19684 research outputs found
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Evolution of glacial lakes in Southern Patagonian Icefield between 1986 and 2023
No full textThis article presents satellite-based monitoring of glacial lakes located in the vicinity of the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI) between 1986 and 2023, with a focus on year-by-year changes between 2015 and 2023. Glacial lakes in this region are of importance as their growth represents an indirect response to climate change and has implications for local ecosystems, tourism, and recreation. The growth of glacial lakes also has implications regarding the potential generation of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), and this study therefore enables a better understanding of the evolution of the GLOF hazard associated with the SPI. Using a total of 93 Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite images, glacial lakes were mapped with the aid of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and visual analysis and differentiated into three distinct types (moraine-dammed, bedrock-dammed, and ice-dammed). In addition, the volume of glacial lake water was estimated using an empirical area-volume scaling approach. Our results show that the number, area and volume of glacial lakes around the SPI have increased by 34%, 29% and 31%, respectively, between 1986 and 2023. The most recent inventory (2023) identified 313 lakes with a total area of 639.09 (Formula presented.) and a total volume of 34.84 (Formula presented.). Of the lakes identified in 2023, moraine-dammed lakes accounted for the largest portion (165), followed by bedrock-dammed lakes (76) and ice-dammed lakes (72). A temporal analysis of the lakes by type revealed that (1) bedrock-dammed lakes exhibited the greatest stability, (2) moraine-dammed lakes showed the most significant growth in number and total area, with the number of lakes stagnating after 2016, and (3) ice-dammed lakes were the most dynamic and variable. Overall, our results highlight that the glacial lakes of the SPI are undergoing complex changes in response to glacial decline, and continued monitoring is necessary to quantify their impact on future glacier mass balance, GLOF hazard and risk, ecological change and the broader socio-economics of the region.</p
Practicality and applications of body and face diagonal tests on machine tools
No full textInternational standard ISO 230-6:2002 and American standard ASME B5.54-2005 (R2020) address body and face diagonal tests on machine tools and machining centres, respectively. ISO machine-specific standards do not include tests for checking machine performance when moving along diagonal trajectories across the full stroke of the axes. Consequently, there is no specified tolerance for these diagonal tests. This raises the need to investigate the applicability of these tests. ISO 230-6 highlights several potential uses for diagonal tests including “estimation of volumetric performance”, “acceptance tests” and “health check or reassurance” of machine tools. It also mentions that the results of face diagonal tests can be used to derive the mutual squareness of linear axes of the machine under test. This paper explores the potential applications of diagonal tests alongside their practicality in an industrial environment. Approximately 600 tests were conducted on a vertical machining centre with the kinematic chain of [w X’ Y’ b Z (C) t] at various trajectories with different angles within the machine’s working volume. Additionally, this paper explains how to select appropriate diagonal trajectory angles using Pythagorean triples and quadruples for ease of machine programming, convenient set up of laser software, and the elimination of rounding errors caused by NC algorithms or the machine’s encoders. Experimental results are compared with predicted outputs obtained by simulations based on the Homogeneous Transformation Matrices (HTM) method which is a robust technique for modelling volumetric errors of machine tools under rigid body assumptions
ECHO Project - Exploring the Cinematic Hemisphere for Orchestra
No full textThe ECHO Project presents open-access, high-quality recordings of orchestral music composed by Volker Bertelmann and Schreker, captured using eight 3D microphone arrays designed by seven professional recording engineers at AIR Studios, London. The database includes audio files of the original multitrack recordings, spot microphones, dummy head and spherical microphone recordings, as well as the engineers’ Atmos mixes in ADM format. More information about the project, along with detailed documentation, is available on our website: www.echo-project.co
Distribution and constructed morphology of artificial foredune notches
No full textForedune notches are a contemporary management intervention on coastal sand dunes, which aim to create and enhance bare sand and transitional habitats and/or increase resilience to climate change. These features consist of an excavated depression within the coastal foredune, designed to facilitate aeolian sediment transport from the beach into the inter- and back dune areas. Despite their increasing use by site managers and conservation organisations, foredune notches are under-researched, with existing analysis being almost entirely site-specific and descriptive. In this study, we present the first comprehensive, global study of these features; 133 notches were identified across the Netherlands, United Kingdom, France and New Zealand using peer-reviewed and grey literature. These notches were then verified using aerial imagery. The dimensions of 132 notches were measured using aerial imagery captured shortly after construction to understand the constructed morphology of these anthropogenic landforms. The results show that there is significant variability in constructed morphology both within and between sites. At a national scale, notches in France (average length 14.48 m, width 7.62 m, slot width 8.39 m) and New Zealand (average length 14.58 m, width 8.47 m, slot width 5.49 m) were characteristically smaller than those in the United Kingdom (average length 113.83, width 51.11 m, slot width 22.67 m) and the Netherlands (average length 109.81 m, width 81.02 m, slot width 24.67 m). There was also a large degree of variation in the relationship between landform length, landform width and ‘slot’ width, further demonstrating the diversity of current notch design. These results demonstrate that the current practice of referring to all these excavated landforms as ‘notches’ without further qualification is ineffective in communicating the diversity of size and shape of constructed foredune notches. Here, we propose a systematic classification scheme that standardises notch morphology, improving comparability across studies and enabling future research to better assess and communicate the influences of differing constructed morphology on aeolian, sediment and vegetation processes.</p
Legacy in Latex:Fashion's Evolution through the Stories of Ageing Fetishists
No full textThe risqué nature and sexual appeal of latex became outwardly facing in fashion with the likes of Michelle Pfeiffer’s Catwoman in Batman Returns (1992) and Madonna’s HumanNature music video (1994). In the UK, this crossed into reality TV through presenters such as Paula Yates wearing a full black latex catsuit on The Tube in 1995 (sanchopanzam8, 2012) and through the rise of the ‘ladette’ culture where women such as Denise Van Outen, Dani Behr and Sharron Davies unapologetically wore the tight and shiny material. Latex, although now in the fashion mainstream with high profile designers such as Mugler and Saint Laurent creating iconic and staple pieces, it still carries connotations of kink and is rarely seen on the general public.However, for rubber and latex fetishists the clandestine nature of wearing rubber is part of the appeal. This paper examines the untold stories of the ageing fetish community (60+), focusing on their rubberwear habits and the stigma they navigated while coming to terms with their fetish. As part of a wider project, I have been working with members of the ageing fetish (60+) community to collect untold stories of individuals rubberwear habits and kinks in order to understand the type of garments worn and their appeal. It considers why these people continue to love wearing latex and its implications in later life. I just love the feel of it, putting it on, it’s like what they say a second skin, you feel almost naked but you’re not naked and it’s the feel of it, the tightness, you feel secure inside it (personal communication, 5 February 2020).This paper will identify key garments that appeal to rubber enthusiasts and, through personal recollections, show the evolution of fetish style through the eyes of the wearers
Niche market making in the UK sheep sector; performing the halal market in uncertain times
No full textFocussing on the UK sheep sector, this paper explores the relational formation of niche halal meat markets, examining how performation struggles shape and relocate market controversies amid post-Brexit uncertainty and economic crisis. While the prevailing political and media-led controversy over the non-stun religious slaughter of animals has waned considerably, it has not disappeared altogether; rather, it has been relocated through processes of b/ordering and the reframing value attribution. Drawing on the geographies of marketisation literature, we examine how dual markets for stunned and non-stunned halal meat persist as interdependent trajectories, and how both remain central to the resilience of rural farming communities. Through a mixed-method approach, including livestock market observations and interviews with supply chain actors, we demonstrate how the halal market is recursively shaped by spatial, moral, and calculative logics. These ongoing performation struggles reveal that market order is achieved through ongoing and contested negotiations across economic, ethical, and religious dimensions.</p
Phenolic extraction optimisation from fig leaf waste
No full textThis study explores the potential of green solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from fig leaves, focusing on efficiency, sustainability, and antioxidant capacity. Comparative evaluations were performed using acetone, methanol, and water, with the latter identified as the most effective solvent due to its environmental benefits and robust extraction yields. The influence of pH, temperature, and time on extraction was also assessed. Results revealed that a slightly acidic pH, moderate temperatures, and short extraction times optimised the recovery of phenolic compounds, including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin. The optimised conditions, lower temperatures (37.5°C), short extraction times (1–5 min), and a neutral to slightly acidic pH (pH 5–7), are industrially viable, as they help minimise energy consumption and processing duration. Water-extracted fig leaf polyphenols demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, positioning them as promising natural additives for food fortification. These findings highlight the economic and ecological advantages of agricultural by-products, contributing to circular economy practices. Further research is needed to validate scalability and explore industrial applications. Potential uses include enhancing the shelf life and functional properties of food products. This work underscores the importance of transitioning toward greener extraction methodologies that could extend to other leaf materials while addressing environmental concerns and unlocking traditional overlooked resources with commercial value.</p
Evolution of glacial lakes and southernmost GLOFs in the Cordillera Darwin and Cloue Icefields (Tierra del Fuego) between 1945–2024
No full textThe rapid retreat of mountain glaciers due to climate change has led to the expansion of glacial lakes, which can produce sudden glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) due to the failure of unstable moraine or glacier dams, in some cases triggering a cascade of consequences. This study investigates the evolution of glacial lakes and the occurrence of GLOFs in the Cordillera Darwin and Cloue Icefields of Tierra del Fuego, southernmost South America, from 1945 to 2024 — a region that has not been analysed in detail before. Using historical aerial imagery, satellite data, UAV photogrammetry and field surveys, we document a 461% increase in the number of lakes (from 33 to 185) and a 124% increase in lake area (from 28.2 ± 5.6 to 63.3 ± 1.9 km2) as a result of glacier retreat. A pronounced shift from ice-dammed (71.6%–14.8% of the total area) to moraine-dammed lakes (80.5% by 2024) reflects the destabilisation of the ice margins and the exposure of overdeepened basins. We identified the first recorded southernmost GLOFs in this region, including a moraine collapse in 1997/98 that released ∼8.3 ± 1.2 × 106 m3 of water and a larger, adjacent cascading event in 2018 that released 28.3 × 106 m3 of water through successive moraine dam breaches. The cyclic outflows of the ice-dammed Lago Mateo Martinic (1985–2024) underline the dynamic interactions between ice and water. The results are consistent with global patterns of accelerated lake formation and growth over the last century, and with the diverse and complex processes at GLOFs that make Tierra del Fuego an important natural laboratory for studying the deglacierising environment. This study improves the understanding of glacial lake dynamics in the little-studied southern latitudes and emphasises the accelerated transformation of Andean cryospheric landscapes as warming progresses.</p
Are interventions in adult inpatient mental health settings influenced by trauma-informed care? A scoping review of the literature
No full textTrauma is of global significance, having a bio-psycho-social-spiritual impact on individuals. The correlation between trauma, mental health conditions and non-communicable disease increases the burden on healthcare systems. Trauma-informed care (TIC) recognises these impacts, emphasises collaborative decision-making, and seeks to empower service users by actively acknowledging their trauma histories. Organisational adoption of TIC, supported by role clarification, mandatory staff training, and environmental redesign, is consistently linked to reductions in restrictive practices (restraint, seclusion, and medication use). Personcentred trauma screening and tailored therapeutic activities yielded significant decreases in aggression, self-harm, distress, and unplanned discharges, while enhancing staff knowledge, confidence, and therapeutic communication. Trauma-informed inpatient interventions in mental health services demonstrably improves both patient and staff outcomes, however it is frequently omitted. Staff time pressures, safety-first priorities, limited leadership endorsement, and inconsistent communication about the rationale for change hinders the implementation of TIC. This scoping review presents evidence exploring whetherinterventions in inpatient mental health settings are influenced by trauma-informed care. <br/
School is more than a place to learn:An intersectoral assessment of adolescent well-being prior to and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO European Region
No full textObjectivesAdolescents' lives around the world were significantly disrupted during school closures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. As well as the learning losses that ensued, commentators have noted the pandemic's often negative impact on a wide range of issues including mental health and nutrition. This study sought to understand how adolescent well-being changed following the pandemic period across the WHO European region.Study designUsing data from two international surveys for countries in the WHO European region, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this secondary analysis examines adolescent well-being pre- and post-pandemic, as well as associations with socioeconomic status (SES) and school closure duration.MethodsThe UN H6+ framework for adolescent well-being informed selection of indicators from both surveys, mapped against its five domains: 1) Good health and optimum nutrition, 2) Connectedness, positive values and contribution to society, 3) Safety and a supportive environment, 4) Learning, competence, education, skills and employability, and 5) Agency and resilience. Following selection of one indicator per domain for analysis, overall trends between 2018-2022 and 2014–2018 were described, and outcomes by most and least deprived quintiles of SES compared. Logistic fixed effect regression models were employed to analyse the change between 2018 and 2022 for the binary variables in domains 1,2,3 and 5. Linear fixed effect regression models were used for continuous variables in domain 4. Finally, measures of SES and school closure duration were added as interaction terms to the models.ResultsA decrease in adolescent well-being was seen across all domains between 2018 and 2022, apart from domain 1 (physical activity) which showed an increase. These changes were statistically significant for all except domain 3 (bullying). High family support decreased by 17% (OR: 0.827; 95% CI: 0.720 to 0.949) and feeling pressured by schoolwork increased by 40% (OR: 1.402; 95% CI: 1.242 to 1.581). PISA average scores for maths and reading decreased, by 15.153 (95% CI: −22.229 to −8.078) and 12.482 (95% CI: −20.184 to −4.779), respectively. SES had a greater association with assessment scores for maths (p = 0.027), and science (p = 0.002) in 2022 than in 2018, resulting in a growing inequity gap. None of the included well-being indicators showed a statistically significant association for every 30 days of school closure duration.ConclusionsAdolescent well-being declined during the pandemic; this was especially seen in education outcomes for adolescents from the most deprived backgrounds. Leveraging existing health and education datasets enables an intersectoral approach to support those who have fallen behind. Future pandemic response decisions, such as school closures, must carefully balance protection from infectious diseases with the impacts on education and student well-being
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