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Prednosti in tveganja pri znanstvenem pisanju s pomočjo umetne inteligence: spoznanja iz aktualnih raziskav
Get PDFThis paper explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, specifically ChatGPT, in the acquisition of English as a foreign language. With the rapid evolution of educational technology, AI-driven chatbots like ChatGPT offer innovative methodologies to augment language teaching and learning. This study examines the potential of ChatGPT to improve English language students’ writing abilities by providing suggestions, corrections and automated assistance. Through a review of existing literature and a discussion of the findings of recent studies, the paper seeks to highlight the benefits and risks of integrating AI tools into language education, especially, in the context of writing. Insights gained from multiple studies suggest that while ChatGPT has the potential to significantly enhance language students’ writing skills in all phases of writing, by promoting engagement, motivation, and autonomy among learners, it also necessitates cautious use to ensure academic integrity and to prevent over-reliance, which in turn, can stifle students’ learning capacities.Prispevek raziskuje, kako so orodja umetne inteligence (UI), zlasti ChatGPT, preoblikovala učenje angleščine kot tujega jezika. S hitrim razvojem izobraževalne tehnologije pogovorni sistemi, kot je ChatGPT, ponujajo inovativne pristope za nadgradnjo poučevanja in učenja jezikov. Študija preučuje potencial orodja ChatGPT za izboljšanje pisnih spretnosti študentov in študentk angleščine s pomočjo predlogov, popravkov in samodejne pomoči. Na podlagi pregleda obstoječe literature in analize ugotovitev nedavnih raziskav prispevek osvetljuje prednosti in tveganja pri vključevanju orodij umetne inteligence v učenje jezikov, še posebej na področju pisanja. Ugotovitve številnih študij kažejo, da lahko ChatGPT bistveno izboljša pisne zmožnosti študentov in študentk v vseh fazah procesa pisanja, saj spodbuja njihovo vključenost, motivacijo in samostojnost. Kljub temu pa njegova uporaba zahteva premišljeno rabo, sajje treba zagotoviti spoštovanje akademske integritete in preprečiti pretirano zanašanje na tehnologijo, kar bi lahko zavrlo razvoj učnih sposobnosti
Tuji sosedje: Podnebje, jezik in prihodnost
Get PDFTranslation is predicated on a knowledge of other languages, and the knowledge of foreign languages distinguishes translators from other language professionals, such as copy editors or copywriters. Yet, little attention is generally paid to the consequences of language acquisition for the world view of translators. In this article, it is argued that altered notions of time and attention follow on from immersion in other languages and that these changing perceptions are crucial to moving towards a more sustainable engagement with our planetary condition. If debates around artificial intelligence have dwelt overwhelmingly on the translation product – how the human translator fares in competition with the machine – much less has been written about translation process, about the lifelong acquisition of languages by translators which informs their stance towards societies and cultures. Using two minority-language accounts from the Western seaboard of Europe, the article explores the elements of language contact that counter dominant short-term and extractivist visions of what constitutes cultural contact and political value. It is argued that the value of foreign language knowledge goes beyond a technical or instrumental facilitation of the translator’s task, and provides a crucial justification for multilingual translator education in a period of highly endangered biocultural diversity in Europe.Prevajanje temelji na znanju drugih jezikov. Prevajalci se razlikujejo od drugih jezikovnih strokovnjakov, kot so lektorji, redaktorji, uredniki ali tekstopisci, ravno po znanju tujih jezikov. Kljub temu pa se na splošno posveča malo pozornosti, na kakšen način znanje tujih jezikov vpliva na svetovni nazor prevajalcev. Poglavitna teza članka je, da poglobitev v druge jezike spremeni naše pojmovanje časa in pozornosti ter da so te spremembe v dojemanju ključnega pomena za bolj trajnostni odnos do stanja, v katerem se nahaja naš planet. Če so se razprave o umetni inteligenci dosedaj večinoma osredotočale na prevajalske izdelke (npr. na to, kako se človeški prevajalec znajde v konkurenci s strojem), je bilo veliko manj napisanega o tem, kako vseživljenjsko usvajanje jezikov prevajalcev izoblikuje njihov pogled na družbe in kulture. Članek na podlagi dveh primerov, ki opisujejo rabo manjšinskih jezikov z zahodne obale Evrope, raziskuje elemente jezikovnega stika, ki nasprotujejo prevladujočim kratkoročnim in ekstraktivističnim pogledom na to, kaj je kulturni stik in politična vrednost. V zaključku je postavljena trditev, da vrednost znanja tujega jezika presega zgolj to, da tehnično ali instrumentalno olajša prevajalčevo nalogo, temveč da ta dodatna vrednost predstavlja ključen zagovor upravičenosti večjezičnega izobraževanja prevajalcev v obdobju zelo ogrožene biokulturne raznolikosti v Evropi
TELESNA SAMOPODOBA IN TELESNA SESTAVA: POVEZAVA MED ORODNO TELOVADBO IN AKROBATIKO
No full textPhysical self-concept and body composition in aesthetic disciplines are important due to their influence on performance in competition. The aim of this study was to analyse possible relationships between different anthropometric measures and dimensions of physical self-concept (PSC) with artistic performance in elite acrobatic gymnasts during competition. A quantitative correlational study was conducted with a sample of 50 gymnasts aged between 11 and 19 years (14.9±2.39), 28% male and 72% female. The sample was divided into two groups according to the total score obtained at the 2021 Spanish Championships. Body mass index (BMI) and the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF) were analysed. The results showed higher CAF scores in the group with better performance, although a significant difference was only found in the Strength (F) dimension (U=137.0; p=.001). Artistic scores were also significantly higher in this group across all exercises: Balance (U = 134.0; p = .001), Dynamic (U = 39.5; p = .000), and Combined (U = 119.5; p = .000). The strongest associations were found in the higher-performing Group 1, with positive relationships observed between the dimensions of physical condition, strength, and general physical self-concept and the Balance exercise; physical condition and the Dynamic exercise; and strength and the Combined exercise. In the lower-performing Group 2, only the General self-concept dimension was associated with the Combined and Dynamic exercises. Anthropometric variables were positively associated with physical appearance, physical condition, and sports ability in Group 1, and with strength in Group 2.Telesna samopodoba in telesna sestava sta v lepotnih disciplinah pomembni zaradi njunega vpliva na tekmovalno uspešnost. Cilj te raziskave je bil razčleniti možne povezave med različnimi telesnimi merami in merami telesne samopodobe (PSC) z umetniško uspešnostjo pri vrhunskih akrobatih med tekmovanjem. Izvedena je bila raziskava z vzorcem 50 akrobatov, starih med 11 in 19 let (14,9 ± 2,39), od tega 28 % moških in 72 % žensk. Vzorec je bil razdeljen v dve skupini glede na skupni rezultat, dosežen na španskem prvenstvu leta 2021. Razčlenjena sta bila indeks telesne mase (ITM) in vprašalnik o telesni samopodobi (CAF). Rezultati so pokazali višje rezultate CAF v skupini z boljšo uspešnostjo, čeprav je bila pomembna razlika ugotovljena le v izmeri sile (F) (U = 137,0; p = 0,001). Tudi umetniški rezultati so bili v tej skupini bistveno višji pri vseh vajah: ravnotežju (U = 134,0; p = 0,001), gibanju (U = 39,5; p = 0,000) in kombinaciji (U = 119,5; p = 0,000). Najmočnejše povezave so bile ugotovljene v najbolj uspešni skupini 1, s pozitivnimi povezavami med merami telesne pripravljenosti, moči in splošne telesne samopodobe ter vajami ravnotežja; telesno pripravo in gibanju; ter močjo in kombiniranimi vajami. V slabše uspešni skupini 2 je bila s kombiniranim ivajami in gibanjem povezana le mera splošne samopodobe. Telesne spremenljivke so bile v skupini 1 pozitivno povezane s telesnim videzom, telesno pripravo in gibalnimi sposobnostmi, v skupini 2 pa s silo
POKAL ZVEZE SOKOLA KRALJEVINE JUGOSLAVIJEMEČ KRALJA ALEXANDRA I
No full textIn the period between the two world wars, the Sokol movement played an important role in the physical culture of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In order to further develop the Sokol movement, King Alexander donated a sword as a transitional prize for the most successful Sokol team in certain national competitions. The competitions for the Sword of King Alexander took place in 1925, 1930, 1933, 1937 and 1939. The most successful team in all competitions for the Sword of King Alexander was the team of Sokol movement of Ljubljana. Their high quality was confirmed by numerous successes as members of the Yugoslav national team. As members of the Sokol Society of Ljubljana, the winners of the Sword of King Alexander helped to represent the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in gymnastics. They helped the team to a silver medal in the all-around event at the World Championships in Ljubljana in 1922, a fourth place in the team event at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris; a silver medal in the team competition at the 1926 World Championships in Lyon, a bronze medal in the team event at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam, a bronze medal in the team event at the 1930 World Championships in Luxembourg, a sixth place in the team event at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin and a bronze medal in the team event at the 1938 World Championships in Prague. The competitions for the transitional award "Sword of King Alexander I" contributed significantly to the development of the Sokol movement, sports gymnastics and physical culture in general in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia.V obdobju med obema svetovnima vojnama je sokolsko gibanje igralo pomembno vlogo v telesni kulturi Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Za nadaljnji razvoj sokolskega gibanja je kralj Aleksander podaril meč kot prehodno nagrado za najuspešnejšo sokolsko vrsto na nekaterih državnih tekmovanjih. Tekmovanja za meč kralja Aleksandra so potekala v letih 1925, 1930, 1933, 1937 in 1939. Najuspešnejše vrsta na vseh tekmovanjih za meč kralja Aleksandra je bilo moštvo Sokolskega gibanja Ljubljana. Njihovo visoko kakovost so potrdili številni uspehi kot člani jugoslovanske vrste. Kot člani Sokolskega društva Ljubljana so dobitniki meča kralja Aleksandra pomagali zastopati Kraljevino Jugoslavijo v orodni telovadbi. Moštvo so popeljali do srebrnega odličja v mnogoboju na Svetovnem prvenstvu v Ljubljani leta 1922, četrtega mesta na Olimpijskih igrah leta 1924 v Parizu; srebrnega odličja na Svetovnem prvenstvu leta 1926 v Lyonu, bronastega odličja na Olimpijskih igrah leta 1928 v Amsterdamu, bronastega odličja na Svetovnem prvenstvu leta 1930 v Luksemburgu, šestega mesta na Olimpijskih igrah leta 1936 v Berlinu in bronastega odličja na Svetovnem prvenstvu leta 1938 v Pragi. Tekmovanja za prehodno priznanje "Meč kralja Aleksandra I." so pomembno prispevala k razvoju sokolskega gibanja, orodne telovadbe in telesne kulture nasploh v Kraljevini Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev/Jugoslaviji
Hipertrofični odgovor mišic spodnjih okončin na različne intenzitete treninga za moč: meta-analiza in meta-regresija
Get PDFThis research aims to detect the effectiveness of different resistance training intensities (high, moderate, and low) for quadriceps femoris muscle group hypertrophic response in healthy adults. The literature search was conducted during January 2023 using the Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials website, and grey literature databases. Using the TESTEX scale, we assessed the studies’ methodological quality. This meta-analysis was comprised of 22 studies (with 519 participants). Statistical analysis was performed using ReviewManager 5.2 (RevMan) software. This analysis showed potential benefits for all resistance training intensities on quadriceps femoris muscle group hypertrophy (muscle thickness (mm) for quadriceps muscle) compared with control (or pre-test values) groups. The data obtained are as follows, high-intensity resistance training: [Raw mean difference (RMD)= [2.3; confidence interval (CI) 95%: [2.21-2.38]]; Moderate-intensity (60-79% of 1RM) resistance training: [RMD = 1.88; (CI) 95%: [1.74- 2.02]] and low-intensity (30-59 % of 1 RM) resistance training: [RMD = 10.92; CI 95%: [10.77- 11.08]] with p<0.00001. Meta-regression analysis revealed that the non-significant direct relationship between resistance training intensity (%) and change in RF (mm) (β=0.03; p = 0.417; R2 = 0.04) and VM muscle thickness (β = 0.003; p = 0.895; R2 = 0.002). In addition, a significant direct relationship between resistance training intensity and change in VI (β=0.01; p = 0.05; R2 = 0.56) and VL muscle thickness (β = 0.01; p = 0.007; R2 = 0.34) was detected. In conclusion, studies employing different resistance training intensities showed similar hypertrophic responses in all muscles. The meta-regression analysis found that for every 10% greater difference in resistance exercise intensity between studies, the hypertrophic response in the VI muscle was determined to be 0.1 mm greater. No significant hypertrophic response was observed for VL, VM, and RF muscles.Ta študija ocenjuje učinkovitost različnih intenzitet vadbe za moč (visoka, zmerna in nizka) na hipertrofijo mišične skupine kvadriceos femoris pri zdravih odraslih. Iskanje literature je bilo izvedeno januarja 2023 z uporabo več podatkovnih baz, vključno z Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Embase in PubMed. Metodološka kakovost študij je bila ocenjena s pomočjo lestvice TESTEX. V to metaanalizo je bilo vključenih skupno 22 študij s 519 udeleženci. Statistična analiza, izvedena z uporabo programa ReviewManager 5.2, je pokazala, da so vse intenzitete vadbe za moč povzročile hipertrofijo mišice kvadriceps femoris v primerjavi s kontrolnimi ali predtestnimi vrednostmi. Visoko-intenzivni trening je povzročil povečanje debeline mišice za 2,3 mm (95% CI: 2,21–2,38), zmerno-intenzivni trening je privedel do povečanja za 1,88 mm (95CI: 1,74–2,02), nizko-intenzivni trening pa je pokazal povečanje za 10,92 mm (95 % CI: 10,77–11,08), vse z p<.001. Meta-regresijska analiza je pokazala pomembno povezavo med intenziteto treninga in hipertrofijo mišice vastus intermedius (β=0,01, p=0,05, R² = 0,56) ter vastus lateralis (β = 0,01, p = 0,007, R² = 0,34). Vendar pa ni bilo ugotovljenega pomembnega vpliva na mišici rectus femoris (β=0,03, p=0,417, R²=0,04) in vastus medialis (β=0,003, p=0,895, R²=0,002). Zaključno lahko rečemo da vadba za moč pri različnih intenzitetah spodbuja hipertrofijo vseh mišic kvadriceps, pri čemer obstajajo razlike glede na posamezno mišično skupino. Meta-regresijska analiza nakazuje da vsakih 10 % povečanja intenzitete vadbe ustreza 0,1 mm povečanju hipertrofije mišice vastus intermedius. Vendar pa ni bilo ugotovljenega pomembnega vpliva intenzitete vadbe na mišice vastus lateralis, vastus medialis in rectus femoris
Antropometrični vzorci rasti pri albanskih otrocih: spolne in mestnopodeželske razlike
Get PDFThis study examines the anthropometric characteristics of Albanian children, analysing gender and urban-rural differences in body height, weight, BMI, and waist circumference across grades. A nationally representative sample of 1,073 children (grade 1-12) from 12 cities in Albania was assessed using standardized measurement protocols. Findings reveal noTable gender disparities in growth patterns, particularly during adolescence. Boys tend to surpass girls in height, weight, BMI, and waist circumference, with these differences becoming more pronounced from grades 8 to 12. Urban boys generally exhibit higher weight, BMI, and waist circumference than their rural counterparts, suggesting the influence of environmental and lifestyle factors. In contrast, rural girls tend to have lower waist circumference and BMI, which may reflect variations in physical activity and body fat distribution. These results underscore the importance of targeted health and nutrition interventions, particularly in adolescence, to address disparities in growth and body composition. Understanding regional and gender-related variations can help policymakers and educators design programs that promote healthy growth and development for all children in Albania.Ta študija preučuje antropometrične značilnosti albanskih otrok ter analizira spolne in mestno-podeželske razlike v telesni višini, teži, ITM-ju (indeks telesne mase) in obsegu pasu v različnih razredih. Nacionalno reprezentativni vzorec 1.073 otrok (od 1. do 12. razreda) iz 12 mest v Albaniji je bil ocenjen z uporabo standardiziranih merilnih protokolov. Ugotovitve razkrivajo izrazite spolne razlike v vzorcih rasti, zlasti v obdobju adolescence. Fantje običajno presegajo dekleta v telesni višini, teži, ITM-ju in obsegu pasu, pri čemer se te razlike najbolj izrazito pokažejo med 8. in 12. razredom. Mestni fantje imajo na splošno višjo telesno težo, ITM in obseg pasu kot njihovi podeželski vrstniki, kar nakazuje vpliv okolijskih in življenjskih dejavnikov. Nasprotno pa imajo podeželska dekleta običajno manjši obseg pasu in nižji ITM, kar lahko odraža razlike v telesni dejavnosti in porazdelitvi telesne maščobe. Ti rezultati poudarjajo pomen ciljnih zdravstvenih in prehranskih ukrepov, zlasti v obdobju adolescence za odpravljanje razlik v rasti in telesni sestavi. Razumevanje regionalnih in spolnih razlik lahko oblikovalcem politik in izobraževalcem pomaga pri zasnovi programov, ki spodbujajo zdravo rast in razvoj vseh otrok v Albaniji
Ali se ljudje z različnimi osebnostnimi lastnostmi odzivajo različno na intervencije terapije sprejemanja in predanosti?
Get PDFThis study evaluated the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions in changing psychological flexibility processes in young physically active adults aged 20 to 25 years (N = 30). It also examined the moderating role of personality traits, measured with the Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ). Participants self-selected into either an experimental group, which completed eight weekly ACT-based interventions, or a passive control group. All participants completed the BFQ and the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI) at baseline. The MPFI was administered again after 10 weeks, while personality was assessed only at baseline. The study showed that at baseline, psychological flexibility processes differed between the groups, with the experimental group reporting lower flexibility. After 10 weeks, no significant differences remained. The ACT interventions were associated with a reduction in inflexibility processes in the experimental group, while the control group also showed a decrease in flexibility processes. Within the experimental group, the personality trait of dominance negatively predicted changes in most psychological flexibility processes. While previous research supports the effectiveness of ACT interventions for mental health, this study expands current understanding by focusing on a physically active young adult sample and assessing both flexibility and inflexibility processes. Personality traits, particularly dominance, may moderate ACT intervention outcomes.Predstavljena študija je preučevala učinkovitost intervencij terapije sprejemanja in predanosti (ACT) na spremembe v procesih psihološke fleksibilnosti pri fizično aktivnih mladih odraslih, starih med 20 in 25 let (N = 30). Poleg tega je bilo s pomočjo vprašalnika Velikih pet (BFQ) ocenjeno tudi, kakšno vlogo imajo pri tem osebnostne lastnosti. Udeleženci študije so se sami razvrstili bodisi v eksperimentalno skupino, ki je končala osem tedenske ACT-intervencije, bodisi v pasivno kontrolno skupino. Vsi udeleženci so na začetku študije izpolnili vprašalnik BFQ in večdimenzionalni vprašalnik psihološke fleksibilnosti (MPFI). MPFI so udeleženci izpolnili še enkrat po desetih tednih, medtem ko se je njihova osebnost ocenila le na začetku študije. Študija je pokazala, da so bili procesi psihološke fleksibilnosti med skupinama na začetku študije različni, pri čemer je eksperimentalna skupina izražala nižjo fleksibilnost. Po desetih tednih razlik med skupinama ni bilo več. Pri eksperimentalni skupini so bile ACT-intervencije povezane z zmanjšanjem procesov nefleksibilnosti, medtem ko so se v kontrolni skupini zmanjšali procesi fleksibilnosti. V eksperimentalni skupini je dominantnost, kot osebnostna lastnost, negativno napovedovala spremembe pri večini procesov psihološke fleksibilnosti. Medtem ko prejšnje raziskave podpirajo učinkovitost ACT-intervencij na duševno zdravje, ta študija širi trenutno razumevanje vpliva intervencij na procese fleksibilnosti in nefleksibilnosti, s poudarkom na vzorcu fizično aktivnih mladih odraslih. Osebnostne lastnosti, predvsem dominantnost, lahko vplivajo na učinke ACT-intervencij
Uvod v branje Cankarjevih romanov
Get PDFReading the novels of Ivan Cankar can be made easier and more profound by knowing the important categories that I analysed in my study: unfinished reading, individualism and solitude, the image of genius, and the philosophical and aesthetic elements of Cankar’s novelistic poetics. The connection between individualism and solitude is revealed in Cankar’s novels (most notably in Tujci, Novo življenje and Milan in Milena) by a special kind of this called noble individualism, which in most novels is also intertwined with the demand for equality and the introduction of autobiographical elements. These are present in all of Cankar’s novels, but most often in Tujci, Na klancu, Hiša Marije Pomočnice, and Novo življenje, in which the invincible solitude of modern man is sometimes also connected with the image of genius. The categories analysed are expressed using various philosophical and aesthetic elements: Platonic dialogue, the lightness of the philosophical system, scenarization, lyricism, essayization, satire and irony. The author’s novels are not only about a wide range of central themes, universal even today, but also about stylistic openness and polysemous stylization, which allows for new readings to always occur.Branje desetih romanov Ivana Cankarja lahko olajšamo in poglobimo s poznavanjem pomembnih kategorij, ki sem jih analizirala v svoji študiji: nedokončna prebranost, individualizem in samota, podoba genija, filozofske in estetske prvine Cankarjeve romaneskne poetike. Povezanost individualizma in samote odkrije v Cankarjevih romanih (najbolj zgoščeno v Tujcih, Novem življenju in Milanu in Mileni) posebno različico, imenovano plemeniti individualizem, ki se v večini romanov preplete tudi z zahtevo po enakopravnosti in vnosu avtobiografskih prvin. Te so prisotne v vseh Cankarjevih romanih; največji delež pa je zaznamoval romane Tujci, Na klancu, Hiša Marije Pomočnice, Novo življenje, v katerih je nepremagljiva samota modernega človeka mestoma povezana tudi s podobo genija. Analizirane kategorije so izvirno ubesedene z različnimi filozofskimi in estetskimi prvinami: platonski dialog, zračnost filozofskega sistema, scenarizacija, lirizacija, esejizacija, satira in ironija. V avtorjevih romanih ne gre samo za širok razpon osrednjih tem, univerzalnih še danes, ampak tudi za slogovno nezamejenost in večpomensko stilizacijo, ki omogoča vedno nova branja
Identifikacija dejavnikov virulenčnosti Helicobacter pylori in ocena njihovega patogenega potenciala in patogene aktivnosti pri bolnikih z gastrointestinalnimi motnjami
Get PDFHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is found everywhere (approximately 50%) in people in the world, causing various types of gastrointestinal diseases ranging from mild inflammation, ulcers, and sometimes, stomach cancer. This pathogen carries a diverse set of genes encoding several virulence factors. In this research, we look forward to isolating bacteria and measuring them biochemically and molecularly to determine bacterial virulence factors that have an effective role in cancer generation. Different techniques and tests have been used for H. pylori detection. Biopsy samples were taken from all participants by endoscopy, which was used for rapid urease test (RUT), isolating in a pure form, examining it under an optical microscope, and conducting biochemical tests for confirmation. Out of 100 participants in the current study, 60 patients had various gastric diseases, and forty of the participants (control) were almost healthy. The median age of the control group was 42 years, while the median age of the patient group was 38. Among the patients, 53 were seropositive for H. pylori, and the presence of the virulence genes cagA and vac A was assessed in H. pylori seropositive patients. The cagA gene was detected in 32 (100%) seropositive patients, with the highest prevalence observed in gastritis patients (46.9%, n= 15), followed by gastric cancers and duodenal ulcers (both 21.9%, n= 7), and gastric ulcers (9.4%, n= 3). The vac A gene was present in 25 (100%) seropositive patients, with the highest prevalence found in gastritis patients (56%, n= 14), followed by gastric cancers (24%, n= 6), gastric ulcers (16%, n = 4), and duodenal ulcers (4%, n = 1). Interestingly, a small proportion of patients (12.8%, n = 6) with gastric cancers tested seronegative for H. pylori, while one patient with gastritis (2.1%, n= 1) was also seronegative. None of the seronegative patients harboured the cagA or vac A virulence genes. At the molecular level comes the effect of infection with H. pylori, which possesses very strong virulence factors (Cag A protein and VacA toxin), creating an environment conducive to cancer.Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) se nahaja povsod (približno 50 %) pri ljudeh po vsem svetu in povzroča različne vrste gastrointestinalnih bolezni, od blagih vnetij, razjed do raka želodca. Ta patogen nosi raznoliko skupino genov, ki kodirajo več dejavnikov virulence. V tej raziskavi želimo izolirati bakterije in jih biokemično in molekularno karakterizirati, da bi določili dejavnike virulence bakterij, ki imajo učinkovito vlogo pri nastanku raka. Za odkrivanje H. pylori so bile uporabljene različne tehnike in testi, biopsijski vzorci so bili odvzeti vsem udeležencem z endoskopijo, ki je bila uporabljena za hitri ureazni test (RUT), izolirani v čisti obliki, pregledani pod optičnim mikroskopom in opravljeni biokemični testi za potrditev. Od 100 udeležencev v tej študiji je imelo 60 pacientov različne želodčne bolezni, 40 udeležencev (kontrolna skupina) pa je bilo skoraj zdravih. Povprečna starost kontrolne skupine je bila 42 let, povprečna starost skupine pacientov pa 38 let. Med pacienti je bilo 53 oseb seropozitivnih za H. pylori, pri seropozitivnih pacientih za H. pylori pa je bila ocenjena prisotnost genov virulence cagA in vac A. Gen cagA je bil odkrit pri 32 (100 %) seropozitivnih bolnikih, najvišja prevalenca pa je bila ugotovljena pri bolnikih z gastritisom (46,9 %, n = 15), sledili so bolniki z rakom želodca in duodenalnim razjedami (oba 21,9 %, n = 7) ter bolniki z želodčnimi razjedami (9,4 %, n = 3). Gen vac A je bil prisoten pri 25 (100 %) seropozitivnih bolnikih, najvišja prevalenca pa je bila ugotovljena pri bolnikih z gastritisom (56 %, n = 14), sledili so bolniki z rakom želodca (24 %, n = 6), želodčnimi razjedami (16 %, n = 4) in duodenalnimi razjedami (4 %, n = 1). Zanimivo je, da je bil majhen delež bolnikov (12,8 %, n = 6) z rakom želodca seronegativen za H. pylori, medtem ko je bil tudi en bolnik z gastritisom (2,1 %, n = 1) seronegativen. Noben od seronegativnih bolnikov ni bil nosilec genov virulence cagA ali vac A. Na molekularni ravni se pojavi učinek okužbe z H. pylori, ki ima zelo močne virulenčne faktorje (beljakovina Cag A in toksin Vac A) in ustvarja okolje, ki spodbuja nastanek raka
Taksonomske posledice morfologije plodov in semen divjih vrst Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) v Odishi, vzhodna Indija
Get PDFThe family Ebenaceae exhibits a diverse array of characteristics and evolutionary histories. The members of the genus Diospyros L. are mostly dioecious and exhibit a great variation in their leaf, flower, fruit and seed morphology. These morphological variations often lead to ambiguity in species delimitation and misidentification in the genus Diospyros. As a pilot study, a detailed morphological and morphometric assessment was carried out in ten species of Diospyros growing wild in Odisha, Eastern India. Twenty (20) taxonomically important morphological characters of fruits and seeds were selected to study the similarity and variations among the taxa. The phenetic clustering divided the studied taxa of Diospyros into three groups at a cophenetic correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89, which provided insights into species differentiation and their closest taxonomic relationship. Moreover, the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the length of the calyx lobe and the size of the seed were significant in explaining the total variation among the studied taxa. The study came up with a dichotomous key and revealed the distinct morphological characters of fruits and seeds, contributing to a refined understanding of the Diospyros species complex. To clarify the taxonomic ambiguity, fruit and seed morphological characteristics provide an important tool for accurate species identification and enriching our understanding of the systematics of these specific Ebenaceae members.Družina Ebenaceae ima raznolike značilnosti in evolucijsko zgodovino. Člani rodu Diospyros L. so večinoma dvodomni in se med seboj zelo razlikujejo po morfologiji listov, cvetov, plodov in semen. Te morfološke razlike pogosto vodijo do nejasnosti pri razmejevanju vrst in napačni identifikaciji v rodu Diospyros. Kot pilotna študija je bila izvedena podrobna morfološka in morfometrična ocena desetih vrst Diospyros, ki rastejo v divji naravi v Odishi v vzhodni Indiji. Za preučevanje podobnosti in razlik med taksoni je bilo izbranih dvajset (20) taksonomsko pomembnih morfoloških značilnosti plodov in semen. Fenetično združevanje je preučevane taksone Diospyros razdelilo v tri skupine s kophenetičnim korelacijskim koeficientom (r) 0,89, kar je omogočilo vpogled v razlikovanje vrst in njihovo najbližjo taksonomsko sorodnost. Poleg tega je analiza glavnih komponent (PCA) pokazala, da sta dolžina listne čaše in velikost semena pomembna za pojasnitev skupnih razlik med preučevanimi taksoni. Študija je prinesla dihotomni ključ in razkrila različne morfološke značilnosti plodov in semen, kar je prispevalo k boljšemu razumevanju kompleksa vrst Diospyros. Morfološke značilnosti plodov in semen so pomembno orodje za natančno določanje vrst in bogatijo naše razumevanje sistematike teh posebnih članov družine Ebenaceae