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The COSMO tool – User case scenarios and analysis
Full text linkThis report contains a summary of user case scenarios and analysis from deploying COSMO – Computer tool for Optimisation and Simulation of Marine Operations on testing different technological concepts and planning strategies from a wind farm perspective. The user case scenarios have been developed in close cooperation with the NorthWind partners, and the goal is to enable partners to use COSMO to evaluate the impact of potential future concepts for improving the offshore wind competitiveness related to risk, cost and emissions.
This report has been prepared as part of NorthWind (Norwegian Research Centre on Wind Energy) co-financed by the Research Council of Norway, industry and research partners. Read more at www.northwindresearch.no.publishedVersio
Structural Analysis of Glulam Frame of a Modular Timber–Aluminium Hybrid Façade System in Nordic Climate
Full text linkThis article presents the results of mechanical testing and structural analysis of the glulam frame supporting novel external façade envelope elements made of aluminium, glass, and insulation. The glulam frame forms the basic structural support for the new modular hybrid façade system, an industrial product designed by STATICUS company with an aim at reducing environmental impact. The ultimate and serviceability limit states are considered to assess the durability of the design in terms of possible deformations affecting air and moisture tightness as well as the level of stresses leading to potential damage accumulations and fatigue. The analysis combines the horizontal environmental loads, that is, wind loads over 4 years of real wind speed data in 2021–2023 together with the permanent self-weight loads for the representative mid-rise building in different characteristic coastal locations in Norway: Oslo, Trondheim, and Tromsø. The constructed load models are applied to the geometrically non-linear numerical mechanical model of the glulam frame. Explicit modelling of the screw connections in the frame was validated by static mechanical testing in a laboratory set-up. Continuum elements with an orthotropic material model are used for wood. The stress level in reference to the ultimate strength was established for all wind loads and characteristic failure mode was identified as local compression perpendicular to grain in the screw connection. The mechanical fatigue life of the glulam frame is estimated at a minimum of 32 years (Tromsø) and a maximum of over 100 years (Oslo, Trondheim) based on the calculated stress level and real expected number of cycles of loading over the service life.publishedVersio
Is it returning too hot? Time series segmentation and feature clustering of end-user substation faults in district heating systems
Full text linkThis study explores the challenges and advancements in collecting ground-truth data to enhance fault diagnosis models for district heating systems. Initiated by the need to address limitations in previous data collections, this research leverages an enriched dataset from a Danish district heating utility to identify faults in household substations. Despite some inaccurate fault categorizations, complex fault patterns, and truncated measurements, the analysis of 50 detailed cases out of 127 fault reports reveals that, while return temperature reliably indicates faults, energy usage patterns do not. By employing self-organizing maps combined with k-means clustering, fault symptoms and patterns were categorized adequately, demonstrating the utility of high-dimensional data clustering in fault diagnosis. Additionally, an algorithm using time series decomposition is suggested to identify extreme and subtle anomalies, enhancing fault detection capabilities. The paper concludes that these methodologies significantly improve the accuracy and dependability of fault diagnostics in district heating systems, paving the way for more efficient operational management.publishedVersio
Forsøk med hydrolyse, termisk separasjon og lagringsforsøk om bord på Molnes - Leveranse 4.1
Full text linkI 2021 ble det gjennomført et tokt om bord på den kommersielle tråleren Molnes for å gjennomføre storskala prosessforsøk med enzymatisk hydrolyse av restråstoff (slo og hoder) direkte fra slaktelinjene om bord. Overordnet indikerte prosessforsøkene at ytterligere utbedring av prosesslinjen er nødvendig, men viste også at det er et betydelig potensial for produksjon av hydrolysat og olje om bord, gitt at anlegget blir bygget om og ferdigstilt. Det ble også gjennomført lagringsforsøk og termisk oljeseperasjon i labskala om bord. Resultatene fra dette arbeidet viste at utsortering av lever ikke er nødvendig for å produsere høykvalitets olje om bord.Forsøk med hydrolyse, termisk separasjon og lagringsforsøk om bord på Molnes - Leveranse 4.1publishedVersio
Towards hight voltage levels in electric machines for aviation
Full text linkFor electric rotating machines to become a viable large-scale option in aviation, increased power density is needed – without challenging the reliability. Fast and efficient SiC-based converters with increased switching frequency, slew rate, and higher voltage, is a part of the toolbox to achieve this. As voltage increases, a regime where partial discharges (PD) can occur in the insulation approaches, decreasing lifetime and reliability. When testing insulation systems where PD can occur, lifetime estimates are based on extrapolation of experiments conducted with sinusoidal voltages, only valid for a narrow range of parameters. In this work, electrical and mechanical characterization for a candidate insulation system is initiated, including accelerated degradation tests. Preliminary results show that PD under SiC-converter like voltages are much more severe than sinusoidal voltage at same level and frequency and reduces lifetime significantly. Keywords—Type II insulation, electrical machine, partial discharges, voltage endurance, higher power and voltage levelpublishedVersio
SamVann - Metoder for å beregne direkte og indirekte skadekostnader ved flom
Full text linkSkadekostnadene ved flom kan være direkte, altså fra fysiske skader, og indirekte, som ekstrakostnader ved avbrudd i økonomisk aktivitet og omkjøring, med mer
• Terminologi og tilnærming for å estimere disse kostnadene varierer, og ulik tilnærming kan gi ulike estimater
• Metodikk for å beregne direkte kostnader er mer omforent, mens indirekte og ikke-prissatte virkninger oftest ikke beregnes
• Det er stor usikkerhet i metodikkene og mangel på standarddefinisjoner
• Estimatene på direkte skader kan betraktelig forbedres med tilgjengeliggjøring av forsikringsdata og systematisk registrering av erfaringstall på skader på ikke-forsikrede objekter, som offentlige bygninger og infrastrukturpublishedVersio
Reducing electricity demand and enhancing heat supply flexibility through energy efficiency and district heating
Full text linkElectrification is the main approach for decarbonizing buildings’ heating supply, which is still dominated by the use of fossil fuels. However, electrification using inefficient heating technologies and without improvements in buildings’ energy efficiency can considerably increase the strain on the power grid and limit the decarbonization of other sectors, such as transport and industry. This study focuses on Norway, where direct electric heating is the dominant heating technology, leading to high peak electricity demands in the winter and little flexible heat supply. The study looks at the combination of improved energy efficiency standards for buildings together with increased use of waterborne heating systems with district heating and heat pumps, and demonstrates potential reductions in total and peak demands for electricity. In the most ambitious scenarios, combining high energy efficiency standards with maximal use of district heating in urban areas and heat pumps in rural areas could allow 26% reduction in total electricity demand, and up to 35% reduction in the peak electricity demand for buildings within 2050 compared to 2020 level. This corresponds to a reduction of 17% in total electricity demand and 38% in peak power demand in 2050 compared to a business-as-usual scenario.publishedVersio
Catalytic Methane Decomposition for the Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Low-Reactivity Biocarbon for the Metallurgic Industry
Full text linkfirst_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Catalytic Methane Decomposition for the Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Low-Reactivity Biocarbon for the Metallurgic Industry by Roger A. Khalil 1,*ORCID,Sethulakshmy Jayakumari 2,Halvor Dalaker 2,Liang Wang 1ORCID,Pål Tetlie 2 andØyvind Skreiberg 1ORCID 1 SINTEF Energy Research, P.O. Box 4761 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway 2 SINTEF Industry, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Energies 2025, 18(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030558 Submission received: 9 December 2024 / Revised: 15 January 2025 / Accepted: 20 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025 (This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment) Downloadkeyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract To reach agreed-on climate goals, it is necessary to develop new energy carriers and industrial materials that are carbon-neutral. To combat global warming and keep Earth’s temperature from increasing by 1.5 °C, some of these solutions need to be carbon-negative. This study fulfills this criterion by producing clean hydrogen and biocarbon suitable for the metallurgic industry through the thermal decomposition of methane using biocarbon as a catalyst. Five different biomass samples were used to prepare biocarbons at a pyrolysis temperature of 1000 °C with a holding time of 90 min. When methane was cracked at 1100 °C with a holding time of 90 min, the highest hydrogen production was 105 mol/kg biocarbon, achieved using birch bark. The lowest hydrogen yield, of 68 mol/kg biocarbon, was achieved with steam-explosion pellets. All the biocarbons showed substantial carbon deposition from cracked methane on their surfaces, with the highest deposition on birch bark and spruce wood biocarbons of 42% relative to the biocarbon start weight. The carbon deposition increased with the decomposition temperature, the methane share in the purge gas and the holding time. The steam-explosion pellets, after deactivation, had a CO2 reactivity that was comparable to coke, a reducing agent that is commonly used in manganese-producing industries. About 90% of the potassium and sodium were removed from the biocarbon during catalytic decomposition of methane performed at 1100 °C. The alkali removal was calculated relative to the biocarbon produced under the same conditions, but with 100% N2 purge instead of CH4. After catalytic decomposition, the surface area of the biocarbon was reduced by 11–34%, depending on the biocarbon type.publishedVersio
A comparative analysis of climate friendly neighbourhoods in China and Norway: Insights on approaches, practices and policies from four case studies☆
Full text linkClimate friendly neighbourhoods such as positive energy districts and zero emission and sustainable plus energy neighbourhoods aim to significantly reduce the environmental impact of urban areas by achieving higher levels of sustainability, energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy. Based on a questionnaire survey, this study analyses and compares four selected cases from China and Norway, providing a detailed description of commonalities and differences between them. Additionally, the study highlights current gaps in both countries’ regulations and proposes and discusses updates. The results show that the commonalities include the widespread use of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps, and the main difference is the use of building materials, with concrete in China and timber in Norway. From the selected cases it was found that both countries face challenges in integrating mobility considerations and citizen engagement in the planning of climate friendly neighbourhoods. Recommendations for future policy enhancements include the introduction of mandatory zero-carbon building codes, standards for circular economy practices, and financial incentives for deep retrofitting in order to speed up the decarbonisation of the building sector. The study also underscores the need for consistent definitions and regulations for climate friendly neighbourhoods and related concepts to streamline implementation and enhance credibility. Enhanced international cooperation and knowledge exchange are vital for global climate goals, with Norway and China offering valuable lessons in the pursuit of sustainable urban development.publishedVersio