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Betydning av tidspunkt og lengde av vintersignal i RAS for prestasjon i sjø ved utsett av stor smolt
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Epitype-inducing temperatures drive DNA methylation changes during somatic embryogenesis in the long-lived gymnosperm Norway spruce
Get PDFAn epigenetic memory of the temperature sum experienced during embryogenesis is part of the climatic adaptation strategy of the long-lived gymnosperm Norway spruce. This memory has a lasting effect on the timing of bud phenology and frost tolerance in the resulting epitype trees. The epigenetic memory is well characterized phenotypically and at the transcriptome level, but to what extent DNA methylation changes are involved have not previously been determined. To address this, we analyzed somatic epitype embryos of Norway spruce clones produced at contrasting epitype-inducing conditions (18 and 28°C). We screened for differential DNA methylation in 2744 genes related mainly to the epigenetic machinery, circadian clock, and phenology. Of these genes, 68% displayed differential DNA methylation patterns between contrasting epitype embryos in at least one methylation context (CpG, CHG, CHH). Several genes related to the epigenetic machinery (e.g., DNA methyltransferases, ARGONAUTE) and the control of bud phenology (FTL genes) were differentially methylated. This indicates that the epitype-inducing temperature conditions induce an epigenetic memory involving specific DNA methylation changes in Norway spruce.publishedVersio
Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Retention in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L., Fed Diets with Fermented Sugar Kelp, Saccharina latissima
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Equipment available to prevent runoff
No full textI denne rapporten er tilgjengelige løsninger for å hindre avrenning oppsummert. Tette kasser fremstår som et alternativ som raskt kan implementeres hvis fisken er tilstrekkelig nedkjølt. Tette kasser må enten være laget for å samle opp avrenningsvannet uten å komme i kontakt med fisken, eller så må absorbere ta hånd om avrenningen. Begge løsninger vil være dyrere enn dagens løsning. Det er også mulig å montere oppsamlingtanker på lastebilene. Disse ligger under tralla og samler opp vannet som dannes. Der er det en utfordring med kapasitet, da dagens tanker rommer ca 250 liter. Det vil også ta tid før det er montert tanker på alle traller som transporterer fisk i Norge. I tillegg eksisterer det alternative kjølemedier som ikke gir avrenning, slik som CO2-snø og gelice. CO2-snø er kostbart, og kommer med en HMS-utfordring, mens gelice er dyrere enn is, og gir et avfallsproblem hos kunden. Totalt sett så er det mulig å løse dette problemet. Tette kasser eller oppsamlingstanker fremstår som mest aktuell, men begge alternativene forutsetter at fisken er godt nedkjølt før den legges i kassen, slik at isen i kassen ikke har som hovedmål å kjøle fisken ned, men holde den kald.Equipment available to prevent runoffpublishedVersio
Differential sensitivity of mucosal organs to transient exposure to hydrogen sulphide in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Get PDFMortality related to hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has recently become a serious concern in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming, particularly in saline recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs), where the risk of H2S formation is high. H2S has a distinct odour of rotten eggs, and its production is associated with the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of protein and other sulphur-containing organic matter. Significant advances have been made in elucidating its formation in RAS, but the biological consequences of this toxicant in salmon remain elusive. We report the physiological consequences of transient exposure of post-smolt Atlantic salmon to H2S. The fish were exposed to one of three levels of H2S for 1 h: 0 µM (unexposed), 0.6 µM (low exposure), and 1.2 µM (high exposure). Fish were allowed to recover for 24 h and then sampled for gene expression, histology, and metabolomics analyses. Molecular profiling was performed on a subset of genes with known functions in sulphide detoxification, mucins, immunity, and stress responses, which focused on the gills, olfactory organ, skin, and distal gut. With the exception of interleukin 10, all genes studied were significantly affected in the skin, where high H2S triggered significant upregulation. Stress-related genes were mostly affected in the gills, where the high H2S level also induced significant upregulation. Downregulation of the marker genes was identified in the olfactory organ especially in the low-dose group. The distal gut was less sensitive to H2S, regardless of the dose. Histological health scoring of the four mucosal organs revealed no substantial structural alterations and only sporadic cases of mild-moderate unspecific tissue damage. High-throughput metabolomics revealed that transient H2S exposure had a substantial mucosal impact rather than a systemic impact, as shown by changes in skin mucus metabolome. Functional annotation indicated that 10 metabolomic pathways were significantly affected in the skin mucus, including tRNA charging, the superpathway of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, and glucosilinate biosynthesis from phenylalanine. The physiological alterations following transient exposure to H2S showed that the mucosal organs exhibited distinct response profiles, where transcriptional impacts were more pronounced in the skin and gills. The results contribute to a better understanding of the biological functions of exogenous H2S in teleost fish, as well as the development of mitigation strategies for salmon-production facilities and the risk of H2S exposure.Differential sensitivity of mucosal organs to transient exposure to hydrogen sulphide in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)publishedVersio
Sustainability, perceived quality and country of origin of farmed salmon: Impact on consumer choices in the USA, France and Japan
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