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Eduard Sam in "Hourglass"
Get PDFOvaj rad ima za cilj da predstavi i sintetizuje biografske podatke jednog od glavnih likova romana Danila Kiša „Peščanik“, odnosno Eduarda Sema. Prvo ćemo navesti sve njegove lične podatke kao što su datum rođenja, adresa, bračno stanje, porodični odnosi, radno iskustvo, aktivnosti u slobodnom vremenu itd. Zatim ćemo predstaviti stepenike života i smrti onako kako se pojavljuju u romanu . Pošto je lik o kome je reč jevrejskog porekla, u radu će se ispitati ponavljajući znaci antisemitizma, kao i fizički i emocionalno oslabljujuće posledice takvog nacionalnog identiteta. Eduard Sem je neko ko je lucidan, a ne lud, a njegova lucidnost se pojavljuje kao rezultat njegovih neprekidnih spekulacija o teroru smrti u koncentracionom logoru.This paper aims to present and synthesize biographical data of one of the main characters in Danilo Kiš's novel "Hourglass", namely, Eduard Sam. First, we shall list all of his personal information such as the date of birth, address, marital status, family relations, work experience, pastime activities, etc. Then, we shall present the staircases of life and death as they appear within the novel. Since the character in question is of Jewish origin, the paper will examine the recurring signs of anti-Semitism as well as the physically and emotionally debilitating consequences of such national identity. Eduard Sam is someone who is lucid, not mad, with his lucidity emerging as a result of his ceaseless speculation about the terror of death within a concentration camp.Pod pokrovitelјstvom "Claims Conference ( Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany)", Centar za studije sećanja Univerziteta u Kragujevcu - čiji je osnivač i rukovodilac prof. dr Katarina Melić - akademske 2021/2022. godine je dalekosežno pokrenuo Studije Holokausta. Jedan od realizovanih kurseva, "Istražni diskurs u književnosti" (prof. dr Dragan Bošković) održan je u zimskom semestru akademske 2021/2022. godine, i problemski je bio usredsređen na stvaralački opus Danila Kiša. Osim preispitivanja karaktera i smisla istražnog diskursa - elementarnog mehanizma epistemologije, naracije i poetike - glavna intencija kursa bila je analitičko percipiranje literarnih predstava Holokausta i antisemitizma u Kišovom delu, a kao jedan od rezultata rada na kursu bio je prezentacija Kišovih junaka-žrtava Holokausta. Tako su polaznici kursa izdvojili junake (likove-žrtve) iz "Porodičnog cirkusa", "Grobnice za Borisa Davidoviča", Kišovih drama i televizijske emisije "Goli život". Ispitujući (ili: oblikujući) njihove identitete, studenti su posebnu pažnju posvetili antisemitističkom belegu na njima, kao i njihovim tragičnim stradanjima. Uočivši simboličnu važnost realizovanih prezentacija, koje oslikavaju žrtve Holokausta u Kišovom opusu, došlo se na ideju preinačavanja power-point prezentacija u formu tekstova, i to tekstova nalik „ličnim kartama”. U želјi da sagledamo posledice Holokausta, kao i da predstavimo identitete žrtava i da čujemo njihov glas, tekstovi koji slede predstavlјaju omaž mrtvima - onima koji tek mogu da budu mrtvi onda kada progovore kroz literaturu, kroz diskurs. Progovorom kroz literaturu i kroz ove tekstove, mrtvi se samopotvrđuju kao žrtve, a tako i kao „besmrtni”. Stoga, ovaj temat - "Spomen-muzej žrtava Holokausta u opusu Danila Kiša" - prilog je narativnom otelotvorenju Kišovih žrtava koje, kako bi to rekao Pol Riker, „vape za odmazdom i prizivaju priču”. Ovaj mali tematski blok je, dakle, njihova i naša „odmazda”, njihova i naša „priča”. Ovaj tekst je jedan od šest tekstova čiji su autori doktorandi Filološko-umetničkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, i ovo su prvi tekstovi ovakvog tipa u celokupnoj istoriji kišologije. O likovima-žrtvama Holokausta dati su uvidi u formi taksativno navedenih biografskih informacija, dok je posebna pažnja posvećena antisemitizmu i to u odelјku svakog teksta, naslovlјenom: „Znakovi i posledice antisemitizma/Holokausta”.Sponsored by "Claims Conference (Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany"), the Centre for the Study of Memory of the University of Kragujevac - whose founder and the head is prof. Katarina Melić, PhD, full professor - has, during the academic year of 2021/2022, issued forth the Holocaust Studies. One of the realized courses, "Investigative Discourse in Literature" (prof. Dragan Bošković, PhD, full professor) was held in the winter semester of the academic year of 2021/2022 and was focused on the creative work of Danilo Kiš through a problem-solving approach. Apart from re-examining the character and meaning of investigative discourse - the elementary mechanism of epistemology, narration and poetics - analytical perception of literary representations of the Holocaust and antisemitism in Kiš’s work represented the primary intention of the course, and one of the results of course activities was the presentation of Kiš’s characters-victims of the Holocaust. Thus, the attendees of the course sought to single out the heroes (characters-victims) from the "Family Circus", "A Tomb for Boris Davidovich", Kiš’s plays and the television show "Naked Life". Examining (or: shaping) their identities, the students paid special attention to the antisemitic mark on them, as well as their tragic sufferings. Having noticed the symbolic significance of the completed presentations, while concurrently depicting the victims of the Holocaust in Kiš’s oeuvre, there emerged an idea to transform power-point presentations into the form of manuscripts, and not just any, but manuscripts similar to “identity cards”. In order to appreciate the consequences of the Holocaust, as well as to present the identities of the victims and hear their voices, the following manuscripts represent a homage to the dead - to those who may be dead only after they have spoken through literature, through discourse. By speaking through literature and through these manuscripts, the dead assert themselves as victims, and thus as “immortals”. Therefore, this thematic issue - "The Memorial Museum of the Holocaust Victims in the Oeuvre of Danilo Kiš" - constitutes a contribution to the narrative embodiment of Kiš’s victims who, as Paul Ricoeur would say, “cry out for retribution and invoke a story”. This small-scale thematic issue is, hence, their and our “retribution”, their and our “story”. This is one of six manuscripts whose authors are PhD students at the Faculty of Philology and Arts, University of Kragujevac, and these are the first manuscripts of this type in the entire history of Kišology. Insights into the characters-victims of the Holocaust are provided in the form of exhaustive specifications of biographical information, paying special attention to antisemitism in a particular section of each manuscript, entitled: „Signs and Consequences of Antisemitism/Holocaust”
Political in minor literature: the field of Jewish literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars
Get PDFJevrejska književnost u Bosni i Hercegovini između dva svjetska rata nije bila plod mirnog tkanja tradicije, već stalne borbe različitih sila koje su pojedine pisce i njihova djela činile važnima i poznatima dok su druge marginalizirale. Osnivanje jevrejskih časopisa u Bosni i Hercegovini između dva svjetska rata otvorilo je prostor za javne rasprave, polemike i brojne književne priloge na judeo-španjolskom i srpskohrvatskom jeziku. Ti časopisi pokazuju kako se formiralo polje jevrejske književnosti i kako je na uspjeh pojedinih pisaca kao i na zaborav drugih utjecalo ono što uslovno možemo nazvati političkim i što je uvijek prisutno u strukturi polja kao sila koja ga regulira, usmjerava i oblikuje.Jewish literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars is not the result of a peaceful weaving of tradition, but a constant struggle of different forces that made certain writers and their works important and famous, and marginalized others. The founding of the Jewish newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina between two world wars opened the possibility for public debate, polemics, and numerous literary contributions in the Judeo-Spanish and Serbo-Croatian languages. These newspapers show how a field of Jewish literature was formed and how the success of some writers and the oblivion of others was influenced by what we can conditionally call political and which is always present in the structure of the field as a force that regulates, directs, and shapes it.Link: [http://dhs.ff.untz.ba/index.php/home/issue/view/25
Two faces of mystification: the representation of the Holocaust in Arnold Schoenberg's "A Survivor from Warsaw" and Steve Reich's "Different Trains"
Get PDFU radu se razmatraju pristupi različitih medija predstavljanju Holokausta, s posebnim osvrtom na umetničku muziku u 20. veku. Prateći podelu koju Majkl Rotberg (Michael Rothberg) predlaže na dva gledišta na mogućnosti predstavljanja Holokausta: realističko i antirealističko (2000), analiziramo dela "A Survivor From Warsaw" (1947) Arnolda Šenberga i "Different Trains" (1988) Stiva Rajša. Cilj rada je da ukaže na to kako umetnička muzika reflektuje i participira u dominantnim istorijskim i savremenim diskursima predstavljanja i razumevanja Holokausta, posebno diskursa "herojstva" i "neizrecivosti".The paper discusses the approaches of different media to Holocaust (re)presentation, with special reference to art music in the 20th century. Following the classification proposed by Michael Rothberg on two possible perspectives for representing the Holocaust: realistic and anti-realist (2000), we analyse two compositions: Arnold Schoenberg’s "A Survivor From Warsaw" (1947) and Steve Reich’s "Different Trains" (1988). The aim of the paper is to point out how artistic music reflects and participates in the dominant historical and contemporary discourses of Holocaust representation, especially the discourses of "heroism" and "non-representability"
3D reconstruction of Jasenovac: new approaches to the memorialization of sensitive heritage
No full textU okviru projekta “Instalacija digitalne 3D rekonstrukcije koncentracionog logora Jasenovac”, Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju Univerziteta u Beogradu, Centar za promociju nauke, Arhiv Vojvodine i kompanija Eodyne Systems S.L., predstavili su interaktivnu virtuelnu panoramu logora Jasenovac u Arhivu Vojvodine. Posetioci su imali priliku da na interaktivan način „urone“ u istoriju logora Jasenovac i da se, kretanjem kroz virtuelnu panoramu, upoznaju sa arhivskim materijalom koji obuhvata objekte, predmete, fotografije, dokumenta i svedočanstva preživelih logoraša. Instalacija je bila otvorena za javnost od 13.decembra 2022. do 15. januara 2023. godine. 3D rekonstrukcija logora Jasenovac rezultat je saradnje između JUSP Jasenovac, istraživačke grupe SPECS-Lab i kompanije Eodyne Systems S.L. na digitalnom očuvanju i rekonstrukciji ovog mesta masovnog zločina. Za rekonstukciju, korišćene su najsavremenije digitalne tehnologije poput virtuelne i proširene realnosti (VR/AR) koje stručnoj i široj javnosti pružaju mogućnost boljeg razumevanja logora, kao i inovativne primene u obrazovnim i kulturnim institucijama. Povodom otvaranja postavke interaktivne virtuelne panorame logora Jasenovac, održana je panel diskusija o upotrebi savremenih digitalnih tehnologija u očuvanju kulturno-istorijskog nasleđa:
"3D Rekonstrukcija Jasenovca: Novi pristupi memorijalizaciji osetljivog nasleđa"As part of the project "Installation of a digital 3D reconstruction of the Jasenovac concentration camp", the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory of the University of Belgrade, the Center for the Promotion of Science, the Archives of Vojvodina and the company Eodyne Systems S.L. presented an interactive virtual panorama of the Jasenovac camp in the Archives of Vojvodina. Visitors had the opportunity to "immerse" in the history of the Jasenovac camp in an interactive way and, moving through the virtual panorama, get acquainted with archival material that includes objects, photos, documents and testimonies of surviving camp inmates. The installation was open to the public from December 13, 2022, to January 15, 2023. The 3D reconstruction of the Jasenovac camp is the result of cooperation between JUSP Jasenovac, the research group SPECS-Lab and the company Eodyne Systems S.L. on the digital preservation and reconstruction of this mass crime scene. For the reconstruction, the most modern digital technologies such as virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) were used, which provide experts and the general public with the possibility of a better understanding of the camp, as well as innovative applications in educational and cultural institutions. On the occasion of the opening of the installation of the interactive virtual panorama of the Jasenovac camp, a panel discussion was held on the use of modern digital technologies in the preservation of cultural and historical heritage: "3D Reconstruction of Jasenovac: New approaches to the memorialization of sensitive heritage"Partneri na projektu: Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju, Eodyne Systems S.L., Centar za promociju nauke i Arhiv Vojvodine. Projekat je podržan od strane Ministarstva kulture i informisanja Republike Srbije i Instituta za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju.Panel diskusija održana 13. decembra 2022. godine u Arhivu Vojvodine u Novom Sadu (panel discussion held on December 13, 2022 at the Archives of Vojvodina in Novi Sad).Trajanje 1:03:02 minuta (duration 1:03:02 minutes)YouTube link [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wyk7a4Ebxi4&list=PLxYbh6oD_DS2QDilhLI_NziJWYyq8mfac&index=4
Jews of Bečej
No full textStari Bečej, kao centar Distrikta, bio je interesantan jevrejskim trgovcima, jer se na tom mestu odvijao znatan promet robe u sve krajeve mnogoljudne habzburške države. Jevreji su u periodu od jednog i po veka predstavljali ekonomsku i kulturnu elitu Bečeja i celog sreza. Većina krupnih trgovaca, advokata i lekara u mestu, pripadalo je ovoj etničkoj grupi. U kulturološkom smislu, bili su okupljeni oko tri društva: Jevrejska ženska zadruga, Cionistički klub i Jevrejsko pevačko društvo. Najveći zločin na području sreza Stari Bečej dogodio se u zimu 1941/1942. godine, tokom zloglasne racije, kada su mađarski fašisti likvidirali mnoge trgovce, lekare, intelektualce i uništili čitave porodice. Zbog toga bi se ovom zločinu mogao pripisati i genocidni karakter. Prilikom racije zbrisana je sa lica zemlje jevrejska kolonija, koja je na području sreza živela duže od jednog i po veka. Teško vreme okupacije preživelo je tek 8 Jevreja, od 280, koliko ih je pre rata živelo u Bečeju. Jevrejska opština je opustela, sinagoga je prodata i srušena početkom 60-ih godina XX veka.The history of Jews in the area of Stari Bečej can be continuously traced for a full 170 years, from the last two decades of the 18th century to the middle of the 20th century, when the remaining living followers of the faith of Moses emigrated to Israel. They left a deep mark in the history and culture of our town. Without complexes, they adopted from other cultures what suited their sensibility, thus enriching their microculture in the city on the Tisza. Stari Becej, as the centre of the District, was interesting to Jewish merchants because there was significant trade of goods to all parts of the populous Habsburg state. For a period of one and a half centuries, the Jews represented the economic and cultural elite of Bečej and the entire county. Most of the great merchants, lawyers and doctors in the town belonged to this ethnic group. In the cultural sense, about three societies existed: the Jewish Women's Cooperative, the Zionist Club and the Jewish Singing Society. The biggest crime in the Stari Bečej district took place in the winter of 1941/42 during the infamous raid, when many merchants, doctors, and intellectuals were liquidated and entire
families were destroyed by Hungarian fascists. Therefore, a genocidal character could be attributed to this crime. During the raid, the Jewish community, which had lived in the area for more than a century and a half, was literally wiped off the face of the earth. Only 8 Jews survived the harsh period of occupation, out
of 280 who lived in Bečej before the war. The Jewish community was deserted; the synagogue was sold and demolished in the early 1960s
The Identity of Jerusalem
No full textZauzeti se za povijesni identitet Jeruzalema znači i oduprijeti se političkom kreiranju svijeta odvojena od objektivne stvarnosti. Ako je moguće izglasati da je jedan Jeruzalem isključivo islamsko sveto mjesto, onda se sutra može izglasati da je Kraljeva Sutjeska bila sjedište kalifata, da je Ljubuški glavni grad Burkine Faso, a da se u Međugorju narod okuplja kako bi njegovao tradiciju Woodstocka. I da je 5 zaista trećina od 17.Defending the historical identity of Jerusalem also involves opposing the political fabrication of a world detached from objective reality. If it is possible to vote that Jerusalem is solely an Islamic holy site, then tomorrow it may be voted that Kraljeva Sutjeska was the seat of the caliphate, that Ljubuški is the capital of Burkina Faso, and that people gather in Medjugorje to celebrate the Woodstock tradition. And that 5 is truly a third of 17.Link: [https://www.svjetlorijeci.ba/identitet-jeruzalema/
Steps of the past, present and future: Handbook II
Get PDFProjekat “Koraci prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti” ima za cilj očuvanje sećanja i obrazovanje o lokalitetima koji su zaboravljeni, napušteni ili nepoznati većem delu građana i građanki, a od izuzetnog su značaja za jevrejsko i romsko nasleđe, Holokaust i Porajmos, i širu javnost. Glavni deo projekta je kreiranje besplatnih obrazovnih tura za javnost, koje će doprineti razvijanju kritičke istorijske svesti i premošćavanju predrasuda koje postoje prema lokalnoj kulturi i istoriji Jevreja i Roma. Projekat teži rasvetljavanju i prevenciji postojanja današnjeg antisemitizma, anticiganizma i diskriminacije. Ovim projektom, lokaliteti stradanja i nasleđa u Beogradu, Subotici i Novom Sadu postaju mesta obrazovanja i učenja, kao i prostori za aktivizam, i time doprinose stvaranju otvorenijeg, inkluzivnijeg i slobodnijeg društva. U Priručniku II, predstavljeni su sledeći sadržaji: Nacistička ideologija, propaganda i vaspitanje; Holokaust; Genocid nad Romima tokom Drugog svetskog rata; i Neformalna (jevrejska) edukacija u obrazovanju o Holokaustu.The project "Steps of the Past, Present and Future" aims to preserve memories and educate about localities that are forgotten, abandoned or unknown to the citizens, and are of exceptional importance for Jewish and Roma heritage, the Holocaust and Porajmos, and the general public. The main part of the project is the creation of free educational tours for the public, which will contribute to the development of critical historical awareness and bridging the prejudices that exist against the local culture and history of Jews and Roma. The project aims to clarify and prevent the existence of today's anti-Semitism, anti-Gypsyism and discrimination. With this project, the sites of suffering and heritage in Belgrade, Subotica and Novi Sad become places of education and learning, as well as spaces for activism, thus contributing to the making of a more open, inclusive and free society. In Handbook II, the following contents are presented: Nazi ideology, propaganda and education; Holocaust; Genocide against Roma during World War II; and Informal (Jewish) education in Holocaust education
Dinamika današnjeg antisemitizma i distorzije Holokausta
No full textDr. Robert Williams is Deputy Director for International affairs at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, on the steering committee of the Global Task Force Against Holocaust Distortion, and served for four years as chair of the Committee on Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial at the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. He has played several leadership roles in international initiatives focused on Holocaust and antisemitism issues, and regularly advises international organizations and governments on these matters. In addition, Robert is currently overseeing a major program that assesses European Holocaust and genocide denial laws. Robert’s research specialities include German history, US and Russian foreign policy, propaganda and disinformation, and contemporary antisemitism. He is currently co-editing a volume for Routledge on the history of antisemitism and preparing a separate monograph on antisemitism and politics.Dr Robert Vilijams je zamenik direktora za međunarodne poslove u Memorijalnom muzeju Holokausta Sjedinjenih Država, u upravnom odboru Globalne radne grupe protiv distorzije Holokausta. Četiri godine je bio predsednik Komiteta za antisemitizam i poricanje Holokausta u IHRA. Imao je nekoliko vodećih uloga u međunarodnim inicijativama fokusiranim na pitanja Holokausta i antisemitizma, i redovno savetuje međunarodne organizacije i vlade o ovim pitanjima. Pored toga, Robert trenutno nadgleda veliki program koji procenjuje evropske zakone o Holokaustu i poricanju genocida. Robertove istraživačke specijalnosti uključuju nemačku istoriju, spoljnu politiku SAD i Rusije, propagandu i dezinformacije i savremeni antisemitizam.Predavanje održano 2. marta 2022. godine (the lecture was held on March 2, 2022).Trajanje 1:09:35 minuta (duration 1:09:35 minutes).YouTube link [https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=NpmVC9KREQQ&list=PLxYbh6oD_DS2QDilhLI_NziJWYyq8mfac&index=11
The silent interpreter of dreams
Get PDF"U ovoj knjizi pjesama duhovnost je karika koja povezuje ovozemaljsko i onostrano. Svjetlost, raj, božanska ljubav i snaga duha samo su neki od motiva kojima su natopljeni stihovi koji se slobodno, gotovo u duhu proznog tkiva, deskriptivno, no opet lirski, raspliću pred čitateljem. Lirski subjekt nerijetko posredstvom prirodnih sila („gle, oblaci prolaze, a nebo ostaje“) kontemplira svrhu postojanja i ispoljava vjeru u život nakon života („i premda nisam Terezija Avilska ni Edit Stein, znam da ćemo se svi jednom u istoj sferi sresti“). Bitan element ove zbirke je ljubav, koja često biva zanemarena nauštrb drugih zemaljskih interesa („Samo ako nismo vojnici ljubavi, reci mi, tko smo to onda mi?“), no primjećuje se odsustvo često prisutnih pjesničkih motiva, tuge i melankolije. Domaš kao pjesnikinja ima čvrst stav, jasnu viziju, kao da je njezin pjesnički dar katalizator božanskih poruka, koje ona zapisuje i prenosi svojim čitateljima, odnosno - koje tumači. Posrednica je vizije, kao i emocije. I dok se njezini poetski protagonisti bore, oni ni u jednom trenutku ne posustaju, niti svijet vide kao ružno mjesto, u kojem se očajava i tuguje. Uvijek je prozorčić odškrinut, kako bi se kroz njega progurala zraka svjetlosti. Stvarnost je bezgranična, tijelo nije ograničeno, pozitivna energija struji iz viših sfera, dok se čovjek predaje ljepoti božanskoga, kao što se nikad ne bi mogao predati profanoj svakodnevici. Svijet koji svojom imaginacijom stvara Jasminka Domaš svijet je topline i pozitivnih vibracija, ljepote duha i božanske svjetlosti koja sjaji sjajnije od Sunca" (iz Pogovora Ružice Aščić)."Spirituality in this poetic book is the link that connects the worldly and the otherworldly. Light, heaven, divine love, and the strength of the spirit are just some of the motifs imbued in the verses that unfold freely, almost in the spirit, in a prose texture, descriptively, but lyrically, in front of the reader. .. An essential element of this collection is love, which is often neglected at the expense of otherworldly interests..." (from the Foreword by Ružica Aščić).Biblioteka Poezija
Political profile of Golda Meir
No full textU ovom radu želimo ukazati na glavne odrednice spoljne politike Golde Meir, jedne od osnivača države Izrael, i premijerke u periodu od 1969. do 1974. god. Izazovi sa kojima se Izrael u ovim godinama suočavao ogledao se u masovnim gubicima tokom Jomkipurskog rata i, uprkos pobjedi, prenošenju krivice na vodeće čelnike izraelske vlade. Rad se zasniva na oslobođenju Meir od kritika upućenih tokom njenog premijerskog mandata i periodu nakon Jomkipurskog rata. Ukazaće se na okolnosti u kojim se našla u kriznim momentima, kao i ispravnosti odluka povučenim sa takve pozicije. Takođe, rad se dotiče i znatno ranijeg perioda, još od tridesetih godina prošlog vijeka, tokom procesa pronalaska rješenja za formiranje jevrejske države na prostoru Palestine, u kojem je Meir, kao jedna od cionističkih lidera i liderki, imala zapaženu ulogu. Značajno je pomenuti i njen odgovor na Minhenski masakr, gdje je pored lične osvete za izraelske žrtve pokušala stati na put terorizmu. Najveća pažnja, međutim, posvećena je diplomatskim odnosima sa Sovjetskim Savezom, Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Evropom.This paper aims to outline the main features of the foreign policy of Golda Meir, one of the founders of the state of Israel, and prime minister in the period from 1969 to 1974. Challenges which Israel has faced in those years can be shown in massive losses during the Yom Kippur war and, despite getting a victory, by conveying guilt to leading Israeli government leaders. This work is based on the liberation of Meir from the criticism addressed to her during her mandate as a prime minister and after the Yom Kippur war. It refers to the circumstances in which she was positioned in the moments of crisis, as well as the correctness of decisions drawn from these positions. Also, this work covers a much earlier period, since the 1930s - a period during the process of finding a solution to the creation of Jewish states in Palestine, where Meir, as one of the Zionist leaders, had a remarkable role. It is also worth mentioning her response to the Munich massacre, where she, in addition to personal revenge for Israeli victims, was trying to put an end to terrorism. The greatest attention, however, is devoted to the diplomatic relations of Israel with the Soviet Union, the United States, and Europe.Rad je učestvovao na 65. nagradnom konkursu Saveza jevrejskih opština Srbije, za 2021. godinu (the work participated in the 65 award competition of the Federation of Jewish communities of Serbia, for the year 2021)