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Cercospora leaf spot of olive in Uruguay.
No full textSUMMARY.- Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) of olive is an important fungal disease in Uruguay, causing severe early defoliation. Fungal isolates were obtained from olive leaves with typical CLS symptoms from Uruguayan orchards. The isolates were identified based on phenotypic characteristics and DNA sequence analyses. Infection processes under field conditions were characterized. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Pseu-docercospora cladosporioides is the causal agent of CLS in Uruguay. Three colony morphologies were observed for isolates growing on potato dextrose agar. Mean conidium length ranged from 65.7 to 101.8 µm, and widths from 4.3 to 5.0 µm. Mean optimum growth temperature was 21.5°C (range 19.2 to 24.8°C). Under field conditions, initial CLS symptoms on leaves were observed 5 months after inoculation of cv. Arbequina plants, confirming the disease?s lengthy incubation period. This study shows that CLS as one of the most prevalent and destructive olive diseases in Uruguay, and emphasizes the importance of further research to develop efficient management of this disease. © 2023 P. Lombardo, C. Leoni, S. Alaniz, P. Mondino. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/pm) and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. All Rights Reserved
Cultivos de servicios para aumentar la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos en sistemas agrícolas. (Capítulo 11).
No full text1. Los impactos ambientales de esquemas agrícolas simplificados. -- 2. Los cultivos de servicio: una tecnología para aumentar la oferta de servicios ecosistémicos. -- 3. Rasgos de las especies de cs que favorecen la provisión de distintos servicios ecosistémicos. -- 3.1. Formación de materia orgánica. -- 3.2. Control de malezas. -- 3.3. Descompactación y mejora de propiedades físicas. -- 3.4. Control de la erosión. -- 3.5. Abundancia de enemigos naturales. -- 3.6. Reposición de N cosechado. -- 3.7. Disminución de las emisiones de óxido nitroso, o gei. -- 4. Evidencias empíricas de la contribución de los CS. -- 5. Consideraciones finales. -
Evaluando el potencial del XP-GWAS en Eucalyptus; la heteroblastia foliar como caso de estudio. 354. (resúmen).
No full textEn este trabajo evaluamos el potencial del método XP-GWAS (Extreme-Phenotype GWAS) para identificar genes candidatos subyacentes a un rasgo cuantitativo en Eucalyptus, utilizando como caso de estudio el momento en que se produce la heteroblastia foliar
RIPEST frutícola: nuevo indicador ambiental para la fruticultura uruguaya.
No full textEl uso de agroquímicos es la forma más extendida de controlar plagas y enfermedades de los cultivos frutícolas. Estos productos generan un dañoen el ambiente difícil de medir. El RIPEST frutícola permite estimar el riesgo ambiental provocado por el uso de fungicidas, insecticidas y herbicidas.Esta herramienta, recientemente ajustada para la fruticultura de Uruguay, calcula las Unidades de Toxicidad para insectos, mamíferos y peces y, apartir de esto, se genera un índice de ecotoxicidad global. El RIPEST frutícola permite hacer comparaciones de la ecotoxicidad entre zafras, cultivos oestablecimientos con distintas prácticas de manejo
Introducción a la publicación.
No full textEsta publicación es un vehículo para comunicar parte del conocimiento generado en Proyecto RUMIAR (financiación INIA), proyecto que fue ejecutado en complementariedad con otros proyectos nacionales (CRILU, financiado por el sector público-privado, INIA_CL40, CSIC_287), e internacionales (Smarter: financiado por H2020, n°772787; GrasstoGas: ERA-NET SusAn, ERA-NET FACCE ERA-GAS y ERA-NET ICT-AGRI 2)
Energy assessment of a mixed dairy crop-livestock system: case study of the Experimental Dairy Unit of INIA - La Estanzuela, Uruguay.
No full textThe dairy sector is facing difficulties in its environmental sustainability. A method is presented to assess sustainability based on the analysis of energy flows, with a particular focus on circularity. The results show that intensive dairy production systems, even those based on grazing, present an unbalanced situation in flow circularity and mobilizing more resources than they provide. This type of analysis is a first step in the research of sustainable solutions for the dairy sector, and where the measurement of carbon and nitrogen flows would be complementary
From theory to practice: can LEAP/FAO biodiversity assessment guidelines be a useful tool for knowing the environmental status of livestock systems?
No full textABSTRACT.- Biodiversity loss is a global concern, and agriculture is one of the economic sectors responsible for this impact. The assessment of ecosystems under the influence of livestock production is essential for knowing their integrity and ability to provide ecosystem services. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the application of LEAP/FAO guidelines for quantitative assessment of biodiversity in the livestock sector at the local scale (farm level) in a group of six study cases in Uruguay. A set of 20 indicators was used, including seven key thematic issues: habitat protection, habitat change, wildlife conservation, invasive species, pollution, aquatic biodiversity, off-farm feed, and landscape-scale conservation. The results show that the LEAP biodiversity assessment guidelines can be useful to characterize the state of ecosystems under pastoral use and some specific components of their biodiversity, as well as assess the interaction of the production system with the environment and plan management accordingly. This work also provides an analysis of the methodology used and recommendations to facilitate its application by the sector. The results from the application of the indicators show a great deal of wild biodiversity that uses grazing systems based on native grasslands as habitats and the acceptable integrity of these ecosystems. On average, farms have 83% of their native ecosystem, with a value of 3.5 for the Ecosystem Integrity Index. In terms of the richness of different groups, there was an average number of species of 112 herbaceous plants, 48 woody plants, 48 spiders, 150 birds, and 14 fish. The main goal of this work is to help in the wider application of the guidelines by facilitating decisions about methodology, necessary resources, and technical support. Moreover, another goal is to show the importance of native grasslands-based livestock systems for biodiversity conservation. Copyright © 2022 by the authors
Management of dairy heifers in Uruguay: Effects of feeding level and social environment on prepubertal development. [Manejo de vaquillonas lecheras en Uruguay: Efectos del nivel de alimentación y el ambiente social sobre el desarrollo prepuberal.]. [Manejo de novilhas leiteiras no Uruguai: Efeitos no nível de alimentação e do ambiente social no desenvolvimento pré-puberal.].
No full textABSTRACT.- Management practices during the rearing of dairy heifers should allow an adequate body growth and reproductive development to attain puberty several months before the first conception. Proposed target age and body weight (BW) at first calving for Holstein heifers are between 22-24 months and 82% of mature BW, respectively, for which heifers must conceive at around 15 months of age with 60% of their mature BW. Pre- and postweaning feeding level has effects on feed efficiency, behavior, energy metabolism and body and reproductive development, while social environment during rearing, specifically the social dominance and social regroupings, is known to affect energy metabolism, feeding behavior and body and reproductive development of the heifer. In Uruguay, the information published regarding the management of the dairy heifer is scarce. The aim of this review is to briefly assess the main factors affecting the onset of puberty, and to present an inte-grative approach of the information generated in Uruguay regarding the effects of modifying the feeding level and social environment during the rearing period on body development, metabolism, and onset of puberty in dairy heifers. In addition, we make a proposal of knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future studies. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. RESUMEN.- Las prácticas de manejo durante la crianza de las vaquillonas lecheras deben permitir un adecuado crecimiento corporal y un desarrollo reproductivo para alcanzar la pubertad varios meses antes de la primera concepción. La edad y el peso vivo (PV) objetivos al primer parto para las vaquillonas Holstein son entre 22 y 24 meses y con 82% de su PVadulto, respectivamente, por lo que deberían concebir alrededor de los 15 meses de edad con 60% de su PV adulto. El nivel de alimentación antes y después del desleche tiene efectos sobre la eficiencia alimenticia, el comportamiento, el metabolismo energético y el desarrollo corporal y reproductivo, mientras que el entorno social durante la crianza, específicamente la dominancia y los reagrupamientos sociales, afecta el metabolismo energético, el comportamiento alimentario y el desarrollo corporal y reproductivo de las vaquillonas. En Uruguay la información publicada respecto al manejo de la vaquillona lechera es escasa. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar brevemente los principales factores que inciden en el inicio de la pubertad, y presentar un enfoque integrador de la información generada en Uruguay sobre los efectos de modificar el nivel de alimentación y el entorno social durante la crianza sobre el desarrollo corporal, el metabolismo y el inicio de la pubertad en vaquillonas lecheras. Además, hacemos una propuesta de áreas del conocimiento que deberían ser abordadas en futuros estudios. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-RESUMO.- As práticas de manejo durante a recria de novilhas leiteiras devem permitir um adequado crescimento corporal e desenvolvimento reprodutivo para atingir a puberdade vários meses antes da primeira concepção. A idade proposta e o peso corporal (PC) ao primeiro parto para novilhas Holstein estão entre 22-24 meses e 82% de seu PC adulto, respectivamente, para o qual as novilhas devem conceber por volta dos 15 meses de idade com 60% de seu PC adulto. O nível de alimentação pré e pós-desleite tem efeitos sobre a eficiência alimentar, comportamento, metabolismo energético e desenvolvimento corporal e reprodutivo, enquanto o ambiente social durante a recria, especificamente a dominância social e os reagrupamentos sociais, são conhecidos por afetar o metabolismo energético, comportamento alimentar e corpo e desenvolvimento reprodutivo da novilha. No Uruguai, as informações publicadas sobre o manejo da novilha leiteira são escassas. O objetivo desta revisão é revisar brevemente os principais fatores que afetam o início da puberdade e apresentar uma abordagem integrativa da informação gerada no Uruguai sobre os efeitos da modificação do nível alimentar e do ambiente social durante o período de criação no desenvolvimento corporal, metabolismo, e início da pubertade em novilhas leiteiras. Além disso, fazemos uma proposta de lacunas de conhecimento que devem ser abordadas em estudos futuros. @ 2024 Agrociencia Urugua
Ergot and sterility in Bahiagrass: genotypic and environmental effects on seed yield potential.
No full textABSTRACT.- Ergot disease (Claviceps paspali) and sterility have the potential to reduce seed yield in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluggé). Our objective was to determine the genotypic and environmental effects on seed yield, and the levels of ergot and sterility. Seventeen genotypes were evaluated in three locations across two years for seed yield, ergot severity, and total seed fractions (percentage of full seeds, ergot sclerotia and empty seeds). The percentage of full seeds and total seed yield were correlated (r = 0.52) but both were negatively correlated with the percentage of ergot sclerotia (r = -0.81 and -0.51). Empty seeds were negatively correlated with full seeds (r = -0.39), but not with ergot sclerotia and total seed yield. The genotype effect was significant for total seed yield and severity of infection with large heritabilities (H2 = 0.92 and 0.86) but had no effect on the percentage of the seed fractions. Location and the interaction with genotype explained most of the variation in the percentage of the seed fractions and their weight. Ergot and sterility were significant detrimental factors, genotype was a major determinant of ergot levels and seed yield, while non-genetic factors were co-determinants in constructing the seed yield potential but were the main determinants of the yield potential realization. Copyright: © 2023 by the authors
Consumo de alimento, emisiones de metano y producción: rol de la eficiencia de conversión.
No full textEl metano (CH4) es uno de los gases de efecto invernadero responsables del calentamiento global. Este gas tiene un potencial de calentamiento 21 veces mayor frente al dióxido de carbono (CO2), aunque cuenta con una vida media más corta (20 años del CH4 frente a 1000 años del CO2).Este estudio preliminar se caracterizaron las emisiones de metano de novillos Hereford y su asociación con eficiencia de conversión en la fase deengorde. En estas pruebas se utilizó silo de sorgo de maíz o de sorgo