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Fortetting og transformasjon. Planlegging for mer effektiv arealbruk
Full text linkEffektiv arealbruk gjennom fortetting, gjenbruk og transformasjon er sentralt for å redusere klimagassutslipp og bevare naturverdier. I desember 2024 vedtok regjeringen to nye statlige planretningslinjer (SPR) for klima og energi samt arealbruk og mobilitet. Disse skal ligge til grunn for all planlegging etter plan- og bygningsloven og tydeliggjør statens forventninger til hvordan klima- og energihensyn skal ivaretas i planprosesser.
Formålet med denne rapporten er å gi råd om hvordan de nye SPR-ene kan implementeres i praksis, og å styrke kunnskapen om hvordan plan- og bygningsloven kan brukes for å fremme fortetting, gjenbruk og transformasjon av arealer og bygg. Rapporten gir et «øyeblikksbilde» av dagens planleggingspraksis i kommuner og fylker, basert på intervjuer med ansatte i kommuner, fylkeskommuner og statsforvaltere.
Rapporten viser hvordan fortetting og transformasjon kan gi effektiv arealbruk ved å bruke de ulike plannivåene. Den identifiserer også viktige kunnskapshull og vurderer behovet for endringer i lovverket. Veiledningsdelen gir også råd om hvordan veiledningsmaterialet til Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet (KDD) kan organiseres på nettsiden deres og i en chatbot-løsning for å gjøre det mer tilgjengelig.
Kommunene etterspør mer fleksible og tydelige statlige retningslinjer, spesielt fordi SPR-ene og nasjonale føringer ofte ikke er tilpasset lokale forhold. Uklare formuleringer i statlige veiledere skaper også utfordringer i den praktiske planleggingen. Særlig mindre kommuner har begrensede ressurser og kompetanse til å håndtere komplekse reguleringer.
Fylkeskommunene ønsker å ha en sterkere rolle i å tilpasse statlige føringer til regionale forhold. Regionale planer gir ifølge fylkeskommunene en mer hensiktsmessig ramme for planlegging enn SPR-ene alene, men fraværende eller utdaterte regionale planer gjør at statlige retningslinjer ofte brukes som substitutt. Fylkeskommunene ser også behovet for bedre integrasjon mellom areal- og transportplanlegging, særlig i byvekstavtaler, der transport ofte får mer oppmerksomhet enn arealbruk. De ønsker seg mer differensierte statlige retningslinjer som bedre tar hensyn til ulikhetene mellom urbane og rurale områder.
Statsforvalterne har en koordinerende funksjon i planleggingen, men begrenset myndighet. De opplever ofte at statlige retningslinjer er uklare, noe som gjør det vanskelig å veilede kommuner og fylkeskommuner. Statsforvalterne peker også på målkonflikter mellom ulike fagområder, og at det er behov for bedre samordning mellom sektorene for å redusere konfliktpotensialet. Fordi kommunene tolker retningslinjene ulikt, kan mer standardiserte metoder bidra til en mer ensartet praksis på tvers av regionene.
Rapporten fremhever at effektiv arealbruk, fortetting og transformasjon forutsetter et klart definert grensesnitt mellom de ulike plannivåene, samt en tydelig forståelse av hvilke krav til innhold og detaljer som bør gjelde for hvert nivå. Overordnede planer bør i større grad være strategiske. Kommunene bør tenke fortetting og transformasjon på alle plannivå.
For å oppnå SPR-enes intensjon om at arealplanlegging skal føre til fortetting, gjenbruk og transformasjon fremfor utbygging av nye arealer, er det viktig at de følges opp i kommunens planprosesser, særlig i kommuneplanens arealdel. Kommuneplanens arealdel trekkes fram som det viktigste virkemiddelet for å følge opp SPR-ene. Arealdelen er bindende for fremtidig arealbruk (pbl. § 11-6), og sånn sett er den et godt virkemiddel for å oppnå ønskelig arealbruk.draf
Costs and material requirements for the Norwegian battery demand
Full text linkThis report explores how Norway can strengthen its position in the battery value chain and support Europe's transition toward a sustainable, competitive battery industry. The battery demand in Norway is projected for different socio-economic pathways using IFE-TIMES-Norway, a long-term optimization model to forecast the development of the energy system in Norway. The model forecasts cost-optimal development of energy systems considering various assumptions on future policies, demand projections, technology diffusion. The materials need to satisfy the forecasted demand is modelled using a Material Flow Analysis (MFA) approach that allows assessing potential bottlenecks in materials, including assessments of recycling and 2nd use opportunities. Finally, a value chain optimization model is used to assess the economic potential of upscaling battery production in Norway by considering the most cost-effective ways for local production to meet the forecasted battery demand.publishedVersio
A Fast and Scalable Iterative Solution of a Socio-Economic Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow With Two-Stage Post-Contingency Control
Full text linkPower systems must accommodate faster-growing demand and energy production at a rate that exceeds the pace of new grid infrastructure development. Moving from the deterministic ‘N-1’ security criterion to a probabilistic security criterion in security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) can safely increase the power transfer capability of power systems. However, this has been computationally intractable for large power systems when including corrective actions. In this paper, a fast and scalable iterative methodology for solving the SCOPF problem is proposed using problem decomposition and the inverse matrix modification lemma (IMML). The proposed probabilistic corrective-SCOPF formulation tackles system operational security planning by combining previous research with considerations of short-term and long-term post-contingency limits, probability of branch outages, and preventive and corrective actions. Using two post-contingency states and contingency probabilities, the SCOPF could provide improved system security at a lower cost when compared to the SCOPF with only preventive actions, for example, the typical ‘N-1’ formulation. Additional security is ensured using a post-contingency load-shedding limit constraint based on system operator policy. The bearing idea in the proposed solution methodology is to relax the problem and then iteratively add constraints as and when they are violated, resulting in a solution that satisfies all constraints in the original problem. Solving the post-contingency power flow using the IMML with bus voltage angles was found to be up to four orders of magnitude faster than doing the same using a high-performance sparse matrix solver (KLU) with power transfer distribution factors. The proposed methodology is applied to a range of test systems containing up to 10,000 buses with a computational time of up to 3375 s for 12,706 branch contingencies. Calculating the contingency power flows takes 1.3% of the total solution time using the proposed methodology, by exploiting the IMML. © 2025 The Author(s). IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.A Fast and Scalable Iterative Solution of a Socio-Economic Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow With Two-Stage Post-Contingency ControlpublishedVersio
Emerging AI individualism: how young people integrate social AI into everyday life.
Full text linkSocial AI services like ChatGPT and My AI are increasingly integrated into the lives of young people. Despite this growing use, there is limited research on how youth perceive and engage with social AI in their everyday social lives, as well as the broader social implications of such engagement. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study with 166 Norwegian high school students, using a questionnaire that included open-ended questions. Our findings show that while most youths had not yet adopted social AI on a regular basis, those who had reported a wide range of experiences and perceived utilities, including personalized assistance, tailored emotional support, entertainment, and creative inspiration. These patterns suggest an emerging shift toward more autonomous, AI-mediated forms of social engagement, in which social AIs are increasingly used in personal decision-making processes. We use the novel concept of AI individualism to interpret these developments and discuss how social AI may contribute to the reconfiguration of social support systems and interpersonal dynamics. Finally, we reveal potential risks raised by the sample, including misinformation, reduced privacy, and emotional overdependence on AI which may also harm social connections in society. This study contributes new empirical insights into youth–AI interaction and reflects the value of AI individualism as a novel framework for understanding the complexity and evolving role of social AI in everyday social life.publishedVersio
Modal analysis and characterization of a hydrofoil circular cascade test rig for hydrodynamic damping measurements
Full text linkA test rig has been developed at the Waterpower Laboratory of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology to conduct an in-depth investigation of flow-related phenomena and fluid-structure interaction, with the focus towards hydrodynamic damping, for a circular hydrofoil cascade configuration. The rig’s design enables the analysis of hydrodynamic damping by utilizing sensors on the structure and optical access to evaluate wake flow dynamics through advanced techniques such as Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry. The paper presents the rig’s capabilities and a comparison of the results of both experimental and numerical modal analyses to identify the cascade’s natural frequencies and main mode shapes, as preliminary step before future hydrodynamic damping measurements. This paper lays the foundation for further investigations into hydrodynamic damping measurements and contributes to the characterization of the circular hydrofoil cascade test rig. A comparative analysis of numerical modal methods as cyclical symmetry and a full-model approach has been conducted.publishedVersio
FLEXor – The development of simulation and optimization models for energy-flexible operation in the built environment
Full text linkEnergy flexibility refers to the ability of a building or neighbourhood to activate its on-site flexibility sources (building’s thermal mass, heat storage tanks, batteries, EV charging) while safeguarding user needs and comfort. FLEXor is an optimization tool for flexible energy use, storage and generation in buildings, that generates optimal load profiles in response to grid signals, such as dynamic energy prices, thus facilitating energy planning and optimal system dimensioning and control It comprises interconnected models that handle user inputs, activate sub-models, and define system topology. These include component models (building envelope, hot water tank, heat sources, EV charging, PV systems and electric batteries), functional models (energy costs, fixed energy demand), and a model for typical demand profiles It is implemented in Python and uses the Pyomo software package for formulating, solving and analyzing optimization models.The tool is available in a backend solution, run on a SINTEF server, while their frontend is accessible in two ways: via a Web App, and via API (Application Programming Interface) for more advanced users and for use by other software.
FLEXor is a three-level model. The top model reads the user input, collects and organizes the input parameters and input data, sets up and activates the second- and third-level models, and collects and organizes the results. This model is not interchangeable. The second-level model sets up the system topology in the building used to define the connections between the energy components in the building. This model is interchangeable. The third-level models have several different purposes. These include component models, such as the building envelope, domestic hot water (DHW) tanks, electric batteries, heat sources (e.g. direct electric heaters, district heating, and heat pumps), electric vehicle charging, and onsite PV systems; functional models to calculate energy costs, fixed energy demand, the Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) model structure; and a model to calculate energy demand profiles via PROFet.
The starting point is given by typical (non-flexible) energy demand load profiles taken from PROFet, based on a statistical analysis of hourly measurements from several buildings classified in different categories. The flexibility sources are modelled as internal variables (the model’s states) such as indoor temperature, tank temperature, battery state of charge, and are subject to boundary conditions and constraints that represent user comfort and user needs, such as a comfort band for indoor temperature, a lower bound for the hot water tank's temperature, and the charging of electric vehicles within the connection time and capacity.
All the component models (third-level) in FLEXor are designed to be self-standing. Thus, they are self-contained, and do not include the control and/or optimization of other components. The models are designed to be i) linear, ii) in state space form (when applicable), and iii) transparent. This allows the high-level model to be fast, lean, relatively simple, and able to leave a component out of the optimization process if necessary.publishedVersio
Sikkerhet for skybasert OT i kritisk infrastruktur
Full text linkDen norske kraftsektoren har kommet langt når det gjelder digitalisering. Denne rapporten beskriver hvordan sikkerheten for klasse 1 og 2 driftskontrollsystemer kan ivaretas når funksjoner kritiske for operasjonell driftskontroll er avhengig av eller er plassert i skyen. Basert på en litteraturstudie viser vi hvordan tre andre bransjer har begynt å ta i bruk skytjenester for IT/OT systemer, samt hvordan utviklingen i kraftbransjen utenfor Norge arter seg. Videre gjennomgår vi sikkerhetskrav fra gjeldende norsk regelverk og relevante standarder som siden brukes for å tegne opp fire forskjellige tilnærminger til sikker bruk av skytjenester for driftskontrollsystemer. Rapportens konklusjon er skytjenester generelt sett er tilstrekkelig sikre for bruk i driftskontrollsystemer, gitt at leverandøren er villig og i stand til å oppfylle en rekke nødvendige sikkerhetskrav, men at det i dag ikke er mulig å ta i bruk slike løsninger i klasse 1 og 2 driftskontrollsystemer pga. gjeldende regelverk.Sikkerhet for skybasert OT i kritisk infrastrukturISBN: 978-82-14-07119-1publishedVersio
Modelling a Damper‑Optimized Demand Control Ventilation System During a Fire
Full text linkModern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have evolved from simple on-off, fan-driven systems to highly complex, energy-optimized systems involving sensors monitoring the building whose outputs result in dynamic changes to the HVAC system operation. In some buildings, the HVAC system is intended to aid in smoke and pressure control during the event of a fire. In such a case, the smoke, heat, and pressure from fire growth and spread interact with the HVAC system, while the control logic may react to the fire alarm and increase ventilation rates. A series of tests investigating the performance of modern damper-optimized demand control ventilation (DCV) systems during a fire and its effect on smoke and pressure control was recently performed. This paper examines the ability of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to model a DCV HVAC system undergoing a dynamic response change due to the presence of fire. Results show that the FDS HVAC model is capable of such simulations. However, there were challenges in the modelling process due to the limitations on the experimental data obtained from the real-world building management system software. A path forward for more complete simulations is identified.publishedVersio
Application of ENROAD Tool for Pre-feasibility Evaluation of Renewable Energy Projects Within the Road Environment
No full textRoads are vital infrastructures for the mobility of people, transport of goods and, in general, for every country’s economic development. On the other hand, roads have a significant impact on the environment throughout their life cycle. Thus, GHG emissions from the transport sector in the EU have substantially grown in the last few years, unlike other sectors like energy or manufacturing industries, which managed to greatly reduce their GHG emissions. Several solutions are currently in place to minimize the environmental impact of roads, such as the use of more sustainable materials, the use of biofuels by vehicles, the promotion of cycling and public transport, or the electrification of roads. The use of renewable energies, such as solar and wind energy, should also be considered to power road infrastructures and services such as lighting, signaling or even electric vehicle charging stations. A case study is presented here for application with ENROAD, a web-based, open source, road-focused tool for decision making at a very early stage of investments in renewable energy projects. The solution provided shows the potential use of a specific site to cover the energy needs of a road infrastructure, also allowing the comparison between different generation alternatives.Application of ENROAD Tool for Pre-feasibility Evaluation of Renewable Energy Projects Within the Road EnvironmentpublishedVersio
Thermal design of an ejector-supported cycle using krypton for cooling of particle detector accelerators
Full text linkAccording to the High-Luminosity plan (HL-LHC) the Large Hadron Collider will be upgraded to further extend physics discoveries (2033–2034). The increase of the luminosity is followed by an increase of the radiation damage on the silicon sensors used to detect those particles, which they must be preserved from the thermal runaway after which the sensors reach electrical breakdown. The future upgrade will require to the cooling system temperature levels ranging from -60 to -80 °C, currently unattainable by the CO2 cooling technology (2PACL). From a previous study the noble gas krypton was selected for the thermal management of future detectors as working medium. To meet the requirements of the new generation of particle accelerators, a new ejector-supported cooling system was proposed. In this work, thermal design of the innovative ejector cycle was carried out starting from the detector. The semi-passive detector loop was first designed to ensure optimal working conditions of the detector. Liquid krypton is supplied to the detector by the ejector, maintaining a constant pressure lift independently of the operating temperature, with a flow variation not exceeding 4.3 % of the design value. The boundary conditions expressed by pressure, density and flow rates will serve as inputs for the design of the adjustable geometry ejector. To verify the thermal stability along the detectors, development of a control strategy to handle setpoint changes and sudden change in the cooling power is also addressed. The off-design case with fluctuating heat loads shows an offset in the evaporating temperature below 0.3 K. © 2025Thermal design of an ejector-supported cycle using krypton for cooling of particle detector acceleratorspublishedVersio