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Exploring the need of a Responsible AI Framework for Healthcare:Key Considerations for Developing Countries
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the healthcare landscape globally. However, the unregulated use of AI tools and models raises concerns about patient safety, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to explore the necessity of a Responsible AI (RAI) framework in developing nations, focusing on Nepal and Ghana. By reviewing established AI guidelines, engaging with stakeholders from Nepal and Ghana, observing their existing digital healthcare systems for AI readiness, and conducting a survey, we identify key components around opportunity and ethical concerns for AI adoption in their healthcare system. Our analysis reveals a lack of advanced medical technology infrastructure, and the risks associated with unregulated AI use, which compromise patient safety. This advocates the urgent need for an RAI framework to ensure ethical AI integration tailored to local contexts, addressing risks related to AI model transparency, data bias, privacy, and safety. The findings provide practical insights for regulators in developing countries for designing, implementing, and governing AI-driven healthcare solutions using the localised RAI Framework.</p
Sound-based wind turbine condition monitoring based on a periodicity enhancement spectrogram and time-varying filtering
No full textCondition monitoring is important to ensure safe and reliable operation of wind turbines. Addressing challenges in sound-based condition monitoring, such as non-stationary characteristics, complex structures, and low signal-to-noise ratio. This study proposes an effective nonstationary sound analysis method based on time-frequency periodicity enhancement and time-varying filter. It improves the ability of extracting weak fault features from sound signals, thereby enabling more precise and cost-effective wind turbine health monitoring. Firstly, it sharpens the time-frequency features and highlights the condition information based on the cyclostationary. Then a multi-modal ridge extraction algorithm is proposed to accurately identify ridges of harmonic-like features and transient features. Finally, two diagnostic features are separated by using time-varying filters to obtain an improved timefrequency representation. The accuracy and robustness of proposed method is quantitatively evaluated and validated by numerical simulated signal. Then this method was applied to real-life condition monitoring cases in two wind farms, which demonstrated that this method can effectively enhance and extract the diagnostic features, allowing blade defects of different severity to be identified remotely. This study shows that the sound based diagnostic approach is able to extract wind turbine health status information at low signal-to-noise ratio and provides an effective way for monitoring wind turbine blade conditions
The origin of modern North Africans as depicted by a massive survey of mitogenomes
No full textNorth Africa occupies a unique geographical position in the Mediterranean basin. The genetic profile of modern North African populations is the result of ancient and recent movements of people and periods of isolation. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive mitogenome analysis based on unbiased population sampling from across North Africa including a dataset of 733 modern (238 of which new) and 43 ancient mitogenomes from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, compared with modern mitogenomes from Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa. Our analyses, based on a phylogeographic and demographic approach suggest that mitogenome variability in North African populations (i) can be traced back to three main origins - Eurasia, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa - and (ii) has been defined during crucial key time periods - from the Palaeolithic to the last millennia. In particular, we identified a signal for population movements from sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa during the favourable climatic period of the Green Sahara, providing evidence from complete mitogenomes that the human dispersals associated with this period also involved females.</p
West African ancestry in seventh-century England:two individuals from Kent and Dorset
No full textArchaeogenetics, the study of ancient DNA, can reveal powerful insights into kinship and the movement of individuals in (pre)history. Here, the authors report on the identification of two individuals with genetic profiles consistent with recent sub-Saharan African ancestry, both of whom were buried in early-medieval cemeteries in southern Britain. Focusing primarily on a sub-adult female from Updown in Kent, the authors explore the societal and cultural contexts in which these individuals lived and died, and the widening geographic links indicated by their presence, pointing back to the Byzantine reconquest of North Africa in AD 533–534.</p
The Efficacy of Inhaled Phage Cocktail to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Children:A Double-Blind Clinical Trial
No full textBackground/Objectives: Phage therapy is gaining attention as a potential alternative to antibiotics. This study investigates the potential use of a phage cocktail as a preventive measure against ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children. Methods: Sixty patients were selected from the pediatric intensive care units for this double-blind clinical trial. The inclusion criteria involved patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for more than two days. This, however, excluded newborns and children with bacterial pneumonia. The intervention group received the standard country protocol drugs in addition to 5 mL of phage cocktail suspension administered every 24 h through an in-line mesh nebulizer for 7 days. The two groups were compared in terms of the incidence of VAP, survival rate, and duration of hospitalization. Results: The intervention with phages had a significant impact on reducing the occurrence of VAP compared to the group receiving a placebo. The data showed that there was a significant difference in the occurrence of VAP between the two groups, with a lower percentage of VAP in the phage cocktail group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the cultures of specific bacterial strains did not yield positive results. Notably, there were no significant differences between the intervention and placebo groups in terms of mortality rates and duration of hospitalization (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Inhalation of a phage cocktail shows a promising effect in preventing VAP in PICU patients at a tertiary hospital in Iran with no observed side effects. However, further, larger clinical trials are necessary to validate its efficacy.</p
String Sonority in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
No full textThis chapter probes what comprised the likely fundamental sonorities of late ‘Romantic’ violin performance. After a working definition of terms, the chapter makes reference to a range of aesthetic preferences indicated by relevant historical literature, alongside consideration of aspects of posture, deportment, and organology. It then cross-references these elements with two of the author’s recent practice-as-research experiences. The first of these was participation in the TCHIP ‘Accordes!’ project, involving the use of thick, unwound gut strings, similar to those advocated by a number of historical writers. The second was the author’s first experience of making acoustic recordings using early twentieth-century methods and technologies. This second context is particularly significant because one of the chief determinants of our understanding of string sonority in this epoch is gained from historical sound documents. The result of these observations and experiences tends towards the conclusion that a strong and projected sonority was both theoretically desired and practically necessary in the historical context in question. While acknowledging that the topic resists empirical certainty, its fundamental importance demands consideration by HIP performers wanting to experiment with elements of likely historical performing practices
Novel Higher Order Technologies, Based on Spectral Moduli, for Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machinery
No full textRecent trends in research on rotating machinery diagnosis focus on contactless diagnostic technologies. In this paper, novel higher order spectral technologies, based on spectral moduli, are proposed. The proposed technologies estimate statistical dependencies between moduli of harmonics of bearing defect frequencies. Moduli of harmonics of bearing defect frequencies, which appear due to bearing faults, are statistically dependent. The Third Order Modulus (TOM) is a novel higher order spectral signal processing technology developed for rotating machinery diagnostics. The paper presents mathematical expressions for new technologies as well as a detailed description of the signal processing algorithm of motor current for bearings diagnostics. The TOM technology is comprehensively validated via experimental trials for motor bearing diagnosis via motor current signature analysis. Results of experimental trials clearly show that the TOM technology is highly effective for diagnosis of bearing defects. Estimates of the total probabilities of correct diagnosis provided by the TOM technology are 100%. The TOM technology is experimentally compared with the classic bicoherence (CB) technology using eight bearings: four pristine bearings and four damaged bearings with two damage types. Comparison has shown that the TOM technology is more effective than the CB technology.</p
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