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CO2 capture from multiple sources: To be, or not to be clustered, that is the question
Full text linkCO2 capture from industrial clusters and multi-source industrial sites can reduce costs and facilitate large-scale implementation through shared infrastructure. However, since multiple clustering strategies are possible, a key question arises: when and how should CO2 capture be clustered? While previous studies focused on specific clusters, this study provides a comprehensive cost assessment of general clustering strategies for post-combustion solvent-based CO2 capture. A CCS value chain model is developed to carry out techno-economic evaluations of different clustering strategies from multiple sources across a wide range of cases. When considering clustering from two sources, flue gas flowrates and distance between sources are key factors. Clustering is less attractive when flowrates are high and distances are large due to limited economies of scale and high ducting costs. Results show that it is immaterial if clustering is done at the desorber as the cost savings are relatively minimal. Other considerations than cost can have an impact on the decision. Clustering at the absorber level is more impactful. Typically, clustering at the absorber increases cost, but there are significant investment cost savings in a few cases. For multiple sources, clustering becomes more beneficial with smaller flowrates and more number of sources, although cost savings remain limited. While clustering may not significantly reduce CO2 avoidance costs, it can provide benefits like reduced land use.CO2 capture from multiple sources: To be, or not to be clustered, that is the questionpublishedVersio
Continuous Control-Set Model-Predictive Control with stability guarantee for the PWM-VSC
Full text linkThe presence of power electronics converters has become more and more dominant in power systems and this is posing stricter requirements for their controls in terms of stability and performance. The class of Model Predictive Controls (MPC) is particularly well suited for power electronics converters for its inherent ability to incorporate constraints while ensuring high dynamic performance. However, conventional approaches to guarantee stability may complicate the optimal control problem to the extent of making it unrealizable. This paper presents a Continuous Control-Set Model Predictive Control (CCS-MPC) for the Pulse-Width Modulated Voltage Source Converters (PWM-VSC). The bilinear structure of the discrete-time dynamic model is used to obtain a convex optimization problem that ensures a unique and global optimum solution in each step. Moreover, the stability is guaranteed via a discrete-time Lyapunov function derived directly from the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. The proposed control shows a simple implementation with remarkable stability, performance, and clear advantages over the conventional design approach. These properties have been validated both in numerical simulations and experimentally on a 60 kVA converter.Continuous Control-Set Model-Predictive Control with stability guarantee for the PWM-VSCpublishedVersio
Risks, their Occurrence and their Prevention through the Implementation of Hydrogen in the Energy-Intensive Industry
Full text linkHydrogen shows great promise for reduction the CO2-emission of production in energy-intensive processes. Due to the immense amount of energy required to melt raw materials, for example in glass and aluminum production, switching from natural gas to (green) hydrogen or mixing the two fuels would significantly impact decarbonization and emissions. However, there are plant and process risks associated with the implementation of hydrogen that need to be considered. This applies to hydrogen storage, hydrogen distribution, and the melting furnace. It is also unclear whether and to what extent hydrogen affects the quality of the product. Against this backdrop, the question arises about how the decarbonization of energy-intensive processes requires attention on the plant and process side. To summarize the existing knowledge, the use of hydrogen in the energy-intensive industry, differences to the current state of the art and risks are first shown. A literature review on hydrogen damage, its mechanisms, and phenomena is carried out to explain the interaction between hydrogen and certain materials. In the next step, material databases and experimental test results for materials relevant to such industries will be used to compile assessments of their compatibility. To ensure the safety of people, machines, and products in the event of a fault, measurement options for hydrogen leaks are discussed and their operating conditions, advantages, and disadvantages are described. Finally, recommendations for the glass industry are given to ensure plant and process safety as well as economic efficiency.Risks, their Occurrence and their Prevention through the Implementation of Hydrogen in the Energy-Intensive IndustrypublishedVersio
Tilstandsindikatorer for vegnettet – metode for indikator på dekketilstand
Full text linkNotatet beskriver arbeidet med utvikling av metode for beregning av tilstandsindikator for dekketilstand.publishedVersio
Byggskader ved bruk av fasadeplater
Full text linkI Norge er fasadeplater mye brukt som utvendig kledning på større bygninger. SINTEF har vært involvert i mange skadesaker der fasadeplater er brukt og har mottatt henvendelser/bekymringsmeldinger fra både utførende og plateleverandører i forbindelse med slike fasader.
Denne studien tar for seg 25 prosjekter der SINTEF har vært engasjert i skadesaker eller har gjort feltundersøkelser. Bygningene ligger spredt i store deler av Norge. Rapporten er utarbeidet for å dele kunnskap og belyse de viktigste årsakene til skader ved bruk av fasadeplater.
Studien ser blant annet på skadefordeling mellom ulike platetyper og ulike typer lekter for innfesting av plater. Videre har vi kartlagt hvilke tettemetoder (fugeløsninger) som er brukt i de ulike skadesakene, både for vertikale og horisontale fuger mellom platene, og om det er typiske forskjeller i skadebildet mellom åpne og "ikke-åpne" fugeløsninger.
Rapporten viser også eksempler med bilder fra skadesaker for å gi en større innsikt i skadebildet.publishedVersio
Accident scenarios for safety risk management of ammonia fuelled ships
Full text linkAmmonia is deemed to be a promising fuel to reduce carbon emissions from shipping as well as a viable alternative solution as a global hydrogen carrier. Several initiatives are ongoing to demonstrate the use of ammonia in fuel cells and internal combustion engines for use on offshore vessels. While the interest in ammonia increases, so do the concerns regarding its safety. Ammonia is toxic to humans and to marine life, and, at certain concentrations, when mixed with air, could explode if ignited. Although safely transported as a chemical and fertilizer for decades, ammonia has been stored in dedicated carriers. Transfer and handling operations have been performed in this time by highly trained and specialized crews and operators. The potential large-scale implementation of ammonia in the maritime environment and its handling by different users introduce emerging risks and a potential for stricter requirements. This work presents a bibliographic approach for the definition of accidental scenarios for safety risk management of ammonia fuelled offshore vessels and ammonia carriers. A screening of historical accidental events potentially resulting in ammonia released is performed and a statistical analysis of the causes and consequences of the relevant events is provided to support a tailored and effective risk management.Accident scenarios for safety risk management of ammonia fuelled shipspublishedVersio
