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Dietary intake of micronized avian eggshell membrane in aged mice reduces circulating inflammatory markers, increases microbiota diversity, and attenuates skeletal muscle aging
Get PDFIntroduction: Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is a complex extracellular matrix comprising collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid. We have previously demonstrated that ESM possesses anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and regulates wound healing processes in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate if oral intake of micronized ESM could attenuate skeletal muscle aging associated with beneficial alterations in gut microbiota profile and reduced inflammation. Methods: Elderly male C57BL/6 mice were fed an AIN93G diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1, or 8% ESM. Young mice were used as reference. The digestibility of ESM was investigated using the static in vitro digestion model INFOGEST for older people and adults, and the gut microbiota profile was analyzed in mice. In addition, we performed a small-scale pre-clinical human study with healthy home-dwelling elderly (>70 years) who received capsules with a placebo or 500 mg ESM every day for 4 weeks and studied the effect on circulating inflammatory markers. Results and discussion: Intake of ESM in elderly mice impacted and attenuated several well-known hallmarks of aging, such as a reduction in the number of skeletal muscle fibers, the appearance of centronucleated fibers, a decrease in type IIa/IIx fiber type proportion, reduced gene expression of satellite cell markers Sdc3 and Pax7 and increased gene expression of the muscle atrophy marker Fbxo32. Similarly, a transition toward the phenotypic characteristics of young mice was observed for several proteins involved in cellular processes and metabolism. The digestibility of ESM was poor, especially for the elderly condition. Furthermore, our experiments showed that mice fed with 8% ESM had increased gut microbiota diversity and altered microbiota composition compared with the other groups. ESM in the diet also lowered the expression of the inflammation marker TNFA in mice and in vitro in THP-1 macrophages. In the human study, intake of ESM capsules significantly reduced the inflammatory marker CRP. Altogether, our results suggest that ESM, a natural extracellular biomaterial, may be attractive as a nutraceutical candidate with a possible effect on skeletal muscle aging possibly through its immunomodulating effect or gut microbiota.publishedVersio
Towards sustainable water disinfection with peracetic acid in aquaculture: A review
Get PDFeracetic acid (PAA) has a long history as an efficacious and eco-friendly disinfectant. It was first synthesised in 1902, and since then a wide range of applications has been developed in various industries. Aquaculture is a more recent industry wherein the potential of PAA is significant. As the global demand for sustainable development increases, there has likewise been growing interest in using PAA in aquaculture as an alternative to less environmentally friendly practices. PAA has no carcinogenic risk to humans (unlike formalin), has negligible harmful by-products (unlike chlorine-based disinfectants) and with appropriate precautions, the risks of causing severe human health damage is easier to control than ozone. Fish show strong physiological recovery and adaptation to PAA, whereas susceptible life stages of pathogens are highly vulnerable, enabling a safe and efficacious disinfection of the entire culture water and not the flow-restricted disinfection by such processes as ultraviolet radiation or ozone. The effective concentration of PAA against many fish pathogens is usually below 2 mg L−1, which is tolerable for most fish, and it has very low environmental risk due to rapid degradation. However, such degradation and the hydrodynamics in production-scale aquaculture systems complicate the practical use of PAA. In this review, we summarise key results of safe concentrations of PAA and its effectiveness specifically for fish farmers. We also outline major difficulties and possible solutions for practical uses of PAA. We intend to bring global attention to this compound and inspire future possibilities for its sustainable use as a water disinfectant in aquaculture.Towards sustainable water disinfection with peracetic acid in aquaculture: A reviewpublishedVersio
Effects of eicosapentaneoic acid on innate immune responses in an Atlantic salmon kidney cell line in vitro
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What affects the level of local social acceptance of salmon farming in Norway?
Get PDFThe concept of a social licence to operate (SLO) that first emerged related to mining has been developed into several strands of theoretical models and used to study the social acceptance of industries in different contexts. There is an emerging literature on SLO for salmon-farming, but very few quantitative analyses are done to identify and assess factors that affect the level of social acceptance. Models that explain social acceptance levels from people's trust in an industry or company, their confidence in governance, and views on procedural and distributional fairness (trust models) are designed for quantitative analysis, and they have been successful in explaining social acceptance levels for mining. In this paper, we use survey data to test whether the factors in trust models can also explain the level of local social acceptance for salmon farming in Norway. From the structural equation modelling analysis, we conclude that these models at best have limited explanatory power in our case. We then develop an alternative model to analyse social acceptance, where factors of perception and attitudes and respondents' individual characteristics are tested as direct regression paths to influence level of acceptance. This model explains the variation in the data well. The factors that most strongly affect the level of acceptance, and which industry or authorities also can influence, are the perception of to what degree aquaculture is environmentally sustainable, whether the industry acts according to society's expectations, and if the industry is trustworthy. Practical implications for the industry and governance are discussed.publishedVersio
Evaluering av fangstskader ved bruk av hyperspektral avbildning
Get PDFMetoden «Fangstskadeindeks» for sensorisk kvalitetsvurdering og registrering av ulike skader som kan oppstå på torsk under fangst og håndtering av torsk er tidkrevende. Det vil være en fordel om slik kvalitetsvurdering kan gjøres instrumentelt. De fleste av fangstskadene medfører bloduttredelser i muskelen, og en aktuell instrumentell metode kan derfor være hyperspektral avbildning som kan estimere blod i fisk. I dette arbeidet er det undersøkt om bilder og blodkonsentrasjoner frembragt fra hyperspektrale data fra sløyd og hodekappet (HG) fisk samsvarer med fangstskadevurderinger. Det er vist en sammenheng mellom den totale poengsummen og karakterene som er gitt for flere av parameterne i fangstskadeindeksen og blodmengden som er estimert fra modellering av hyperspektrale data fra sløyd og hodekappet (HG) fisk. Ved bruk av constrained spectral unmixing modellering får man gjennomsnittlig blodmengde i fisken, men man ser ikke blodskader nær svømmeblæra. Modellering av hyperspektrale data ved bruk av en ny analysemodell, et nevralt nettverk, synes bedre å vise blodflekker under skinn samt avdekke indre skader ved svømmeblæra. Det er imidlertid behov for ytterligere trening og testing av modellen for å validere resultatene i større skala.Evaluering av fangstskader ved bruk av hyperspektral avbildningpublishedVersio
Fasting and its implications for fish welfare in Atlantic salmon aquaculture
Get PDFPeriods of fasting occur for a multitude of reasons in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Feed withdrawal is widely used prior to transport, parasite treatments, preslaughter and for depuration purposes in recirculating aquaculture systems. Voluntary fasting is a coping response when fish have poor health or are exposed to poor farm environments. Owing to increased attention to animal welfare in aquaculture, concerns have been raised regarding ethical issues when farmed fish are subjected to fasting. However, thorough science-based recommendations for fasting and feed-withdrawal regimes have been lacking. The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of the various causes for fasting in Atlantic salmon aquaculture and evaluate their associated welfare implications so that guidelines for appropriate practices can be formulated. To interpret impacts, we describe biological responses and tolerance limits to fasting in Atlantic salmon and consider adaptations in the wild. Fry and parr are highly sensitive to feed withdrawal. However, post-smolts and adults are well-adapted to endure prolonged fasting without experiencing compromised functionality or health. Here, short periods of feed withdrawal prior to operations should therefore not constitute significant welfare concerns. Serious concerns are instead associated with voluntary fasting that may continue for weeks. We emphasize that environmental extremes that exceed appetite impairing thresholds must be avoided. Additionally, farmed fish should not be subjected to practices that lead to chronic stress that induce cessation of appetite. Diseases or parasites that impair appetite should also be mitigated. Fasting is here a symptom rather than a cause for poor welfare.publishedVersio
Kunnskapskartlegging pigmentering i laks
Get PDFGjennomgangen av data på filetfarge i norsk oppdrettslaks viser at det har vært en viss nedgang i farge, fra 2012 og frem til om lag 2021. Deretter har fargenivået økt noe. Variasjonen i filetfarge er blitt større, med pigmentnivå fra 4 til 8 mg/kg. Tilbakemeldinger fra oppdrettere bekrefter at flertallet av de spurte har problem med å oppnå ønsket farge i filet, samtidig som ønsket farge kan variere mellom 22-27 i SalmoFan score og 5-7 mg astaxanthin/kg. Noen produsenter opplever redusert innfarging på mellom 20-40 % av slaktet fisk, mens andre opplever det på under 2 %. Det er gjort ulike tiltak for å forbedre filetfarge, innholdet av astaxanthin i fôr er økt til 50-70 mg/kg, og flere oppdrettere har økt innholdet av EPA/DHA og vitaminer. Enkelte faktorer bidrar til å forklare variasjonen i innfarging. Filetfarge var sterkt positivt korrelert med slaktevekt, og variasjon i farge var også knyttet til når på året fisken slaktes, der høsten peker seg positivt ut. Antallet uker med mekanisk avlusning på en lokalitet hadde en negativ effekt på innfarging. Det var også en negativ korrelasjon mellom astaxanthin-innhold i fileten og tilvekst (TGC/VF3) og fôrfaktor, og de fleste oppdrettere meldte om problemer med farge etter perioder med hurtig vekst. Der det var tilgjengelige data på innholdet av EPA og DHA i filet ble det funnet en positiv korrelasjon med sum omega-3 og astaxanthin nivå i filet. Effekten av omega-3 er også funnet i vitenskapelige forsøk. Det ble i tillegg funnet en tydelig effekt knyttet til smoltprodusent på filetfarge ved slakt. Årsakene til dette kan ikke fastslås og bør undersøkes nærmere.Kunnskapskartlegging pigmentering i lakspublishedVersio
Dynamic Multiblock Regression for Process Modelling
Get PDFThe study introduces three novel strategies for incorporating capabilities for dynamic modelling into multiblock regression methods by integrating sequentially orthogonalised partial least squares (SO-PLS) with different dynamic modelling techniques. The study evaluates these strategies using synthetic datasets and an industrial example, comparing their performance in predictive ability, identification of process dynamics, and quantification of block contributions. Results suggest that these approaches can effectively model the dynamics with performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods, providing, at the same time, insight into the dynamic order and block contributions. One of the strategies, sequentially orthogonalised dynamic augmented (SODA)–PLS, shows promise by ensuring that redundant information in the time dimension is not included, resulting in simpler and more easily interpretable dynamic models. These multiblock dynamic regression strategies have potential applications for improved process understanding in industrial settings, especially where multiple data sources and inherent time dynamics are present.publishedVersio
QTL mapping of preharvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat population SHA3/CBRD by Naxos confirms a negative effect of the 1BL.1RS translocation on falling number
Get PDFPreharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)production areas with rainy harvest conditions. To explore the genetic control ofPHS resistance, a population of 166 recombinant inbred lines from a cross betweenSHA3/CBRD and Naxos was evaluated in a total of eight field trials in Norway andChina. PHS resistance was evaluated with both germination index (GI) and fallingnumber (FN). A total of 15 PHS-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected atchromosome arms 1RS, 2DL, 3BL, 4AL, 4BS, and 7BL. At 2DL and 3BL, QTLs forboth GI and FN were detected in proximity to each other with PHS resistance fromSHA3/CBRD, indicating a common genetic control of the two traits at these loci.At 4AL, a significant QTL for GI was detected with seed dormancy contributed byNaxos. Moreover, the Rht-B1b dwarfing allele contributed by SHA3/CBRD showeda positive association with FN. On the other hand, QFN.nmbu-1RS, carried by the1BL.1RS translocation in SHA3/CBRD showed consistent negative effects on FNacross all field trials where FN was measured. However, it did not have any notableeffect on GI. The negative effect of QFN.nmbu-1RS on FN was validated on a set of113 wheat cultivars and breeding lines, where lines carrying the 1BL.1RS translo-cation showed significantly lower FN in 12 out of 14 independent field trials. TheQTL and associated markers identified in this study will aid the breeding of morePHS-resistant wheat cultivars.publishedVersio