Advancing Women in Leadership Journal
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Where Have All the Smart Women Gone?
Get PDFWhen society discourages women from showing their intelligence, two problems arise. Not only are women\u27s abilities hidden, but bright women are literally hidden from one another.
An Analysis of Stress Levels of Female Graduate Students in an Online Program
Get PDFThis quantitative study was designed to investigate the differences in stressors and demographic variables of women enrolled in an online master\u27s degree program in education. Participants were women with multiple personal, career, and family responsibilities. Survey data and demographic data were used to identify which stressors were most frequently experienced and whether there was a significant difference between stress scale scores and demographic variables. Seven hundred and fifty women completed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale — Revised (Hobson, 1998) and non-parametric tests were used to analyze the data. Findings indicated the stressors most common to female graduate students were related to family, finances, and health-related issues. The results also suggested there were significant differences among the demographic variables of age, ethnicity, program start date, number of courses completed, and marital status.For institutions of higher education these findings may offer insight for incorporating student services such as learning communities, flexible financing options, and accelerated programs to allow for increased retention of women in online programs. For women seeking to enroll into an online graduate program, this study may provide insight into assessing their resources for successful completion of an online master\u27s degre
Empowering Future Women Leaders Through GATE: The Way Forward
Get PDFThe underlying premise of the human capital theory in education is that higher education and training are costly but there are concomitant tangible and intangible benefits to the microcosm and macrocosm. The aforementioned theoretical underpinning of this study set the tone for this qualitative research project which encompasses informal face-to-face interviews with 61 full-time and part-time-female students at the University of the West Indies School of Business and Applied Studies Limited (trading as ROYTEC) concerning their experiences with Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses (GATE). The positive impact of GATE on each female student\u27s life is unquestionable as her empowerment, development, and commitment are reflected in her answers to three open-ended questions. Further expenditure in higher education would be of benefit to any country seeking to improve its citizen\u27s quality of life and standard of living
American Women and the Gender Pay Gap: A Changing Demographic or the Same Old Song
Get PDFWomen have made great strides in education and career opportunity selections since the passage of the Equal Pay Act in 1963. Despite these many gains, female remuneration has not kept pace. The gender pay-gap continues to exist with serious consequences for women and the families that depend on their earnings. The gap is presented and framed historically and legislation is presented that has influenced women\u27s pay. A variety of explanations for why the gap continues are explored and debunked. The effects of the pay gap are presented and analyzed with policy initiatives offered underscoring possible solutions
The Effect of Sex and Gender on Perceptions of Leaders: Does Situation Make a Difference?
Get PDFRelatively little research has been done focusing on feminine and masculine communication styles in leadership. This study seeks to fill in some of the gaps. The quantitative design of this study is based on Goldberg\u27s (1968) experimental paradigm and used an Internet-linked survey consisting of Renzetti\u27s (1987) Sex Role Attitudinal Inventory, a brief description of a leader (one of four different sex and gender combinations), and a Likert-type scale with 20 items that rated leaders on several dimensions. A factor analysis resulted in combining these into three factors: task/dynamism, relationship/organizational ID/qualifications, and an overall item. Participants were selected using a snowball approach. Expectation states theory was the foundation for this study. The results suggest that the expectation of leaders is changing with a feminine communication style preferred across the board, regardless of situation or sex of the leade
The Movement from Secret Acts of Defiance to Manifestation of Women\u27s Empowerment
Get PDFBefore the advent of L\u27écriture féminine and the feminist revolution, Chinese women formed a kinship through the secret language of Nu Shu. Cixous, Kristeva, and Irigaray concentrated on redefining themselves as asexual-neither male nor female. Chinese women in the nineteenth century used Nu Shu as a form of affinity and passive aggressive defiance of the androcentric society in which they lived. They embraced their femininity in the curves and strokes of the Nu Shu language. Condé and Schwarz-Bart searched to explore the themes of alienation as Martinicans living in a European French society and the search for an identity that typifies the quintessential Caribbean patriarchal culture. The evolution in consciousness of the female and how she sees herself as part of the diasporic dilemma confronting Caribbean society is marked by the almost limited early works by women authors. As women found their voices and led the way for other women, a natural empowerment ensued with new loyalties as generations transcended the effects of colonialism, indentureship, and slavery. Afro-Caribbean women became vocal and paved the way for East Indian writers to emerge and find their voices. Contemporary literature exemplifies these women\u27s struggles toward empowerment and identification with the land of their birth. From confusion spawns a new position for women as they move toward self-expression and self-actualization with the appointment of the first Indo-Trinidadian female Prime Minister
To Know I Can Might Be Enough: Women\u27s Self-Efficacy and Their Identified Leadership Values
Get PDFThis three-year mixed-method study examined levels of self-efficacy and leadership values held for 32 women before and after participating in graduate coursework specifically focused on women\u27s leadership issues. A 21-item, 5-dimension self-efficacy scale adapted for leadership from the work of Albert Bandura was used in addition to open-ended questions focused on leadership values and obstacles. Self-efficacy levels increased in each dimension, most notably in Encouraging a Productive Work Ethic and Creating a Positive Work Climate. Shifts occurred in the nature of values identified for effective leadership in terms of more traditional and outwardly-visible attributes to more postmodern and inwardly-experienced attributes. The nature of obstacles that participants identified as preventing them from being more effective leaders also revealed shifts from self-critical behaviors to proactive behavior
Starting the Bandwagon: A Historiography of African American Mothers\u27 Leadership during Voluntary School Desegregation, 1954-1971
Get PDFIn this article, the author presents a historiography that considers the leadership that African American women, particularlymothers, played in U.S. school desegregation. Discussion moves beyond offering a political analysis of school integration politicsthat is male centered, bounded by a legalistic frame, or steeped within general discussions of the political clashes betweenintegrationists and segregationists to recast significant historical events through a more nuanced womanist lens. Literature isreviewed and archival data from 1954 to 1971 are marshaled to shed light on why and how African American motherscontributed to the school desegregation movement, particularly in Greensboro, NC. The author suggests what lessons can begleaned from the mothers\u27 legacy to extend conceptualizations of transformative educational leadership
Climbing the Ladder, Holding the Ladder: The Mentoring Experiences of Higher Education Female Leaders
Get PDFFemale administrators in comprehensive research universities were surveyed to gain their perceptions on their mentoring experiences. The females affirmed they had informal mentors in roles of sponsor, counselor, coach, and teacher, and they are also mentoring others. The findings both confirmed and contradicted former studies on females in higher education
The Institutionalization of a Gender Biased Sport Value System
Get PDFTo develop tougher males while controlling wild ones, some school administrators experimented with an innovative plan. They co-opted the rough-and-tumble games boys played during recess and in their free time, and made these part of the official curriculum. (Sadker & Sadker, 1994, pp. 214-215)
Sport has been a part of the "...official school program..." since the mid-1800s, and was originally incorporated into the curriculum to serve as "...an important line of defense..." against the potential feminization of American males by a growing female teaching profession (Sadker & Sadker, 1994, p. 213). As a part of the curriculum, sport provided opportunities for physical fitness and competition, as well as a medium through which valued socio-cultural life skills could be learned and practiced. Grounded in ideals of masculinity, sport, more than any other part of the educational curriculum has been, and continues to be, a gender issue.
This paper will explore how school sport has served to institutionalize a gender specific and gender biased sport value system. First the socio-cultural context in which school sport emerged, and its history and evolution will be reviewed. Next the differential impact which school sport has on females and males will be examined. The paper concludes that the development of school sport has, over time, marginalized and devalued women\u27s sport, and the women who participate. It is suggested that because of this, sport participation by women and girls has actually been suppressed