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Logistics of the Hydrogen Industry in Northern Europe
Full text linkHydrogen is seen as an important element in the near future energy systems. However, challenges exist on its exact role, financing, and policy. In this document, we present a preliminary analysis of potential value chains for hydrogen in Northern Europe. We employ an optimisation model, BROMo, to perform this analysis. BROMo has been used in the past to model value chains in the context of bioresource management, and recycling. In this work, we model the hydrogen value chain and its related value chains in the context of production and demand logistics in Northern Europe. This puts hydrogen in the same context as other industrials sectors of the economy, as opposed to being solely a component of the energy system. Initial findings from this study reveal that a simplified model of hydrogen sources can serve as a foundation for more intricate analyses. This approach allows for varied scenario assumptions concerning the significance of hydrogen value chains in the future.publishedVersio
Reduction of MnO Using a Thermal Hydrogen Plasma
Full text linkHydrogen (H2) plays an important role in meeting the demand for carbon-free steels. When reduction is done with H2, harmless water is released as the off-gas, instead of CO2 generated by reduction with carbon. While steel can be produced using H2, many of its alloying elements cannot. As a result, fully carbon-free steel production necessitates a carbon-free production of its alloying elements. An important alloying element for steel, manganese (Mn), is subject to thermodynamic limitations that makes reduction with H2 infeasible. If instead a much more reactive hydrogen plasma is used these thermodynamic limitations would disappear. The current work shows an in-depth investigation into the reduction of manganese oxide (MnO) by a thermal hydrogen plasma under various conditions. By passing H2 through a plasma torch before it contacts an MnO-containing slag, formation of metallic Mn was achieved with a hydrogen-based reductant. Investigating the reduced samples with an electron probe micro analyser (EPMA) the amount of Mn formation in different conditions is mapped out. The reduction was found to be favoured when the torch was operated with a transferred arc mode, and for slags high in MnO, if the melting point was not too high. While the research into reduction of stable oxides with thermal hydrogen plasmas is still in an early stage and there are many unanswered questions, the work presented demonstrates the possibility of hydrogen-based manganese production.publishedVersio
Temperature response during rapid depressurization of CO2 in a pipe: Experiments and fluid-dynamics modelling
Full text linkThe temperature evolution of CO2 during full-bore pipe depressurization events is relevant for risk assessment, e.g., for CO2 transport in the context of CO2 capture and storage (CCS). We analyse and model the temperature evolution for four different initial temperatures between 0 = 4.6 ◦C and 0 = 40 ◦C at supercritical pressures. All the experiments showed an analogous temperature evolution, reaching similar minimum temperatures along the pipe. The warmer the initial temperature, the earlier dry-out and faster temperature recovery was observed. Also, the coldest experiment showed evidence of formation of more dry ice. We employ the homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM) with different heat-transfer correlations and a two-fluid model (TFM) with different slip models in order to understand the observed data. The results indicate that the heat transfer changes significantly with different thermodynamic states for the CO2. Also, the HEM and the TFM with a RELAP-type friction model performed reasonably well at the outlet and at the closed end of the pipe, but none of the tested models were able to fully describe the strong spatial and temporal gradients observed along the pipe during the depressurization.Temperature response during rapid depressurization of CO2 in a pipe: Experiments and fluid-dynamics modellingpublishedVersio
Lederundersøkelsen i NSF. Rammebetingelser, utfordringer og virkemidler.
Full text linkDatainnsamlingen ble gjennomført høsten 2024 og det er 1879 ledere på ulike nivå og i ulike sektorer som har deltatt. I denne rapporten har vi først og fremst analysert svar fra førstelinjeledere og mellomledere som arbeider i kommunal sektor og i spesialisthelsetjenesten. Ett av de viktige funnene i denne rapporten er at når vi ser på utviklingen fra 2021 til 2024 blant 300 sykepleierledere som har deltatt begge år, var det 28 prosent som svarte at de i liten eller svært liten grad har budsjett som var tilstrekkelig for å levere tjenester av tilfredsstillende kvalitet i 2021. Men i 2024 var andelen betydelig høyere, og det var nå 44 prosent som svarte at de i liten eller svært liten grad har budsjett som er tilstrekkelig for å levere tjenester av tilfredsstillende kvalitet.publishedVersio
Setting Benchmark Values for Apartment Blocks in Norway as the Basis for GHG Emission Reduction Along the Building Process
Full text linkDefining GHG emission benchmarks for new buildings and adapting national roadmaps to tighten the benchmark values over time are among the key measures for achieving climatic goals in the construction industry. A review of building technical regulations, voluntary frameworks and recent studies in GHG emission accounting focusing on Norwegian apartment buildings has revealed inconsistencies regarding the life cycle modules, building elements, and functional units. The system boundaries and benchmark values must be aligned with national and international standards, regulations, and best practices, aiming for fair results and knowledge exchange among professionals.
Based on data collection and harmonisation, target, reference and limit emission values for new multi-dwelling buildings in Norway that meet national requirements and higher ambition levels have been defined. The three-tiered benchmark system (Target, Reference, Limit) can be utilised by apartment block designers throughout the building process, and can serve as a practical reference for policymakers when setting national benchmark values.
Climate targets and policy objectives for 2030 and 2050 require various reduction strategies, from optimising building design to employing low-carbon materials and low-energy solutions. These measures involve a comparison of alternatives across different functional units and the use of simulation technologies to evaluate sustainable design options from the conceptual stages.publishedVersio
Information security risk management tools in the air traffic management domain: what are practitioners’ needs?
Full text linkInformation Security Risk Management (ISRM) activities are essential for organizations seeking to control and monitor risk. However, it is well known that doing so is difficult, and the different ISRM activities provide different challenges. To provide support, ISRM tools can be used. Such tools can come in the form of spreadsheets, document templates, or dedicated software to support either part of or the full ISRM work. Few studies have been conducted investigating the use of such tools and their necessary properties. Through semi-structured interviews with 17 security practitioners in the Air Traffic Management (ATM) domain and five validation sessions with 34 experts, this study examines the needs of security practitioners using ISRM tools. The ATM domain was chosen as the study context since they use a method built on the ISO/IEC 27005 standard, which, unlike other ISRM frameworks, does not provide tool support. The findings contain a collection of properties needed in ISRM tools. Notably, the ability to get a holistic view of risks in and toward the organization, tool flexibility, and the ability to get assistance with documentation and information exchange. We also identify that current ISRM tools do not provide enough support and suggest ways to address this.publishedVersio
Critical Infrastructures in the Cloud
Full text linkCloud computing is increasingly being used not only to support critical infrastructure applications, but actually forms a vital part of them. This paper discusses challenges faced by custodians of critical infrastructures when moving to the cloud, and outlines some security requirements that are relevant to apply to critical infrastructure cloud applications.acceptedVersio
Long‑term phase changes in cathodically protected marine reinforced concrete bridge
Full text linkThe application of cathodic protection (CP) gains increasing interest for maintaining the structural integrity of coastal concrete bridges facing premature degradation due to reinforcement corrosion. The present investigation was undertaken to obtain field experience on the long-term performance of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) installed on a Norwegian marine concrete bridge. Cores with and without anode ribbons from five protection zones were extracted 16–17 years after installation of ICCP. The cores were investigated by visual inspection and using µ-XRF for elemental distribution. µ-XRF measurements showed decreased intensities for calcium and sulfur around anode ribbons in some samples. Chloride accumulation at anode ribbons was observed in three of five cores, leading to lower ingress depth in the concrete but also a higher maximum chloride content near the anode compared to the cores without anode ribbons. The anode ribbons appeared intact. Phase changes around the anode ribbon were investigated with XRD, TGA and pH measurement. The ICCP had induced neutralization (pH 7) of the overlay mortar in the vicinity of some of the anode ribbons, resulting in the decomposition of hydration products like portlandite and the formation of gypsum, leading to a weaker material.publishedVersio
Updated wind and solar power time series for SINTEF’s power market models
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A data driven approach using local measurements to locate turbine governors causing forced oscillations
Full text linkThis paper presents a method based on residual analysis and system identification techniques to localize the source of forced oscillations in power systems due to turbine governors in power plants. The method identifies the closed loop dynamics of power plants described by the swing equation. When forced oscillations are detected, they are located by finding the transfer functions that describe the behaviour of the corresponding plant the worst. The method presented in this paper locates the source of forced oscillations based only on local measurements at each plant. This may represent an inherent advantage since it may reduce the need of data measurement and communication. We investigate how the method performs under different process noise levels and also the common assumption that frequency measurements are a sufficient approximation of the machine’s rotational speed. The performance of the method is demonstrated with an hardware-in-the-loop approach on an experimental setup including a real time simulator and phasor measurement units. Sensitivities of the method to different forced oscillations and assumptions are analysed using numerical simulations.A data driven approach using local measurements to locate turbine governors causing forced oscillationspublishedVersio