijski model potvrdio je da magnetski prašak povećava izglede za upotrebljivost otisaka za identifikaciju 20,50 puta (P = 0,011).
Zaključak: Hrapavost površine povezana je s kvalitetom vizualizacije tragova papilarnih linija, a Magnetic Jet Black prašak preporučuje se za korištenje na hrapavim površinama. Ovi rezultati su korisni za forenzičare jer upućuju na to da kvaliteta otisaka može varirati ovisno o površini i korištenom prašku, što može utjecati na njihovu uporabljivost za identifikaciju.Aim: To analyze the impact of surface roughness on the visualization of latent fingerprint impressions.
Methods: This study included eight adult participants who left their fingerprints on a polystyrene sheet. The sheet was treated with sandpaper of different grit sizes (60, 240, and 600 grit), while one remained untreated. After surface treatment, roughness measurements were performed on all surfaces. After the fingerprints were deposited, different powders were used for visualization: Magnetic Jet Black and Jet-Black Special powders. The prints were graded on a scale of 0–4. Descriptive statistical analysis, a linear mixed-effects model, and a mixed logistic regression model were used to analyze the effects of different factors on the quality of the visualized fingerprints.
Results: Magnetic powder provided significantly better-quality fingerprints, with 96.9% being suitable for identification compared to 71.9% for the special powder. The magnetic powder exhibited better results on very smooth surfaces. The linear mixed-effects model revealed that increased surface roughness significantly decreased the quality of the fingerprints (P = 0.001), whereas the magnetic powder increased the fingerprint quality by 0.687 units (P < 0.001). The interaction between powder type and substrate showed that the magnetic powder yielded better results on rougher surfaces (P = 0.030). The mixed logistic regression model confirmed that magnetic powder increased the odds of a fingerprint being suitable for identification by 20.50 times (P = 0.011).
Conclusion: Surface roughness significantly affects the visualization of latent fingerprint impressions and Magnetic Jet Black powder is recommended for use on rough surfaces. These findings are valuable for forensic experts, as they suggest that fingerprint quality can vary depending on the surface and powder used, which can affect their usability for identification purposes
Rescue of Persons with Disabilities in Extraordinary Events in the Republic of Croatia
No full textSpašavanje osoba s invaliditetom u izvanrednim događajima predstavlja važan segment sustava spašavanja u kriznim situacijama u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ovaj rad analizira zakonodavne okvire, standarde i operativne postupke koji određuju zaštitu ove ranjive skupine građana. Istraženi su ključni nacionalni propisi te njihova usklađenost s međunarodnim dokumentima, uključujući Konvenciju o pravima osoba s invaliditetom. Naglasak je stavljen na praktične izazove u spašavanju, poput nepristupačne infrastrukture, nedovoljne edukacije službi i nedostatka specijalizirane opreme. Usporedbom s praksama iz drugih država, identificirani su primjeri koji mogu poslužiti za unapređenje hrvatskog sustava. Razvoj učinkovitih i inkluzivnih rješenja ključan je za osiguranje pravovremene i ravnopravne zaštite osoba s invaliditetom u svim fazama kriznog djelovanja.The rescue of persons with disabilities during emergencies is a vital component of the crisis response system in the Republic of Croatia. This thesis analyzes the legislative frameworks, standards, and operational procedures that govern the protection of this vulnerable group of citizens. It examines key national regulations and their alignment with international documents, including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Particular attention is given to practical challenges in rescue operations, such as inaccessible infrastructure, insufficient training of emergency services, and the lack of specialized equipment. Through comparisons with international best practices, examples are identified that could help improve the Croatian system. The development of effective and inclusive solutions is essential to ensure timely and equitable protection of persons with disabilities in all phases of emergency response
Correlation of changes in the density of solid and cancellous bone tissue of the sternum shaft with chronological age on MSCT images
No full textCilj: Analizirati promjene gustoće čvrstoga i spužvastoga tkiva na dršku prsne kosti i usporediti sa promjenama koštane mase prema kronološkoj dobi.
Metode: Sve CT snimke koje su analizirane u istraživanju dostavio je Klinički zavod za dijagnostičku i intervencijsku radiologiju Split. U istraživanju je sudjelovala 101 osoba čiji su identiteti ostali anonimni, a dostupne informacije su bile spol i dob. Medijalna dob pacijenata uključenih u istraživanje bila je 41 godinu (raspon od 18 do 91). Protokoli CT snimki koji je korišteni za analizu drška prsne kosti su toraks te toraks i abdomen i parametri su za sve snimke bili jednaki. Program u kojem su promatrane CT snimke je OsiriX MD (Švicarska, v12.0), odrabrani topogrami su promatrani u 3D multiplanarnim rekonstrukcija (3D MPR), a debljina sloja iznosila je 2,5 milimetara. Za svaki držak prsne kosti u sve tri ravnine ručno je tražena točka koja je sjecište pravaca koji prolaze horizontalno i vertikalno kroz sredinu drška. Za mjerenja HU vrijednosti ručno su odabrana dva područja interesa, prvi koje je obuhvaćao cijelu kost te drugi koji je obuhvaćao samo spužvasto tkivo. Za svako područje interesa su zabilježene aritmetičke sredine, medijani, standardna devijacija i ekstremne vrijednosti HU-a. Za sve varijable određeni su deskriptivni statistički pokazatelji zasebno za muškarce i žene, uz usporedbu srednjih vrijednosti s pomoću t-testa za nezavisne uzorke.
Rezultati: Postoji značajna negativna korelacija između gustoće kostiju i dobi, pri čemu su omjeri gustoće spužvastog i čvrstog tkiva imali najjaču povezanost (r = -0,560 i r = -0,561), što je statistički značajno. Najbolji klasifikacijski model, algoritam ekstremno slučajnih šuma, postigao je točnost preko 80 % za prag od 40 godina, uz najvišu osjetljivost od 94%. SHAP analiza pokazala je da je najvažnija varijabla za predikciju dobi standardna devijacija gustoće cijele kosti, a srednje i medijalne vrijednosti gustoće pokazuju umjerenu korelaciju s dobi (r = -0,378 do -0,561).
Zaključak: Analiza Housnfieldovih jedinica na MSCT snimkama toraksa potvrđuje progresivno smanjenje gustoće kosti s dobi dok je spužvasto koštano tkivo pokazalo je izraženiji pad gustoće u usporedbi s čvrstim tkivom. Omjer gustoće spužvastog i čvrstog tkiva pokazao je najjaču negativnu korelaciju s dobi (r = -0,560 i r = -0,561), a standardna devijacija gustoće cijele kosti identificirana je kao najvažnija varijabla za predikciju starosnih promjena.Objective: To analyze changes in the density of compact and trabecular bone tissue in the manubrium of the sternum and compare them with changes in bone mass according to chronological age.
Methods: All CT scans analyzed in the study were provided by the Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Split. The study included 101 individuals whose identities remained anonymous; the only available data were gender and age. The median age of the patients included in the study was 41 years (ranging from 18 to 91). The CT protocols used for analyzing the manubrium of the sternum included thorax and thorax-abdomen scans, and the scanning parameters were consistent across all images. The software used for CT image analysis was OsiriX MD (Switzerland, version 12.0). Selected topograms were viewed in 3D multiplanar reconstruction (3D MPR), with a slice thickness of 2,5 millimeters. For each manubrium, a point of intersection between horizontal and vertical lines passing through the center was manually identified in all three planes. For Hounsfield Unit (HU) measurements, two regions of interest were manually selected: one encompassing the entire bone and the other limited to the trabecular bone. For each region of interest, arithmetic means, medians, standard deviations, and extreme HU values were recorded. Descriptive statistical indicators were determined for all variables separately for men and women, with mean values compared using the t-test for independent samples.
Results: A significant negative correlation was observed between bone density and age, with the density ratios of trabecular and compact tissue showing the strongest correlation (r = -0,560 and r = -0,561), which is statistically significant. The best classification model, the Extremely Randomized Trees algorithm, achieved an accuracy of over 80% for a 40-year threshold, with the highest sensitivity at 94%. SHAP analysis indicated that the most important variable for predicting age was the standard deviation of whole bone density, while the mean and median density values showed moderate correlation with age (r = -0,378 to -0,561).
Conclusion: Hounsfield Unit analysis on thoracic MSCT scans confirms a progressive decrease in bone density with age, with trabecular bone showing a more pronounced density decline compared to compact bone. The ratio of trabecular to compact bone density showed the strongest negative correlation with age (r = -0,560 and r = -0,561), and the standard deviation of whole bone density was identified as the most important variable for predicting age-related changes
Legal issues and compensation for damages due to a natural disaster from fire
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu provedeno je sekundarno istraživanje zakonskih propisa te stručne i znanstvene literature s ciljem analiziranja pravnog okvira i praktične provedbe postupka naknade štete uzrokovane požarima koji su proglašeni elementarnom nepogodom. Požari otvorenog tipa česti su u Hrvatskoj, a naročito u njenom priobalnom dijelu. U nekim slučajevima uzročnik je prirodna sila, no većinom je u pitanju ljudska aktivnost, bilo slučajna, bilo namjerna. Kada nadležna tijela proglase elementarnu nepogodu od požara, prema zakonskim odredbama, oštećenici stječu pravo na naknadu štete. Međutim, radi se isključivo o djelomičnoj naknadi štete, a ne o isplati štete u punoj procijenjenoj vrijednosti. Na primjeru požara u Dalmaciji iz 2017., ustanovljeno je od ukupno 17,5 milijuna eura procijenjene štete oštećenicima nadoknađeno tek 0,7% posto od navedene vrijednosti. Ova činjenica upućuje na važnost dobrovoljnog osiguranja imovine kao najučinkovitijeg oblika zaštite od ove vrste rizika.This thesis presents a secondary research of legal regulations, as well as professional and academic literature, with the aim of analyzing the legal framework and practical implementation of damage compensation procedures resulting from fires declared as natural disasters. Open-type fires are frequent in Croatia, especially in its coastal areas. In some cases, the cause is a natural force, but more often, human activity, whether accidental or intentional.. When the authorities declare a natural disaster caused by fire, injured parties gain the right to compensation according to legal provisions. However, this concerns only partial compensation, not full reimbursement of the estimated damage value. In the case of the 2017 fire in Dalmatia, it was established that out of the total estimated damage of 17.5 million euros, only 0.7% of that amount was compensated. This fact highlights the importance of voluntary property insurance as the most effective form of protection against this type of risk
Connection between money laundering and organized crime
No full textRad se bavi analizom povezanosti pranja novca i organiziranog kriminala, s naglaskom na pravne, ekonomske i društvene implikacije ove pojave, kao i na izazove u njihovom suzbijanju. Posebna pažnja posvećena je pravnim okvirima, institucionalnim kapacitetima i međunarodnoj suradnji, kako bi se istražili mehanizmi koji omogućuju učinkovitiju borbu protiv financijskog kriminala. Rad istražuje složene veze između organiziranog kriminala i pranja novca, uključuju i na ine na koje se nezakonito stečeni prihodi prikrivaju, prenose i integriraju u zakonite financijske tokove. Također se analizira utjecaj pranja novca na ekonomske sustave, destabilizaciju tržišta i smanjenje povjerenja u financijske institucije. Kroz pregled pravosudne prakse, komparativnu analizu stranih zakonskih sustava te pregled uloge institucija poput Ureda za sprječavanje pranja novca, rad istražuje učinkovitost postoje ih mjera i predlaže moguća poboljšanja.
U svrhu potvrđivanja zadanog cilja korištene su metode analize, sinteze, deskripcije, kompilacije, dokazivanja i opovrgavanja te komparacije. Metoda analize omogućila je detaljnu raščlambu ključnih aspekata pranja novca i organiziranog kriminala, dok je sinteza omogućila povezivanje tih elemenata u cjelovit uvid u problematiku. Deskripcija je poslužila za jasno definiranje osnovnih pojmova i teorijskih okvira, dok su kompilacija i komparacija omogućile usporedbu nacionalnih i međunarodnih zakonodavnih rješenja te praktičnih pristupa borbi protiv pranja novca. Kroz dokazivanje i opovrgavanje analizirana je i potvrđena ili odbačena povezanost ključnih aspekata teme, ime se osigurala temeljitost i pouzdanost zaključaka.This paper focuses on analysing the connection between money laundering and organized crime, with an emphasis on the legal, economic, and social implications of these phenomena, as well as the challenges in addressing them. Special attention is given to legal frameworks, institutional capacities, and international cooperation to explore mechanisms that enable a more effective fight against financial crime. The paper examines the complex links between organized crime and money laundering, including the methods by which illegally obtained proceeds are concealed, transferred, and integrated into legitimate financial flows. It also analyses the impact of money laundering on economic systems, market destabilization, and the erosion of trust in financial institutions. Through an overview of judicial practices, a comparative analysis of foreign legal systems, and a review of the role of institutions such as the Office for Money Laundering Prevention, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of existing measures and proposes potential improvements.
To achieve the defined objectives, methods of analysis, synthesis, description, compilation, proof and disproof, and comparison were applied. The analysis method facilitated a detailed examination of key aspects of money laundering and organized crime, while synthesis enabled the integration of these elements into a comprehensive understanding of the issue. Description was used to clearly define fundamental concepts and theoretical frameworks, while compilation and comparison allowed for the evaluation of national and international legislative solutions and practical approaches to combating money laundering. Through proof and disproof, the connection between key aspects of the topic was analysed, confirmed, or refuted, ensuring thoroughness and reliability of the conclusions
DNA analysis of nail samples collected from deceased individuals with advanced postmortem changes
No full textUvod: Nokti, kao keratinizirani biološki materijali, pokazuju otpornost na postmortalnu degradaciju i nepovoljne čimbenike okoliša, što ih čini potencijalnim alternativnim izvorom DNK u slučajevima kada su konvencionalni biološki uzorci (krv, meka tkiva) nedostupni. Obzirom da nokti još nisu standardni uzorak izbora u forenzičkim protokolima u Republici Hrvatskoj, neophodno je istražiti potencijal primjene ovih uzoraka u analizi DNA u slučajevima koje karakteriziraju izražene poslije smrtne promjene.
Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati mogućnosti primjene noktiju kao biološkog uzorka u forenzičnoj identifikaciji osoba s izraženim poslije smrtnim promjenama te usporediti dobivene rezultate s drugim biološkim uzorcima (dlaka i zubi) u smislu kvalitete i kvantitete izolirane DNK kao i vremenske učinkovitosti procesa analize.
Metode: Biološki uzorci prikupljeni su tijekom obdukcija 10 preminulih osoba s vidljivim postmortalnim promjenama. Ovisno o dostupnosti, uzorci su uključivali nokte na rukama (n=10), nokte na nogama (n=1), zube (n=8), korijen kose na vlasištu (n=3) i mrlje krvi na FTA karticama (n=3). DNK je ekstrahirana pomoću PrepFiler sustava za nokte i zube, te InstaGene Matrix-a za dlake i krvne mrlje. Kvantifikacija je provedena pomoću Qubit 4 fluorometra. STR amplifikacija provedena je pomoću GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit-a, nakon čega je uslijedila analiza fragmenata na SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer-u. Alelni profili interpretirani su pomoću GeneMapper ID-X softvera.
Rezultati: DNK je uspješno ekstrahirana i dobiveni su potpuni STR profili (24 lokusa) iz svih 10 uzoraka noktiju, bez obzira na različite koncentracije DNK (raspon: 0,231–10,4 ng/μL). Nasuprot tome, uzorci zuba dali su pune profile samo u 3 od 4 slučaja, dok uzorci kose i krvi nisu uspjeli dati upotrebljive profile ni u jednom slučaju. Rezultirajući elektroferogrami uzoraka noktiju pokazali su visoku kvalitetu, s oštrim pikovima, jakim intenzitetom signala te odsutstvom kontaminacije.
Zaključak: Nokti su se pokazali pouzdanim i visokokvalitetnim izvorom DNK u slučajevima sa značajnom poslijesmrtnim promjenama, obzirom da su u svim analiziranim uzorcima dobiveni potpuni STR profili, što ukazuje na adekvatnu količinu i kvalitetu genetskog materijala potrebnog za forenzičku identifikaciju. Nadalje, nokti pokazuju prednosti u odnosu na konvencionalne uzorke u smislu manje invazivnosti kod uzorkovanja, bržeg vremena obrade te jednostavne pohrane. Ovo istraživanje ukazuje na potrebu uključivanja noktiju u standardne forenzičke protokole identifikacije DNK, posebno u slučajevima kada su konvencionalni uzorci kompromitirani ili nedostupni.Introduction: Nails, as keratinized biological materials, exhibit resistance to postmortem degradation and adverse environmental factors, making them a potential alternative DNA source in cases where conventional biological samples (blood, soft tissue) are unavailable. Since nails are not yet a standard sample of choice in forensic protocols in the Republic of Croatia, it is necessary to investigate the potential application of these samples in DNA analysis in cases characterized by pronounced postmortem changes.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of nails as a biological sample in the forensic identification of individuals with significant postmortem changes and to compare the obtained results with other biological samples (hair and teeth) in terms of DNA yield and quality, as well as the time efficiency of the analysis process.
Methods: Biological samples were collected during autopsies of 10 deceased individuals showing visible postmortem decomposition. Depending on availability, the samples included fingernails (n=10), toenails (n=1), teeth (n=8), scalp hair roots (n=3), and bloodstains on FTA cards (n=3). DNA was extracted using the PrepFiler system for nails and teeth, and InstaGene Matrix for hair and bloodstains. Quantification was performed using a Qubit 4 fluorometer. STR amplification was carried out using the GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit, followed by fragment analysis on the SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer. Allelic profiles were interpreted using GeneMapper ID-X software.
Results: DNA was successfully extracted and full STR profiles (24 loci) were obtained from all 10 nail samples, despite varying DNA concentrations (range: 0.231–10.4 ng/μL). In contrast, tooth samples yielded full profiles in only 3 out of 4 cases, while hair and blood samples failed to produce usable profiles in any of the cases. The resulting electropherograms from nail samples showed high quality, with sharp peaks, strong signal intensity, and no signs of contamination.
Conclusion: Nails have proven to be a reliable and high-quality DNA source in cases with significant postmortem changes, as complete STR profiles were obtained from all analyzed samples, indicating adequate quantity and quality of genetic material required for forensic identification. Furthermore, nails offer advantages over conventional samples in terms of less
invasive collection, faster processing time, and ease of storage. This study highlights the need to include nails in standard forensic DNA identification protocols, especially in cases where conventional samples are compromised or unavailable
Liability of security companies for damage caused during the poerformance of private security activities
No full textOvaj diplomski rad sveobuhvatno analizira pravnu odgovornost zaštitarskih tvrtki za štetu nastalu prilikom obavljanja djelatnosti privatne zaštite u Republici Hrvatskoj. S obzirom na sve veću ulogu privatnog sigurnosnog sektora, rad istražuje složenost pravnog okvira, s posebnim naglaskom na građanskopravnu, kaznenopravnu i deliktnu odgovornost.
Cilj rada je identificirati nomotehničke nejasnoće i pravne praznine u važećem zakonodavstvu, prvenstveno u Zakonu o privatnoj zaštiti i Zakonu o obveznim odnosima, koje u praksi dovode do pravne nesigurnosti. Kroz analizu tri sudska slučaja, rad ispituje (ne)ujednačenost sudske prakse u procjeni odgovornosti, osobito u pogledu tumačenja načela razmjernosti, doprinosa oštećenika i kvalifikacije zaštitarske djelatnosti kao opasne djelatnosti. Nadalje, komparativnom analizom pravnih sustava Njemačke, Slovenije i Austrije, identificiraju se primjeri dobre prakse, poput strožih uvjeta licenciranja, periodičnih provjera pouzdanosti i zakonski definiranih minimalnih iznosa osiguranja od odgovornosti.
Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju hipoteze o postojanju zakonskih nedorečenosti i neujednačenosti sudske prakse, ali i snažno naglašavaju da su profesionalizam, kvaliteta interne regulacije i adekvatna obuka zaštitara ključni faktori za prevenciju štetnih događaja i umanjenje odgovornosti. Na temelju provedene analize, rad nudi konkretne preporuke usmjerene na jačanje pravne sigurnosti, standardizaciju postupanja i podizanje razine profesionalizma u sektoru privatne zaštite.This graduate thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal liability of security companies for damages incurred during the performance of private security activities in the Republic of Croatia. Given the growing role of the private security sector, the thesis explores the complexity of the legal framework, with a special emphasis on civil, criminal, and tort liability.
The aim of the thesis is to identify nomotechnical ambiguities and legal gaps in the current legislation, primarily in the Private Security Act and the Civil Obligations Act, which in practice lead to legal uncertainty. Through the analysis of three court cases, the thesis examines the (in)consistency of judicial practice in assessing liability, particularly regarding the interpretation of the principle of proportionality, the contributory negligence of the injured party, and the qualification of security activities as a hazardous activity.
Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the legal systems of Germany, Slovenia, and Austria identifies examples of good practice, such as stricter licensing requirements, periodic reliability checks, and legally defined minimum amounts for liability insurance. The research findings confirm the hypotheses about the existence of legislative ambiguities and inconsistent judicial practice, while also strongly emphasizing that professionalism, the quality of internal regulations, and adequate training of security officers are key factors in preventing harmful events and mitigating liability. Based on the analysis conducted, the thesis offers specific de lege ferenda and de lege lata recommendations aimed at strengthening legal certainty, standardizing procedures, and raising the level of professionalism in the private security sector
Hybrid warfare and encouragement of state and non-state actors resistance to hybrid threats
No full textHibridni rat nije neki potpuno novi pojam već tradicionalno ratovanje vođeno nekim novim metodama rata. Fokus nije više isključivo na vojnim već na nevojnim središtima gravitacije. Kako određena država ne bi bila pogođena hibridnim ratom, jer ona može biti već destabilizirana i uništena dok i shvati da je izvršen napad, potrebno je identificirati hibridne prijetnje. Pojam hibridna prijetnja označava akciju koju upućuju državni ili nedržavni akteri prema drugim državnim ili nedržavnim akterima kako bi naštetili kritičnoj infrastrukturi ciljane zemlje. Ove akcije su ciljane i sinkronizirane i kao konačni cilj imaju napad na nacionalne interese i sigurnost. Provode se širokim spektrom sredstava napada upućenog ka gospodarskim, ekonomskim, vojnim, civilnim ili informacijskim subjektima. Osmišljene su na način da uvijek ostanu ispod radara i daleko od službene objave rata. Da bi se otklonila ili barem smanjila mogućnost hibridnih prijetnji nakon njihove identifikacije potrebno je poduzeti i korake kojima bi se potaknula otpornost državnih i nedržavnih aktera na iste. Kako se u tome države i snalaze prikazano je na regionalnom primjeru, odnosno Europskoj uniji koja potiče otpornost državnih i nedržavnih aktera na hibridne prijetnje na institucionalnoj, regulatornoj i društvenoj razini.Hybrid war is not a completely new concept, but traditional warfare guided by some new methods of war. The focus is no longer exclusively on military but on non-military centers of gravity. In order for a certain country not to be affected by a hybrid war, because it can already be destabilized and destroyed by the time it realizes that an attack has been carried out, it is necessary to identify hybrid threats. The term hybrid threat refers to action directed by state or non-state actors against other state or non-state actors in order to harm the critical infrastructure of the target country. These actions are targeted and synchronized and have as their ultimate goal an attack on national interests and security. They are carried out by a wide range of means of attack directed at economic, economic, military, civil or information subjects. They are designed to always remain under the radar and far from an official declaration of war. In order to eliminate or at least reduce the possibility of hybrid threats after their identification, it is necessary to take steps to encourage the resistance of state and non-state actors to them. How states cope with this is shown on a regional example, namely the European Union, which promotes the resistance of state and non-state actors to hybrid threats at the institutional, regulatory and social level