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Projekt SWOW-SL: Gradnja zbirke prostih asociacij za slovenščino
No full textWe describe the construction of the first comprehensive collection of free word association data for Slovene. SWOW-SL was created as part of the multilingual Small World of Words project, thus relying on its methodology and data collection platform. Here we first present the cue selection process and the adaptation of the experiment for Slovene, and then the data collection campaign within which the participants were mobilized via social media and through physical advertising consisting of posters and stickers. An analysis of various campaign strategies is provided, giving valuable insight for future crowdsourcing projects. The result is the first association data set for Slovene comprising 1,000 cue words and a total of 20,000 responses. The data set is released on the Clarin.si repository and opens up a range of new possibilities for research in cognitive linguistics, natural language processing and related fields.V prispevku opisujemo projekt gradnje prve obsežnejše zbirke prostih asociacij za slovenščino. Podatkovna zbirka SWOW-SL je nastala v sklopu krovnega projekta Small World of Words, pri katerem se asociacije zbirajo za številne jezike in ki predstavlja metodološki okvir za našo raziskavo. Najprej opišemo postopek izbire iztočnic in prilagajanja spletnega eksperimenta za slovenščino, nato pa podrobneje predstavimo kampanjo zbiranja podatkov, pri kateri smo udeležence nagovarjali prek družabnih omrežij in s tiskanimi oglasi v obliki plakatov in nalepk. Uspešnost posameznih oglasnih strategij smo skrbno spremljali, zato lahko izkušnje iz projekta služijo tudi kot dragoceno izhodišče za morebitne sorodne množičenjske kampanje. V projektu smo uspeli zbrati asociacije za 1.000 slovenskih iztočnic v skupnem obsegu 20.000 odzivov. Zbirka podatkov je objavljena na repozitoriju Clarin.si in ponuja številne možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave s področij kognitivnega jezikoslovja, računalniške obdelave naravnega jezika in sorodnih disciplin
Analiza jezika vrednotenja in pogovorni sistemi: ali ljudi sploh potrebujemo?
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming various fields, including linguistics, by offering new tools for the analysis and generation of human language. As AI tools, particularly chatbots, have become increasingly sophisticated, questions have arisen about their capacity to replicate complex human linguistic processes, such as those covered by the appraisal framework developed by Martin and White (2005). The appraisal framework examines how three main categories – attitude, graduation, and engagement – are expressed in discourse at the semantic level. This paper investigates how AI chatbots, MS Copilot, ChatGPT, and Claude approach appraisal analysis in a selected text, highlighting similarities and notable differences in comparison to human analysis. The findings, although based on analysis of a single text, provide valuable insights into the advantages and drawbacks of AI in mimicking human-like appraisal analysis, which might be beneficial when conducting appraisal research.Umetna inteligenca hitro preoblikuje različna področja, vključno z jezikoslovjem, tako da ponuja nova orodja za analizo in ustvarjanje človeškega jezika. Ker postajajo orodja umetne inteligence, zlasti pogovorni sistemi, vse bolj izpopolnjena, se pojavljajo vprašanja o njihovi sposobnosti ponovitve kompleksnih človeških jezikovnih procesov, kot so tisti zajeti v jeziku vrednotenja, ki sta ga razvila Martin in White (2005). Okvir jezika vrednotenja preučuje, kako se v diskurzu izražajo tri glavne kategorije – odnos, stopnjevanje odnosov in vključenost – na semantični stopnji. Članek raziskuje kako pogovorni sistemi, MS Copilot, ChatGPT in Claude pristopijo k analizi jezika vrednotenja v izbranem besedilu, tako da osvetli podobnosti kot tudi pomembne razlike skozi primerjavo s človeško analizo. Ugotovitve, čeprav temeljijo na enem izbranem besedilu, omogočijo dragoceni vpogled v prednosti in pomanjkljivosti umetne inteligence pri posnemanju človeške jezikovne analize, kar je lahko koristno pri raziskovanju jezika vrednotenja
Strojno prevajanje samostojnih samostalniških besednih zvez v tehničnih besedilih
Get PDFThis paper deals with machine translations of independent noun phrases in technical texts, which are not part of any sentence structure but function on their own, typically in tables and illustrations. Such nominal structures are common in technical texts because they allow technical writers to increase lexical density and precision in expression. On the other hand, these phrases pose a challenge for machine translation engines, as their meaning depends on the context. Independent noun phrases from a service manual, which were translated from English into Slovene by two different machine translators (DeepL and Google Translate), are considered in this paper. Their comparison with the original showed some limitations of machine translation engines in translating noun phrases, since approximately half of them showed a noticeable change in meaning.Prispevek obravnava strojne prevode samostojnih samostalniških besednih zvez v tehničnih besedilih, ki niso del stavčnih struktur, temveč se pojavljajo zunaj konteksta, najpogosteje v preglednicah in grafičnih prikazih. Tovrstne besedne zveze se pogosto pojavljajo v tehničnih besedilih, saj piscem omogočajo večjo leksikalno gostoto in konciznost pri izražanju. Po drugi strani predstavljajo izziv za strojne prevajalnike, saj je njihov pomen odvisen od sobesedila. V prispevku so obravnavane samostoječe samostalniške besedne zveze iz servisnega priročnika, ki so bile iz angleščine v slovenščino prevedene z dvema različnima strojnima prevajalnikoma (DeepL in Google Translate). Njihova primerjava z izvirnikom je pokazala nekatere omejitve strojnih prevajalnikov pri prevajanju samostalniških besednih zvez, saj se je pri približno polovici besednih zvez opazno spremenil njihov pomen
Andreja Žagar received the Professional Associates\u27 Award of the University of Ljubljana
No full textBoštjan Lesar received the Award of the Biotechnical Faculty for Exceptional Achievement in the Field of Wood Science and Technology
Get PDFPRVINE ORODNE TELOVADBE KOT SREDSTVO ZA IZBOLJŠANJE ZDRAVJA IN ZNANJA
No full textCreating a model of practical teaching for students is directly related to their physical fitness, which can often be a limiting factor in the successful implementation of lessons. Gymnastics as part of physical education includes a range of movements that can affect the overall characteristics of students. In recent years, various models of recreational teaching have been applied to students in practical lessons. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a group fitness programme based on elements of gymnastics as a basic movement structure on the level of health‐related components and skill-related fitness in order to gain insight into whether this exercise programme can serve as a tool to improve physical fitness and would be used in physical preparation for the implementation of practical lessons. The study was conducted on a sample of 53 male subjects aged 19.55 years (+/- 0.61). The effectiveness of the training programme was determined based on the impact of the programme on the level of various components of physical fitness. The following variables were used to assess the level of health-related components of fitness: Coopers test, supinated pull-ups on a high bar, sit-ups, push-ups and percentage of fat tissue, while the following variables were used to assess the level of skill fitness: Long jump from a standing position, Sargent test, 20-m sprint with start from a standing position, envelope run test, dodge and jump. After analysing the data obtained by statistical methods, it was found that a statistically significant change was observed after the training programme in terms of improvement in all tested components of health‐related components of fitness: cardiorespiratory fitness, strength endurance and body composition and all tested components of skill-related components of fitness: explosive strength, speed and agility.Oblikovanje modela praktičnega pouka za učence je neposredno povezano z njihovo telesno pripravljenostjo, ki je pogosto lahko omejujoč dejavnik pri uspešnem izvajanju pouka. Orodna telovadba kot del telesne vzgoje vključuje vrsto gibov, ki lahko vplivajo na splošne značilnosti učencev. V zadnjih letih se pri pouku učencev uporabljajo različni modeli sprostitve. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti učinke skupinskega vadbenega načrta, ki temelji na prvinah telovadbe kot osnovne gibalne strukture, na raven zdravja in znanja, da bi dobili vpogled v to, ali lahko taka vadba služi kot orodje za izboljšanje telesne pripravljenosti in bi se uporabljal pri telesni pripravi za izvajanje praktičnega pouka. Raziskava je bila izvedena na vzorcu 53 moških preiskovancev, starih 19,55 let (+/- 0,61). Učinkovitost vadbenega načrta je bila določena na podlagi vpliva na raven različnih sestavin telesne pripravljenosti. Za oceno ravni z zdravjem povezanih sestavin telesne pripravljenosti so bile uporabljene naslednje spremenljivke: Cooperjev tek, zgibe na drogu, upogibi trupa, skleki in odstotek maščobnega tkiva, medtem ko so bile za oceno ravni znanja uporabljene naslednje spremenljivke: skok v daljino z mesta, navpičnj skok, tek na 20 m z visokim štartom, tek po obodu igrišča (»envelope run test«) test izmika in skoka (»dodge and jump test«). Po razčlenitvi podatkov pridobljenih s statističnimi metodami je bilo ugotovljeno, da je bila po programu vadbe opažena statistično pomembna sprememba v smislu izboljšanja vseh merjenih sestavinah zdravstveno povezanih sestavin telesne pripravljenosti: srčno dihalne pripravljenosti, vzdržljivosti in telesne sestave ter vseh sestavinah telesne pripravljenosti: eksplozivne moči, hitrosti in agilnosti
ZGODOVINA IN TEHNOLOŠKI RAZVOJ BRADLJE
No full textThe parallel bars are an essential part of artistic gymnastics, as evidenced by their inclusion in the core Olympic disciplines of men\u27s and women\u27s gymnastics. This article looks at the origins and development of the men\u27s gymnastics apparatus – the parallel bars. The late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the rise of the German gymnastics system, are seen as key periods for its development. The article provides a detailed insight into the conditions and social events that played a decisive role in the emergence of parallel bars. It also sheds light on the key figures involved in the construction of the parallel bars, focusing on historical developments, structural improvements and innovations that have made the parallel bars an integral part of elite men\u27s gymnastics competitions today. As far as the methodology used in this manuscript is concerned, the authors have adhered to the standard methods of historical research. The authors\u27 main focus was on collecting relevant material on the subject. The authors conscientiously searched for primary sources, including books, scientific articles and digitised documents. These facts were classified by the authors and their relationships were analysed using the comparative method. Based on the analysis of this information, the authors prepared the manuscript.Bradlja je bistveni del orodne telovadbe, kar dokazuje njena vključitev v olimpijske discipline moške in ženske telovadbe. Ta članek obravnava izvor in razvoj telovadnega orodja –bradlje. Konec 18. in začetek 19. stoletja, v času vzpona nemškega telovadnega sklopa, velja kot ključno obdobje za njen razvoj. Članek ponuja podroben vpogled v razmere in družbene dogodke, ki so odigrali odločilno vlogo pri nastanku bradlje. Osvetljuje tudi ključne osebnosti, ki so sodelovale pri konstrukciji bradlje, s poudarkom na zgodovinskem razvoju, strukturnih izboljšavah, zaradi katerih je bradlja postala sestavni del vrhunskih tekmovanj moške orodne telovadbe danes. Kar zadeva metodologije, uporabljeno v tem članku, sta se pisca držala običajnih metod zgodovinskega raziskovanja. Pisca sta se osredotočila predvsem na zbiranje pomembnega gradiva in vestno iskali temeljne vire, vključno s knjigami, znanstvenimi članki in digitaliziranimi dokumenti. Ta dejstva sta pisca razvrstila, njihova razmerja pa so bila razčlenjena s primerjalno metodo. Na podlagi razčlenitve teh podatkov je bil pripravljen članek
ODZIV MATERE IN PLODA NA PRENATALNO VADBO: KVAZI EKSPERIMENTALNA PILOTNA ŠTUDIJA
Get PDFDespite the positive effects of exercise during pregnancy, only a small percentage of pregnant women choose to exercise because of concerns about fetal safety. The purpose of this study was to determine if the selected physiological functions of pregnant women increase or decrease to a limit that is still safe, and what effect this has on fetal heart rate and movement, depending on the type of exercise and physical activity of the pregnant women prior to pregnancy. An experimental study was conducted. Measurements of the pregnant women\\u27s heart rate, saturation, blood pressure, and body temperature, fetal heart rate, and fetal movements before and after exercise were collected. Exercises with two different levels of intensities (yoga-low and pilates-moderate) were compared. Thirty-one pregnant Slovenian women with gestational age between 20 and 37 weeks were included in the sample. When comparing pre and post exercise measurements, statistically significant differences were found in post exercise body temperature (p = 0.005) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.007) compared with pre-exercise measurements. When comparing the results between yoga and Pilates exercise sessions, no statistically significant differences were found. When comparing results related to pre-pregnancy physical activity, significant differences in pre-exercise saturation were found (p = 0.041). Despite small sample size, results indicate that moderate physical activity in pregnancy has no significant effect on the vital functions of the pregnant woman that could indirectly endanger foetus. Larger study should be performed, to confirm these preliminary results.Kljub dokazanim pozitivnim učinkom vadbe v nosečnosti, je le majhen delež nosečnic fizično aktiven. Eden od vzrokov je tudi skrb kako telesna aktivnost vpliva na fetus. V prispevku želimo ovrednotiti vpliv vadbe v nosečnosti na določene fizične parametre otroka (gibanje in srčni utrip) ter vitalne funkcije matere, v odnosu do intenzivnosti vadbe ter fizične aktivnosti nosečnice pred nosečnostjo. S tem namenom je bil izveden eksperiment. Zajete so bile nosečnice, udeležene v sklopu organizirane vadbe joge (primer lahke vadbe) in pilatesa (zmerna intenzivnost). Merili smo pulz, krvni tlak, telesno temperaturo in saturacijo žensk ter srčni utrip in gibanje ploda pred in po vadbi. Sodelovalo je 31 žensk med 20 in 37 tednom gestacije. V primerjavi podatkov pred in po vadbi so bile ugotovljene statistično značilne spremembe v telesni temperaturi (p = 0.005) in krvnem tlaku (p = 0.007) vadečih, vendar pa ne v tolikšni meri, da bi to vplivalo na varnost ploda. Statističnih razlik v primerjavi glede na nivo intenzivnosti vadbe nismo zasledili. Statistične razlike so se pokazale tudi v saturaciji pred vadbo (p = 0.041) med ženskami, ki so bile fizično aktivne že v času pred nosečnostjo in tistimi,ki so z vadbo začele šele v času nosečnosti. Kljub majhnemu vzorcu lahko zaključimo, da je nizka oz. zmerno intenzivna vadba v nosečnosti varna za plod. Smiselno bi bilo ponoviti raziskavo na večjem vzorcu
Učinek anaerobnega treninga na aktivnost serumske paraoksonaze 1 (PON1) in vloga polimorfizma PON1-L55M
Get PDFParaoxonase (PON) enzyme family (paraoxonase 1, 2 and 3) has antiatherosclerotic properties. The decreased PON1 enzyme activity (EA), PON1 level and PON1-L55M polymorphism (PON1P) are risk factors for atherosclerosis. Effects of anaerobic training on PON1 levels and the role of PON1P are unclear. In present study, the effects of anaerobic training on serum PON1 level, PON1EA, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its subgroups’s paraoxonase activities (HDLPON1EA, HDL2PON1EA, HDL3PON1EA) as well as the role of PON1P were investigated. The trained male athletes group (handball, basketball, volleyball) (AG: n=36, age=20.56±2.42 years) and the control group (CG: n=39, age=22.26±3.44 years) participated in this study. The PON1 and HDL’s PON1 enzyme activities, the protein levels of PON1 enzyme and oxLDL levels and the PON1P (from genomic DNA samples) were determined. Serum PON1EA, HDLPON1EA, HDL2PON1EA and HDL3PON1EA enzyme activities of the athletic homozygous LL and M carrier (Mc) groups were not significantly different from sedentary, however the indicated enzyme activities of the athletic LL homozygous group were significantly higher than athletic Mc group (p<0.05). While the control genotype groups were compared, the control LL (CLL) genotype group had higher serum PON1EA (38.7%), HDLPON1EA (37.2%), HDL2PON1EA (41.9%) and HDL3PON1EA (33.1%) values than control Mc (CMc) genotype. These findings indicate that the genetically higher PON1EA and HDL and its subgroups PON1EA in LL genotype group may have an important role in the beneficial effects of anaerobic training. However the Mc genotype group was genetically negatively affected from anaerobic training, which is risk for atherosclerosis.
Encimska družina paraoksonaz (PON) – paraoksonaza 1, 2 in 3 – ima antiaterosklerotične lastnosti. Znižana encimska aktivnost PON1 (EA), raven PON1 in polimorfizem PON1-L55M (PON1P) predstavljajo dejavnike tveganja za aterosklerozo. Vplivi anaerobnega treninga na raven PON1 in vloga PON1P še niso povsem pojasnjeni. V tej študiji so raziskovali vplive anaerobnega treninga na serumsko raven PON1, encimsko aktivnost PON1 (PON1EA), lipoprotein visoke gostote (HDL) in paraoksonazno aktivnost njegovih podskupin (HDLPON1EA, HDL2PON1EA, HDL3PON1EA), kot tudi vlogo PON1P. V raziskavi so sodelovali moški športniki (rokomet, košarka, odbojka) – športna skupina (AG: n = 36, starost = 20,56 ± 2,42 let) in kontrolna skupina (CG: n = 39, starost = 22,26 ± 3,44 let). Določili so PON1 in HDL-odvisno encimsko aktivnost PON1, ravni beljakovin encima PON1, ravni oksidiranega lipoproteina nizke gostote (oxLDL) ter polimorfizem PON1P (iz genomskih DNA vzorcev). Serumske vrednosti PON1EA, HDLPON1EA, HDL2PON1EA in HDL3PON1EA pri športnikih z homozigotnim LL genotipom in nosilcih M alela (Mc skupina) niso bile statistično značilno različne od neaktivnih posameznikov. Vendar pa so bile omenjene encimske aktivnosti v športni skupini z LL genotipom statistično značilno višje kot pri športnikih Mc skupine (p < 0,05). Pri primerjavi genotipskih skupin v kontrolni skupini je imel LL genotip (CLL) višje vrednosti serumske PON1EA (za 38,7 %), HDLPON1EA (za 37,2 %), HDL2PON1EA (za 41,9 %) in HDL3PON1EA (za 33,1 %) v primerjavi z Mc genotipom (CMc). Ti izsledki kažejo, da ima genetsko višja PON1EA ter višja PON1 aktivnost HDL in njegovih podskupin pri osebah z LL genotipom lahko pomembno vlogo pri koristnih učinkih anaerobnega treninga. Nasprotno pa je bil Mc genotip genetsko neugodno prizadet zaradi anaerobnega treninga. Zato so raziskovalci zaključili, da je lahko visoko intenziven trening dejavnik tveganja za aterosklerozo pri športnikih z Mc genotipom
Validacija novo oblikovanega vprašalnika za kompetence gibanja v vodi
Get PDFWater competences can be defined as the sum of all movements in the water that help prevent drowning. It is related to knowledge about water safety as well as attitudes and behaviors that will facilitate safety in and around the water. Defining aquatics competences in this way aims to raise the awareness of the population and point out that swimming lessons should be started at an early stage of childhood. The aim of the research was to construct and validate the questionnaire for assessing the movement competences in the water. The participants were 684 students of the University of Zagreb. This research involved 344 male participants and 340 female subjects. For the purposes of this research a questionnaire with 22 items was constructed on the importance of water movement competences. The results show acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach\u27s alfa α ≥ 0.7. The statement Q12 (breathing, shortness of breath, and breathing control are important components of the competences of movement in the water and the statement) showed the highest values (Mean=4.63). It can be concluded that the questionnaire presented here represents a valuable tool for the assessment of movement competences in water showing acceptable validity and reliability. A high level of awareness of the importance of swimming competencies enables safe movement in the environment of the water, but also to enjoy the activities that the aquatic medium provides.Cilj te študije je bil oblikovati in validirati vprašalnik za ocenjevanje kompetenc gibanja v vodi. Vodne kompetence zajemajo vse oblike gibanja v vodi, ki prispevajo k preprečevanju utapljanja ter so tesno povezane z razumevanjem vodne varnosti, vedenjem in odnosi, ki zagotavljajo varnost v vodnem okolju. Ustrezna opredelitev teh kompetenc lahko prispeva k večji ozaveščenosti javnosti o pomenu zgodnjega učenja plavanja in pridobivanja ključnih veščin, potrebnih za varno gibanje v vodi. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 684 študentov Univerze v Zagrebu, od tega 344 moških in 340 žensk. Za potrebe raziskave je bil razvit vprašalnik z 22 postavkami, namenjen ocenjevanju pomena različnih vidikov vodnih kompetenc. Analiza podatkov je potrdila zadovoljivo notranjo skladnost vprašalnika, pri čemer je bil Cronbachov alfa koeficient α ≥ 0,7. Najvišjo povprečno oceno je dobila trditev Q12, ki poudarja pomen dihanja, nadzora diha in obvladovanja kratke sape kot ključnih sestavin kompetenc gibanja v vodi (M = 4,63). Na podlagi rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da razviti vprašalnik predstavlja dragoceno orodje za ocenjevanje vodnih kompetenc, saj izkazuje sprejemljivo veljavnost in zanesljivost. Ozaveščanje o pomenu plavalnih veščin je bistveno ne le za individualno varnost v vodi, temveč tudi za uživanje v aktivnostih, ki jih ponuja vodno okolje. Zgodnje učenje in sistematičen razvoj gibalnih veščin v vodi lahko pomembno vplivata na zmanjšanje tveganja za utopitev ter spodbujanje varnega vedenja v vodnih okoljih