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Kognitivna znanost, razlagalna vrzel in Kripke proti teoriji identitete med duhom in možgani
No full textCognitive science, by its inherently interdisciplinary nature, faces the challenge of integration. This paper outlines the challenge and provides a short history of the proposed solutions. Yet another challenge comes from philosophers who believe that the mind is radically different from the body (the mind-body problem), often identifying consciousness as the most recalcitrant aspect of the mind (the problem of consciousness). We begin by examining Saul Kripke’s argument against the possibility of identifying mental states with physical states, as proposed in the mind-brain identity theory, and argue that it is not decisive. We then discuss the difficulty of investigating and explaining subjective experience with the standard scientific methods and conclude with two contemporary approaches that aim to bridge this explanatory gap.Kognitivna znanost se zaradi svoje izrazito interdisciplinarne narave sooča z integracijskim izzivom. Prispevek oriše ta izziv in poda kratek zgodovinski pregled predlaganih rešitev. Dodaten izziv zastavljajo filozofi, ki menijo, da je duh radikalno drugačen od telesa (problem duha in telesa), pri čemer pogosto izpostavljajo zavest kot najtežavnejši vidik duha (problem zavesti). Najprej obravnavava argument Saula Kripkeja proti možnosti identifikacije duševnih stanj s fizičnimi stanji, kot jo predlaga teorija identitete duha in možganov, ter trdiva, da ta argument ni odločilen. Nato razpravljava o težavah pri raziskovanju in razlagi subjektivnega izkustva s standardnimi znanstvenimi metodami ter zaključiva z dvema sodobnima pristopoma, ki si prizadevata premostiti to zaskrbljujočo razlagalno vrzel
Procesi in prostori izdelave sekir v neolitski Grčiji: Dokazi z najdišča Makri v Trakiji
No full textFor reasons pertaining more to aesthetics than frequencies, celts represent the most studied macrolithic, i.e. ground stone, type from Neolithic Greece. Reports of varying length and thoroughness are available for roughly 50 assemblages. Due to archaeological biases, however, these assemblages are not evenly distributed geographically. Most derive from the regions of Macedonia and Thessaly, with other areas represented minimally or not at all. Equally important, research has shed light on the related types of raw material and acquisition methods, manufacturing techniques, aspects of use, practices of discard, as well as non-utilitarian dimensions. However, very little is known about the whereabouts of celt production. In this paper, we attempt to address both gaps by turning our attention to the northeastern region of Thrace and focusing on the celts excavated at the Middle-Late Neolithic tell site of Makri. We discuss these tools’ forms, lithologies, and chaînes opératoires, revisit a structure identified by the excavators as a ‘celt workshop’, bring in relevant data from other sites, and, last but not least, problematize the celt workshop concept itself.Neolitske sekire so v grški arheologiji eden izmed najbolj proučevanih makrolitov – obdelanih kamnov – predvsem zaradi svoje estetske vrednosti, ne pa njihove pogostosti. Na voljo je različno obsežna in podrobna dokumentacija o približno 50 zbirkah. Te pa zaradi metodoloških pristranskosti v arheološkem raziskovanju niso enakomerno geografsko porazdeljene; večina prihaja iz Makedonije in Tesalije, medtem ko so druge regije redko ali sploh ne zastopane. Raziskave so pokazale povezave med vrstami uporabljenih surovin, načini njihovega pridobivanja, tehnikami izdelave, funkcijami orodij, načini njihove zavrženosti in razmerjem do standardnih velikosti. O dejanskih lokacijah izdelave teh sekir pa vemo zelo malo. V članku skušamo zapolniti obe vrzeli – tako v geografski kot tehnološki distribuciji – s poudarkom na severovzhodni Trakiji. Analiziramo neolitske sekire, odkrite na srednje- in poznoneolitskem tell naselju Makri, s poudarkom na njihovih oblikah, petrografski sestavi in operacijski sekvenci izdelave. Ponovno ovrednotimo strukturo, ki so jo izkopavalci označili kot ‘delavnico sekir’, primerjamo najdbe z drugimi najdišči in podvomimo v koncept \u27delavnice sekir\u27
Bakrenodobni pečatniki iz Tepe Gheshlagh in njihova uporaba v sistemih lastništva in izmenjave
No full textTepe Gheshlagh is one of the major sites with deposits of the Chalcolithic period in the east of the Central Zagros. The central question in the present study was the administrative system and ownership in the Chalcolithic period. With a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt was made to expound on Gheshlagh’s glyptic assemblage that attest to the existence of an ownership system and commercial exchanges. A structural analysis of the glyptic iconography suggested that each of the linear, circular, or repeating patterns were less mere personal insignias intended to exclude the possibility of alteration or forgery than they were marks belonging to a pre-literate system where each sign/symbol stood for individual commodity types that were transported or exchanged as such. At the same time, the composition of these widely varying geometric motifs followed certain conventions.Tepe Gheshlagh je eno najpomembnejših najdišč bakrene dobe na vzhodnem območju osrednjega Zagrosa. Ključni raziskovalni vprašanji naše študije sta organizacija administrativnih sistemov in koncept lastništva v tem obdobju. S pomočjo deskriptivno-analitične metode podrobneje obravnavamo zbirko pečatnikov iz Gheshlagha, ki dokazujejo sistem lastništva in trgovinske izmenjave. Strukturna analiza ikonografije pečatnikov kaže, da linearni, krožni in ponavljajoči se vzorci niso bili zgolj osebni simboli, namenjeni preprečevanju ponarejanja ali spreminjanja, temveč so predstavljali znake v okviru določenega sistema pred vpeljavo pisave. Vsak znak ali simbol je verjetno označeval določeno vrsto blaga, ki se je prenašalo ali izmenjevalo. Kljub veliki raznolikosti geometrijskih motivov je njihova sestava sledila določenim konvencijam, kar nakazuje na standardizirano vizualno komunikacijo v skupnosti
Začetek neolitika v Dobrudži (Romunija), razmislek s pomočjo analize koščene industrije
No full textOn the Lower Danube River basin, the oldest Neolithic assemblages appear around 6200 BC. However, the evolution of the Neolithic seems to have occurred later in the Dobrudja region between the Danube River and Black Sea. The archaeological evidence from the Dobrudja has shed light on subject long debated by specialists. At the current stage of knowledge, the oldest Neolithic archaeological finds belong to the Hamangia culture (c. 5300–4600 cal BC), although some recent discoveries come from the Prehamangia culture and seem to precede the previously analysed Neolithic settlements, being dated to beyond 5700–5400 cal BC. The archaeozoological study presented in this contribution confirms the pastoral character of the Prehamangia and Hamangia economies, as indicated by the high percentage of domestic animals, especially cattle and caprines. The osseous industry that has been recovered reflects the economic type of these communities, which was clearly oriented towards the exploitation of Ovis aries/Capra hircus and Bos taurus bones. Technologically processed bones were recovered from accumulations of household waste deposited after the slaughter and consumption of these animals. Antler or tooth working is sporadically attested. Unio sp. shells were used as tools in domestic activities, as well as tortoise carapace. There are also worked pieces from exotic raw materials (e.g., Spondylus sp.) that illustrate the existence of wider regional intercommunity and exchange networks. The functions of the bone tools recovered are correlated with the specific economies of these communities, being used in domestic activities for the processing of ceramics, vegetable fibres or wood. The archaeological assemblage from the Hamangia settlement of Cheia was chosen as a case study. Comparisons will be made with the Prehamangia assemblage of Palazu Mare – Malul Mare and the Hamangia assemblage of Techirghiol – Dealul Paloda-Minerva in order to identify technological trends and innovations across both chrono-cultural stages.Najstarejši znani neolitski kompleksi v porečju Spodnje Donave datirajo v obdobje okoli 6200 pr. n. št. V regiji Dobrudža, med reko Donavo in Črnim morjem, pa se zdi, da se je proces neolitizacije začel nekoliko pozneje. Na to časovno zamaknjenost opozarjajo arheološki podatki, ki so bili predmet dolgotrajnih razprav. Trenutna interpretacija kaže, da najstarejše zanesljivo datirane neolitske najdbe na tem območju pripadajo kulturi Hamangia (pribl. 5300–4600 pr. n. št., kalibrirano), čeprav nekatere nove najdbe kažejo na obstoj predhodne kulture pre-Hamangia, ki je datirana v čas pred 5700–5400 pr. n. št., kalibrirano. Naša arheozoološka študija potrjuje obstoj pašnega gospodarstva v obeh kulturah pre-Hamangia in Hamangia. Visok delež ostankov udomačenih živali, predvsem goveda (Bos taurus) in malih prežvekovalcev (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), potrjuje intenzivno živinorejo kot osrednji gospodarski temelj obeh kultur. Koščena industrija, ki temelji predvsem na uporabi kosti omenjenih vrst, potrjuje razširjeno rabo živalskih ostankov v vsakdanjih dejavnostih. Obdelane kosti so bile odkrite v gospodinjskih odpadkih, medtem ko so obdelani rogovi in zobje redko zastopani, kar kaže na selektivno rabo surovin. Prav tako so bile kot funkcionalna orodja uporabljene školjke vrste Unio ter oklepi želv, najverjetneje za potrebe domačih opravil. Izdelki iz eksotičnih surovin (npr. Spondylus sp.) nakazujejo na široka družbena omrežja in izmenjavo. Funkcionalnost koščenih orodij je bila povezana z vsakdanjimi dejavnostmi obeh skupnosti; uporabljali so jih pri izdelavi keramike ter obdelavi rastlinskih vlaken in lesa. Za študijski primer smo izbrali artefaktni zbir kulture Hamangia z najdišča Cheia. S primerjalnimi analizami kostnih zbirov kulture pre-Hamangia na najdišču Palazu Mare – Malul Mare ter kulture Hamangia z najdišča Techirghiol – Dealul Paloda-Minerva bomo prepoznali tehnološke trende in inovacije v obeh kronološko-kulturnih fazah
Vloga informatorjev in arhivskih filmov v preporodnem gibanju madžarskega ljudskega plesa
No full textThe Hungarian táncház [dance house] movement revolutionised the revival of traditional folk dances in urban contexts. This study examines the role of adatközlők [informants], master–disciple relationships, and archival film recordings as reference sources in the transmission and reconstruction of traditional dances within the Hungarian folk dance revival.
Madžarsko gibanje táncház [plesna hiša] je prineslo pomemben preobrat v prizadevanja za oživljanje tradicionalnih ljudskih plesov v urbanem okolju. Pričujoča študija preučuje vlogo adatközlők [informatorjev], odnosov med mojstrom in učenci ter arhivskih filmskih posnetkov kot referenčnih virov pri prenosu in rekonstrukciji tradicionalnih plesov v okviru preporoda madžarskega ljudskega plesa
Slikovne upodobitve Hieronima: Prevajalec v slikah
Get PDFThis article examines the defining traits of Jerome as a translator in selected Western European paintings. Adopting the Translator Studies approach (Chesterman 2009), the research shifts focus from translated texts to the translator himself. To gain access to a translator through paintings, the study conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of pictorial-artistic representations, combining translation theory, art history, picture theory, and media analyses. By exploring eight Western European paintings, it reveals attributes and characteristics that identify Jerome as a translator. Additionally, it illustrates which depictions held greater prominence within the respective society, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of the significance of Jerome’s translation of the Bible in a particular historical period.V prispevku so razčlenjene lastnosti, ki Hieronima definirajo kot prevajalca v zahodnoevropskem slikarstvu. Skozi prizmo prevajalčeslovja, tj. z uporabo prevodoslovnega pristopa, usmerjenega na prevajalca (Chesterman 2009), se fokus raziskave prenese s prevoda na prevajalca. V študiji so interdisciplinarno analizirane slikovne umetniške upodobitve z namenom, da bi dobili vpogled v prevajalca z uporabo teorije prevajanja, umetnostne zgodovine, slikovne teorije in medijske analize. Razčlenjenih je osem zahodnoevropskih slik, ki razkrivajo atribute in značilnosti, ki Hieronima definirajo kot prevajalca. Raziskava prikaže, katere upodobitve so v posameznih družbenih okoljih bolj vidne, s čimer nam omogoča boljše razumevanje pomena Hieronimovega prevoda Svetega pisma v izbranem zgodovinskem trenutku
Od fundamentalne odsotnosti do absolutnega niča: sublacija meontologij Nishide Kitarōja in Wang Bija
Get PDFThis article aims to explore the existence of absolute Nothingness within the Daoist framework. The inquiry will revolve around an imagined dialogue, juxtaposing the ideas of Nishida Kitaro and Wang Bi through a contrastive analysis employing the transcultural method of sublation. While Nishida asserted that his philosophy was underpinned only by Zen Buddhism and Western philosophy, we will illuminate the frequently overlooked but profoundly influential role of Chinese Daoism in shaping Nishida\u27s concept of nothingness. It is no coincidence that Nishida himself appeared to be unaware of this Daoist influence. I believe that this oversight constitutes a flaw not only in Nishida\u27s work but also in its common reception. By comparing Nishida’s and Wang’s respective conceptualizations of a dynamic (or “moving”) present, I will demonstrate that both theories depict time in a similar way, i.e. as emerging from the intimate "translocation" of reality. Building on this foundation, this analysis critiques Nishida\u27s reductionist view that the Chinese (or Daoist) concept of nothingness is confined to a mere opposition of being, representing a simplistic dichotomy between being and non-being. Instead, I argue that Wang Bi\u27s notion of original nothingness or fundamental absence (benwu 本無) offers a nuanced parallel to Nishida\u27s concept of absolute nothingness (zettai mu 絶対無).Članek raziskuje obstoj absolutnega niča v okviru daoistične miselnosti. Študija temelji na fiktivnem dialogu, ki prek kontrastivne analize s pomočjo transkulturne metode sublacije primerja ideje Nishide Kitarōja in Wang Bija. Čeprav je Nishida trdil, da sta osrednja stebra njegove filozofije zgolj zen budizem in zahodna filozofija, bo članek osvetlil pogosto prezrto, a močno vplivno vlogo kitajskega daoizma pri oblikovanju njegovega pojma niča. Menim, da ni naključje, da se Nishida tega daoističnega vpliva ne zaveda, saj predstavlja ta vidik pomanjkljivost ne le v samem Nishidovem delu, temveč tudi v njegovi običajni recepciji. S primerjavo Nishidovih in Wangovih konceptualizacij dinamične (ali »premikajoče se«) sedanjosti bom pokazala, da obe teoriji čas prikazujeta na podoben način, torej kot nastajajoč iz intimne »translokacije« resničnosti. Na tej osnovi bom kritično preverila Nishidov redukcionistični pogled, ki vidi kitajski (ali daoistični) koncept odsotnosti kot omejen zgolj na nasprotje prisotnosti, kar predstavlja poenostavljeno dihotomijo med bitjem in nebitjem. Nasprotno pa trdim, da Wang Bijev pojem izvornega niča ali fundamentalne odsotnosti (benwu 本無) predstavlja subtilno vzporednico z Nishidovim pojmom absolutnega niča (zettai mu 絶対無)
Od dojetja do oblikovanja realnosti: Primerno imenovanje v poglavjih o vodenju države v knjigi Chunqiu Fanlu
Get PDFOne of the central yet underexplored debates in Han ethics, politics, and administration concerns the relationship between “titles” (ming 名) and “actuality” (shi 實). This debate laid the foundation for China’s bureaucracy and imperial examination system, also influencing modern administrative theory and meritocratic principles. This paper examines the concept of the proper alignment of names and actualities in the Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露, specifically focusing on the Statecraft chapters (Chapters 18–22), which discuss governance and political practices. I will explore how this alignment operates within these chapters, focusing on the interplay between language, reality, knowledge, power, and the socio-political order. In particular, I investigate the processual and dynamic nature of naming, framed within a cosmological paradigm. I argue that the act of naming begins with understanding and culminates in shaping reality. I further contend that the authors of the Statecraft chapters identified epistemic hiddenness as a central challenge in the act of naming, but they also proposed solutions to address this issue. Additionally, I highlight the performative role of language in ensuring that names correspond to actualities, asserting that within administrative discourse, language is not merely descriptive but actively shapes and effects change. To illustrate its role as a form of social action, I will link the alignment of names and actualities to contemporary philosophical discourse, particularly the works of John Austin and Judith Butler.Ena osrednjih, vendar premalo raziskanih razprav v etiki, politiki in administraciji dinastije Han je odnos med imeni (ming 名) in dejanskostjo (shi 實). Ta razprava je postavila temelje za kitajski sistem administracije in cesarskih izpitov, hkrati pa vpliva tudi na sodobno administrativno teorijo ter meritokratska načela. Članek razišče koncept ustrezne uskladitve imen in dejanskosti v knjigi Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露, pri čemer se osredotoča na poglavja o vodenju države (18.–22.), v katerih je govor o vladanju in političnih praksah. Avtorica razišče, kako tovrstno usklajevanje deluje v okviru teh poglavij, ter se osredotoča na prepletanje jezika, realnosti, znanja, moči in družbeno-političnega reda. Še posebej razišče procesno in dinamično naravo poimenovanja, ki je uokvirjenja v kozmološko paradigmo. Avtorica trdi, da se dejanje poimenovanja začne z dojetjem in doseže vrhunec v oblikovanju realnosti. Nadalje prikaže, da so avtorji poglavij o vodenju države epistemično prikritost identificirali kot osrednji izziv v dejanju poimenovanja, hkrati pa so predlagali tudi rešitve te problematike. Poleg tega avtorica poudarja performativno vlogo jezika pri zagotavljanju ustreznosti imen in dejanskosti, pri čemer trdi, da v okviru administrativnih razprav jezik ni le deskriptiven, temveč aktivno oblikuje in vpliva na spremembe. Za ponazoritev njegove vloge v obliki družbenega delovanja avtorica poveže uskladitev imen in dejstev s sodobnim filozofskim diskurzom, zlasti z deli Johna Austina in Judith Butler
Part II of the Double Issue on Nothingness
Get PDFThis special double issue of Asian Studies is dedicated to exploring the manifold meanings, implications, and philosophical functions of “nothingness” across diverse Asian and transcultural traditions. Its second part advances the inquiry by turning to specific constellations of thought in which nothingness plays a formative role. The issue is divided into four thematic sections: “Transcultural Comparisons”, “Freedom and Beauty”, “Analytical Approaches”, and “The Buddhist Legacies in Indian and Japanese Ideas on Nothingness”. Each section approaches the topic from a different angle: the first investigates how nothingness mediates philosophical exchange across cultures; the second examines its role in the constitution of axiology in artistic and moral experience; the third offers formal, logical, and epistemological perspectives; and the fourth returns to the Buddhist roots of many Asian philosophies of nothingness to explore their ongoing relevance.This special double issue of Asian Studies is dedicated to exploring the manifold meanings, implications, and philosophical functions of “nothingness” across diverse Asian and transcultural traditions. Its second part advances the inquiry by turning to specific constellations of thought in which nothingness plays a formative role. The issue is divided into four thematic sections: “Transcultural Comparisons”, “Freedom and Beauty”, “Analytical Approaches”, and “The Buddhist Legacies in Indian and Japanese Ideas on Nothingness”. Each section approaches the topic from a different angle: the first investigates how nothingness mediates philosophical exchange across cultures; the second examines its role in the constitution of axiology in artistic and moral experience; the third offers formal, logical, and epistemological perspectives; and the fourth returns to the Buddhist roots of many Asian philosophies of nothingness to explore their ongoing relevance
Biopunk: Preseganje etičnosti znanstvenega raziskovanja?
No full textThe paper focuses on examining the notion of ethics and ethicality of scientific research in SF concerning synthetic biology as presented in representative works of the biopunk genre. It looks into the figure of a mad and at the same time brilliant scientist, and direct references to ethics. Ultimately, it questions the underlying ethical concerns of creating new human and non-human species. In doing so, the work also discusses human exceptionalism, ethical posthumanism, and public acceptance of scientific advances. I will argue that biopunk works are rich in ethical puzzles that raise awareness of the present and illuminate the path to the future of science.Članek se osredotoča na preučevanje pojma etike in etičnosti znanstvenega raziskovanja v SF v zvezi s sintetično biologijo, kot je predstavljena v reprezentativnih delih biopunk žanra. Obravnava lik norega in hkrati genialnega znanstvenika ter neposredne etične reference. Na koncu se sprašuje o temeljnih etičnih vprašanjih ustvarjanja novih človeških in nečloveških vrst. Pri tem delo razpravlja tudi o človeški izjemnosti, etičnem posthumanizmu in javnem sprejemanju znanstvenega napredka. Avtorica trdi, da so biopunkovska dela bogata z etičnimi ugankami, ki ozaveščajo sedanjost in osvetljujejo pot v prihodnost znanosti