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ZEN-definisjonen – en veileder for ZEN-pilotområder. Versjon 4.0. Norsk
Get PDFDenne fjerde og siste utgaven (versjon 4.0) av ZEN-definisjonsveilederen bygger på v.1.0, v.2.0 og v.3.0 av ZEN-definisjonsveilederne, samt en rekke andre ZEN-definisjonsrapporter. Denne veilederen fremnever at en netto nullutslippsbalanse er krevd istedenfor poengallokering i klimagass-utslippskategorien. Referanse-, grense-, og målverdier er lagt til i energi og effekt kategoriene. Mobilitet og økonomi KPI og poengsystemer er revidert basert på testing på pilotområdet Ydalir, og mindre endringer er gjort på byform og arealbruk KPI. Prosesskapitlet er flyttet til en annen prosessveileder rapport.publishedVersio
Experimental study on the effect of pressure on single and two stage combustion of decomposed ammonia (NH3-H2-N2) blends over a swirl stabilized burner
Get PDFAmmonia (NH3) is a practical hydrogen vector for gas turbine power generation, but struggles to be deployed commercially due to many unresolved technical and fundamental challenges. This experimental investigation focuses on combustion of fuel blends representatives of various NH3 decomposition (or cracking) ratios in a combustor fitted with a swirl-stabilized burner, exploring pressures ranging from atmospheric to 10 bar. The study presents measurements of flame stability and emissions of NOx and N2O in combustor strategies relevant to both conventional single lean operation and staged with a rich primary zone, as a function of decomposition ratios (DR) and primary zone equivalence ratio. The findings reveal a notable pressure-dependency of nitrogen oxides (NOx) during combustion of ammonia containing fuels. For a fully decomposed mixture (H2 single bondN2 at 75/25 %vol.), NOx emissions increase with increasing pressure. Conversely, when ammonia is present in the fuel, the trend reverses. However, the majority of NOx reduction occurs within a limited range of pressure increase and reaches a plateau thereafter. The transition at which the pressure effect declines depends on other factors, and was seen to occur between 5 and 9bar in the conditions of this study. Notably, NOx levels in flames containing NH3 are significantly higher, rendering the pressure sensitivity on NOx primarily governed by NH3 presence, irrespective of its concentration in the fuel (i.e. DR). Furthermore, the study reveals a non-monotonic relationship between NOx emissions and NH3 concentration in the fuel, peaking at mid-decomposition ratios. All factors tending to weaken flame stability (e.g. increasing fuel NH3 content, approaching lean/rich blow off limits, or increasing burner exit velocity) favour emissions of N2O emissions. As a general trend, it appears that longer residence times, increased pressure, and rich primary zone operation are all parameters limiting NOx formation from all partially decomposed blends of ammonia, but that they only positively add to a certain limit of a few hundred ppm. This NOx plateau level being higher at higher NH3 content in the fuel. Finally, the fuel obtained by perfectly decomposing ammonia appears to be the optimal fuel associating strong flame stability and low NOx propensity, even for the non fully premixed burner type of this study.publishedVersio
Veikart for industriell dyrking av tare i Trøndelag
Get PDFSAMMENDRAG • Med behovet for en mer bærekraftig matproduksjon (mer mat fra havet) og vedtatte klimamål (binding av CO2) er det en ønsket utvikling at den globale produksjonen av dyrket tare skal vokse frem mot 2030. • Norge, med Trøndelagsregionen, har fortrinn som kan utnyttes for å oppnå økt verdiskaping og klimapositive effekter gjennom økt taredyrking, men det er frem mot 2030 biologiske, teknologiske, markeds-, forvaltnings- og investorutfordringer som må finne sine løsninger. En forutsetning for å lykkes er at havbaserte næringsaktører, forskningsmiljøer, kapitalmiljøer og myndigheter kan samles om en felles målsetting. • Veikartet gir en bred bakgrunn av hva dyrking av tare handler om, hvilke fordeler og ulemper vi har i Trøndelag og hva som skal til for å oppnå en økende industriell produksjon fremover mot 2030 og mulige effekter av dette. Gjennom modellstudier inneholdende økonomiske kalkyler er det foreslått praktiske løsninger på hvordan en kan oppnå en ønsket utvikling. Et videre kommersialiseringsprosjekt for å oppnå en industriell dyrking av tare på Trøndelagskysten er beskrevet.Trøndelag FylkeskommunepublishedVersio
Shewanella baltica in a Microbial Fuel Cell for Sensing of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of Wastewater
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Measurements of the Viscosity of Hydrogen and a (Hydrogen + Methane) Mixture with a Two-Capillary Viscometer
Get PDFMeasurements of the viscosity of pure hydrogen and a binary (hydrogen + methane) mixture with a nominal composition 90 mol % hydrogen are presented. The measurements were conducted with a two-capillary viscometer relative to helium along three isotherms of (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and at pressures of up to 18 MPa. Expanded relative combined uncertainties in viscosity range from (0.65 to 2.7) % (k = 2) for the hydrogen data, and from (0.91 to 3.2) % (k = 2) for the (hydrogen + methane) data. The viscosity data are compared to experimental literature data and viscosity correlations implemented in the NIST REFPROP v10.0 database. Good agreement between this work’s data, literature data, and the viscosity correlation was achieved for pure hydrogen. The (hydrogen + methane) mixture was compared to the Extended Corresponding States (ECS) model implemented in REFPROP v10.0. Relative deviations between the experimental data and the ECS model exceed the experimental uncertainty and were found to exhibit a positive trend with increasing density and a weakly pronounced negative trend with increasing temperature. No experimental literature data are available at overlapping state regions. Nonetheless, deviations to the ECS model imply reasonable consistency of this work’s data and literature data. In addition to experimental viscosities, experimental zero-density viscosity ratios of the fluids under investigation and helium are reported. Fairly good agreement within the experimental uncertainty of this work with a highly accurate literature value and a value obtained from accurate ab initio calculated data was achieved for hydrogen.Measurements of the Viscosity of Hydrogen and a (Hydrogen + Methane) Mixture with a Two-Capillary ViscometerpublishedVersio
Towards Smarter Security Orchestration and Automatic Response for CPS and IoT
Get PDFCurrent security orchestration and response (SOAR) approaches have primarily focused on specific layers of systems, such as Intrusion Detection Systems, the network layer, or the application layer. We aim to find the gaps in the existing SOAR approaches for IoT/CPS-based systems, especially critical infrastructures, and propose some directions to fill in these gaps. This paper presents a literature survey and future research directions for advancing SOAR towards increased automation and more holistic operation, especially for the cyber-physical security of critical infrastructures. We have found 14 primary SOAR studies and discussed the gaps in general. There is a significant gap when it comes to a comprehensive and systematic approach to SOAR for multi-layered systems using IoT/CPS and considering the computing continuum perspective. To address the gap, we present our on-going work on a framework of multi-layer SOAR decision-making methods and orchestration tools that leverage Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based adaptation intelligence, virtual reality, avatar-human interaction and advanced Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) tools.acceptedVersio
Heidrun Åre – Weathering properties and behaviour at sea
Get PDFA standardized small-scale weathering and dispersibility study has been conducted on Heidrun Åre crude oil from 2023 at 13 °C. The dispersibility testing was included to estimate the viscosity limits and time window for dispersant use. The obtained laboratory data were further used as input to the SINTEF Oil Weathering Model (OWM) for weathering and dispersibility predictions of Heidrun Åre 2023 at sea at 5 and 15 °C, reflecting winter and summer conditions. The weathering properties of Heidrun Åre are also discussed in relation to oil spill response.publishedVersio
Vibration Sensors for Detecting Critical Events: A Case Study in Ferrosilicon Production
Get PDFThe mining and metal processing industries are undergoing a transformation through digitization, with sensors and data analysis playing a crucial role in modernization and increased efficiency. Vibration sensors are particularly important in monitoring production infrastructure in metal processing plants. This paper presents the installation of vibration sensors in an actual industrial environment and the results of spectral vibration data analysis. The study demonstrates that vibration sensors can be installed in challenging environments such as metal processing plants and that analyzing vibration patterns can provide valuable insights into predicting machine failures and different machine states. By utilizing dimensionality reduction and dominant frequency observation, we analyzed vibration data and identified patterns that are indicative of potential machine states and critical events that reduce production throughput. This information can be used to improve maintenance, minimize downtime, and ultimately enhance the production process’s overall efficiency. This study highlights the importance of digitization and data analysis in the mining and metal processing industries, particularly the capability not only to predict critical events before they impact production throughput and take action accordingly but also to identify machine states for legacy equipment and be part of retrofitting strategies.publishedVersio
Pseudo-Hamiltonian system identification
Get PDFIdentifying the underlying dynamics of physical systems can be challenging when only provided with observational data. In this work, we consider systems that can be modelled as first-order ordinary differential equations. By assuming a certain pseudo-Hamiltonian formulation, we are able to learn the analytic terms of internal dynamics even if the model is trained on data where the system is affected by unknown damping and external disturbances. In cases where it is difficult to find analytic terms for the disturbances, a hybrid model that uses a neural network to learn these can still accurately identify the dynamics of the system as if under ideal conditions. This makes the models applicable in some situations where other system identification models fail. Furthermore, we propose to use a fourth-order symmetric integration scheme in the loss function and avoid actual integration in the training, and demonstrate on varied examples how this leads to increased performance on noisy data.acceptedVersio
Operation of an EV Parking Lot Subject to Capacity-Based Grid Tariffs Offering Demand Response
Get PDFThis work investigate how electrical vehicle (EV) flexibility in a flexible EV parking lot can reduce cost of operation and peak consumption for an office building, while offering grid services. By participating in an incentive-based demand response program (IBDR), the parking lot shuts off charging when prompted. However, the charging strategy is affected by the notice time of the demand response program prior to activation. An optimization problem describing an aggregated parking lot in an office building is developed, minimizing cost of electricity with a monthly demand charge grid tariff. A receding-horizon (RH)-framework is incorporated to make hourly decisions on EV charging and include the IBDR-signals. The decomposition technique stochastic-dual-dynamic programming is applied to strategically account for the long-term cost of the monthly demand charge, given as input to the RH-framework to represent long-term impact of operation. This framework is analyzed for different notice times prior to IBDR-activation for each workday over a month of operation, investigating the impact of IBDR on daily EV charging. With an IBDR-notice given 12 hours prior to activation, the monthly cost of operation increased by 0.6% compared to base case, by increasing EV charging prior and after activation hour. With a notice given at activation, EV charging can only be delayed, leading to a cost of operation increase by 6.29%, with 7.6% of EV demand not being met during the month. The results showcase the importance of notice times to shift EV charging when offering flexibility services to the grid.Operation of an EV Parking Lot Subject to Capacity-Based Grid Tariffs Offering Demand ResponseacceptedVersio