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Effects of poultry raw material variation and choice of protease on protein hydrolysate quality
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of compositional variations in side-streams from the chicken and turkey industry on product characteristics after enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH). Variation was obtained using four raw materials, namely chicken and turkey carcasses, and mechanically deboned chicken and turkey residues. Alcalase 2.4 L, Corolase 2TS and Flavourzyme, three commercial proteases with different specificities, were used to investigate impact of protease choice on product characteristics. Besides protein yield, effects on product characteristics such as nutrient and amino acid composition, size distribution of peptides, degree of hydrolysis (DH%), rheological properties, and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, were investigated. Results show that choice of protease and industrially relevant variations in poultry raw material composition both have major effect on product composition and the other quality parameters studied. Protein yield, proximate composition, and bioactivity were more affected by protease than raw material variation. Raw material variation had a bigger impact on quality parameters such as peptide size distribution and amino acid composition, exemplified by the sum of essential amino acids. This means that raw material variation should be handled and accounted for to realize the true potential that exists in tailor-making EPH products with specified properties for targeted applications.publishedVersio
Gjenfangst, bedøvelse, avliving og etterbruk av rensefisk (CleanCatch). Sluttrapport FHF-prosjekt 901560
No full textDenne rapporten tar for seg utfordringer knyttet til temaene gjenfangst, avlivning og etterbruk av rensefisk som har hatt deler av sin livssyklus i merdene sammen med laksefisk for å spise lus. Gjenfangst av rensefisk er både tids- og arbeidskrevende, og i dette prosjektet har vi undersøkt om det er mulig å effektivisere gjenfangst av både rognkjeks og leppefisk ved å dressere fisken ved hjelp av spesifikke lyd- og/eller lyssignal. Det har blitt gjort forsøk på individ- og gruppenivå, i små og store kar, i små og full-skala merder, og alle forsøk i mindre skala viser at både rognkjeks og leppefisk er i stand til å lære, og huske, at slike signaler er relatert til en belønning, med det resultatet at en stor andel av fisken dermed trekkes mot, og samles ved, et spesifikt referansepunkt i karet/merden. Det var ikke mulig å konkludere en effekt i full-skala merder. Prosjektet har også hatt som mål å utvikle en slakteprosedyre som egner seg for industriell slakt av leppefisk og rognkjeks og som tilfredsstiller kravet om dyrevelferd og samtidig ivaretar kvalitet på produktet som mulig matvare. Resultater viser at både rognkjeks, berggylt og bergnebb kan bedøves innen 0.5 sekund i både i vann og luft. Dette gjør det mulig å anvende ulike teknologier, enten om det er tørrbedøving eller i pumpesystemer, for bedøving i kommersielle anlegg. Prosjektet har videre forsket på muligheter og utfordringer knyttet til etterbruk av rensefisk hvor vi har identifisert næringsmessige og prosesstekniske produktegenskaper som er viktig for å kunne bruke rensefisken til humant konsum. Både berggylte og rognkjeks har god proteinkvalitet og fettsyresammensetning og kan være en god kilde til B12- og D13-vitaminer, men markedsundersøkelser i Sør-Korea viser at salg av hel rensefisk til humant konsum kan være utfordrende på grunn av utseende, smak, konsistens og lusespiserhistorien til fiskene.publishedVersio
Seaweed products for the future: Using current tools to develop a sustainable food industry
Get PDFBackground Although commonly consumed in Asia, seaweeds are a largely underutilized food source in the Western world. However, interest is rising, and seaweeds have a major potential as both main and functional ingredients in European markets. The current barriers for seaweeds as food products relate to food safety, quality preservation and optimization, and food neophobia. Scope and approach This commentary provides an overview of current challenges to providing seaweed in the European market and proposed solutions to tackle these obstacles, taking inspiration from other food sectors. Processing and packaging concepts for future manufacturing of seaweeds as food are explored and insight into market research and strategies for overcoming the barrier of consumer skepticism are given. Key findings and conclusions Tackling safety issues related to human consumption of seaweeds is required for their widespread use in food applications. Sustainable, multi-target mitigation strategies towards microbiological and chemical (excessive iodine, heavy metals, allergens) hazards are driving the improvement of food safety of seaweeds and derived products. Rapid post-harvest deterioration of seaweeds can be avoided through stabilization techniques, for instance through temporary storage solutions before final processing, direct utilization into food items, and packaging. Innovative drying and alternative processing strategies may reduce energy consumption and processing time, while at the same time improving the safety as well as the nutritional and sensory qualities of the product. Despite the rising popularity of Asian cuisine and the Western-consumers’ perception of seaweeds as a “healthy superfood”, understanding consumer behavior in relation to new foods and facilitating information-based decisions could reduce potential consumer skepticism. In conclusion, innovation tools discussed in this work can be exploited for further development of a sustainable seaweed food industry.submittedVersio
Technical feed quality influences health, digestion patterns, body mineralization and bone development in farming of the stomachless cleaner fish ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)
Get PDFFarmed ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) is an efficient cleaner fish used for non-medicinal delicing of Atlantic salmon in sea cages replacing to an increasing degree wild wrasse due to considerations for biodiversity and risk of overfishing local wrasse populations. Farming of ballan wrasse has been hampered by low growth rates, high prevalence of skeletal deformities and other welfare related pathologies. In this study we investigated how diets identical in composition but differing in their technical characteristics, by being prepared using different feed production technologies, affect fish performance, mineralization, bone development and gut health of the ballan wrasse larvae and juveniles. The different production technologies include the commonly used ‘high temperature’ extrusion, cold extrusion, and agglomeration, resulting in feed pellets with distinctive physicochemical properties. The results revealed that prolonged feeding periods with extruded pellets during ballan wrasse larvae weaning result in low body mineralization and the development of severe skeletal deformities. In juvenile ballan wrasse, the extruded pellet treatment resulted in higher mortality rates, fish with larger livers, indication for increased serum TAG and cholesterol in a similar manner, and increased activity of the digestive enzymes LAP and maltase, most probably as a compensatory mechanism to the assumed reduced availability of protein and carbohydrates of extruded pellets for this fish species. Smaller dietary effects were identified in terms of intestinal morphology and gene transcription rates.publishedVersionsubmittedVersio
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) used as cleaner fish: Characterization and suitability for human consumption
Get PDFFarmed lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is frequently used as cleaner fish in Norwegian salmon aquaculture. During the period in the net cage, the lumpfish feed on salmon lice. After a time, the fish stop eating the lice and are then withdrawn from the net cage without further exploitation. In this study, the nutritional value of lumpfish was characterized to assess its suitability as a human food. The lumpfish were collected from two separate salmon aquaculture facilities and analyzed for proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, environmental pollutants, and heavy metals. The water and protein content were approximately 90 and 6%, respectively. The protein contained all essential amino acids. The fat content ranged from 0.9 to 3.7% with a high level of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid; 20:5n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6n-3). Lumpfish may be a good source of B12 and D3 vitamins, however, the content of several minerals was low. The environmental pollutants and heavy metals were below the EU maximum levels, making the lumpfish safe for human consumption. Overall, our results indicate a potential to exploit the lumpfish, even after its time as a cleaner fish.publishedVersio
Cytoprotective Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysates against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mycotoxins in Caco-2/TC7 Cells
Get PDFMany studies report the potent antioxidant capacity for fish protein hydrolysates, including radical scavenging activity and inhibition ability on lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study, the in vitro cytotoxicity of protein hydrolysates from different salmon, mackerel, and herring side streams fractions was evaluated in the concentration range from 1 to 1:32 dilution, using cloned human colon adenocarcinoma cells TC7 (Caco-2/TC7) by MTT and PT assays. The protein hydrolysates’ antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress effects were evaluated by LPO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, respectively. The antioxidant capacity for pure and bioavailable hydrolysate fraction was also evaluated and compared. Additionally, mycotoxin levels were determined in the fish protein hydrolysates, and their cytoprotective effect against T-2 toxin was evaluated. Both hydrolysates and their bioavailable fraction induced similar cell viability rates. The highest cytoprotective effect was obtained for the salmon viscera protein hydrolysate (HSV), which increased the cell viability by 51.2%. ROS accumulation induced by H2O2 and LPO was suppressed by all pure hydrolysates. The cytoprotective effect of hydrolysates was observed against T-2. Moreover, the different fish fraction protein hydrolysates contain variable nutrients and unique bioactive peptide composition showing variable bioactivity, which could be a useful tool in developing dietary supplements with different target functional properties.publishedVersio
Is asymmetric information a driving force for conflicts in the Norwegian housing market?
Get PDFDet hevdes at det norske boligmarkedet er preget av et høyt konfliktnivå mellom kjøper og selger av brukte boliger. Et høyt konfliktnivå er uheldig fordi det kan tyde på at prissettingen er feil, og at ressurser går med til å håndtere konfliktene i stedet for å brukes til produktiv virksomhet. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi hvorvidt det er informasjonsasymmetri mellom kjøper og selger av brukt bolig i Norge som er årsaken til konfliktnivået. Selger vet naturlig nok mer om boligens tilstand enn kjøper. Denne asymmetriske informasjonen gjør at kjøper i mange tilfeller blir skuffet over boligens faktiske stand etter overtagelse og dermed velger å klage på boligkjøpet. Som følge av konfliktnivået har Stortinget vedtatt en ny avhendingslov (loven som regulerer salg av brukte boliger). Vi bruker en strukturell ligningsmodell (SEM) for hele utvalg som har kjøpt eller solgt bolig den siste tiden, som metode. Markedet er sterkt preget av asymmetrisk informasjon, ved at jo mindre kjøper oppgir å ha kunnskap om boligens stand før overtakelse, jo større er sjansen for at kjøper er misfornøyd med kjøpet og dermed velger å klage. Vi konkluderer med at kjøperens evne til å tilegne seg informasjon og forstå boligens tilstand er avgjørende for at konfliktnivået skal kunne reduseres. Dessuten brukes modellen til å studere ett av tiltakene i den nye avhendingslova, nemlig fjerning av formuleringen «solgt som den er», og hvorvidt dette vil redusere konfliktnivået.It is claimed that the Norwegian housing market for used homes is characterized by a high level of conflict between buyers and sellers. A high level of conflict is unfortunate because it may indicate that pricing is incorrect and that resources are being used to deal with the conflicts instead of for productive business. In this article, we examine whether it is the information asymmetry between the buyer and seller of a used Norwegian home that is the cause of the level of conflict. The seller naturally knows more about the condition of the home than the buyer. This asymmetric information means that the buyer in many cases becomes disappointed with the actual condition of the home after taking it over, and thus chooses to complain about the home purchase. As a result of the level of conflict, the Norwegian Parliament has passed a new Disposal Act (the main law regulating sale of used homes in Norway). We use a structural equation model (SEM) on a sample of Norwegians that have recently bought or sold a used home. We find that this market is strongly characterized by asymmetric information, i.e. the less the buyer states that he has knowledge of the condition of the home before the takeover, the greater the chance that the buyer is dissatisfied with the purchase, and thus chooses to complain. We conclude that the buyerʼs ability to acquire information and understand the condition of the home is crucial for the level of conflict to be reduced. In addition, the model is used to study one of the measures in the new Disposal Act, namely the removal of the wording ‘sold as isʼ. We investigate whether this will reduce the level of conflict.publishedVersio
Understanding new corporate innovation strategies: Hybrid high-involvement approaches and the increasing importance of individual absorptive capacity
Get PDFDriven by the challenges of digitalisation and increasing market dynamics, corporations must develop new strategies for innovation and knowledge management. This paper describes hybrid high-involvement innovation (HHII) as an emerging approach to corporate innovation. Through nine interviews, we explore the experiences and actions of experts in German corporate innovation programs in an effort to understand and systematise new approaches to corporate engagement in innovation. We categorise HHII benefits, antecedents, and emerging challenges, indicating the importance of innovation engagement activities and capabilities on the corporate and individual levels. We additionally identify and adapt key design elements of HHII to support its development and implementation in corporate environments, thereby examining the use of open innovation initiatives as vehicles to enable internal and external crowdsourcing of new ideas. This paper develops the concept of individual absorptive capacity (IAC) and explores its increasingly important role in open innovation initiatives such as HHII.acceptedVersio
Antibiotic Resistance and Phylogeny of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated over Three Decades from Chicken Meat in the Norwegian Food Chain
Get PDFPseudomonas is ubiquitous in nature and a predominant genus in many foods and food processing environments, where it primarily represents major food spoilage organisms. The food chain has also been reported to be a potential reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas. The purpose of the current study was to determine the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. collected over a time span of 26 years from retail chicken in Norway and characterize their genetic diversity, phylogenetic distribution and resistance genes through whole-genome sequence analyses. Among the 325 confirmed Pseudomonas spp. isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 175 isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined. A subset of 31 isolates being resistant to ≥3 antibiotics were whole-genome sequenced. The isolates were dominated by species of the P. fluorescens lineage. Isolates susceptible to all antibiotics or resistant to ≥3 antibiotics comprised 20.6% and 24.1%, respectively. The most common resistance was to aztreonam (72.6%), colistin (30.2%), imipenem (25.6%) and meropenem (12.6%). Resistance properties appeared relatively stable over the 26-year study period but with taxa-specific differences. Whole-genome sequencing showed high genome variability, where isolates resistant to ≥3 antibiotics belonged to seven species. A single metallo-betalactmase gene (cphA) was detected, though intrinsic resistance determinants dominated, including resistance–nodulation (RND), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and small multidrug resistance (Smr) efflux pumps. This study provides further knowledge on the distribution of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. in chicken meat and their antibiotic resistance properties. Further monitoring should be encouraged to determine food as a source of antibiotic resistance and maintain the overall favorable situation with regard to antibiotic resistance in the Norwegian food chain.publishedVersio
A systems approach to understanding creative innovation in gastronomy services
Get PDFUsing the example of how elite Nordic chefs use a relatively novel food such as sea-weed in Nordic cuisine, we describe and develop a model of creative innovation in gastronomy services from a systems perspective. Seaweed has long had a connota-tion of poverty and austerity in the Nordic regions and had thus been a forgotten or marginalized food ingredient. In the early 2000s, the New Nordic Cuisine manifesto was launched, aiming amongst other things, to reintroduce seaweed in the Nordic diets as part of the broader picture to increase vegetable consumption. 25 relevant industry sources were identified to help develop our model of understanding innovation in gas-tronomy services. The data gathered were transcribed and used to build a small data corpus. The data was analysed using both VOSviewer and AntConc for content anal-ysis. Using a four quadrant systems framework, we identified some of the major chal-lenges and barriers to innovation in gastronomy services. They include it being a new food, lack of advanced mechanised harvesting technologies and regulatory uncertainty in terms of harvesting rights.publishedVersio