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Can subsea shuttles be a cost-competitive solution for transport?
No full textConsidering the role that offshore storage is expected to play in deploying carbon capture and storage, enabling cost-efficient and flexible solutions for transporting to relevant storage locations will be crucial. While pipeline and ship-based approaches have long been considered the most relevant options, transport via subsea shuttles is a new concept that has also been proposed in the past couple of years. The present study seeks to understand if this new approach could be cost-efficient compared to current and upcoming ship-based transport concepts. The result shows that the shuttle concept could be cost-competitive with currently mature 15 barg-based shipping, especially if the subsea shuttle connects to a pipeline infrastructure rather than to the reservoir directly, although cost-competitiveness is achieved only for a limited range of volumes and distances. However, it is unlikely that this concept would be cost-attractive compared to the upcoming 7 barg-based shipping, and sensitivity analyses highlight that the subsea shuttle investment cost would need to fall to unlikely low levels to reverse this trend. Thus, this study concludes that the subsea shuttle concept is unlikely to become a significant solution for transporting to offshore storage.Can subsea shuttles be a cost-competitive solution for transport?publishedVersio
Kunnskapsoversikt cyberkriminalitet
Get PDFPå oppdrag fra Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet har SINTEF gjennomført en systematisk litteraturstudie for å adressere forskningsspørsmål knyttet til begreps-definisjoner og hvordan man kan måle omfang av fenomenet cyberkriminalitet. Denne rapporten presenterer en systematisk kunnskapsoversikt som svarer på disse spørsmålene. Litteraturen er tydelig på at det ikke finnes en entydig definisjon av hva cyberkriminalitet er, men et fellestrekk er at de omtaler ulovlige handlinger både ved hjelp av eller rettet mot datamaskiner, nettverk eller annen digital teknologi. Siden dette favner såpass bredt, er det anbefalt å bruke mer spesifikke begreper når man skal forstå og operasjonalisere cyberkriminalitet, herunder måling av omfang. Vår anbefaling er å benytte en nyetablert taksonomi fra litteraturen for å beskrive de mange måtene å begå forbrytelser med og mot teknologi. Samtidig bør en eller flere straffbare handlinger knyttes opp imot Budapest-konvensjonen sin klassifisering, som er det mest anerkjent rammeverket for lovbrudd.publishedVersio
Existing and Upcoming Challenges for Extending Electric Vehicle Battery Lifetime Through 2nd Life Applications
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Genesis of column sprites: Formation mechanisms and optical structures
Get PDFSprite discharges are electrical discharges that initiate from the lower ionosphere during intense lightning storms, manifesting themselves optically as flashes of light that last a few milliseconds. This study unravels sprite initiation mechanisms and evolution into distinctive morphologies like glows and beads, using direct 3D numerical simulations that capture the intricate electrical discharge processes. We clarify various morphological aspects of sprites such as the halo dynamics, column glows, branching, streamer reconnection, and bead formation. The results advance our understanding of sprites and their connection to thunderstorm dynamics, and puts quantitative analysis of their effect on Earth's climate within reach.publishedVersio
Demonstrating the load-shifting potential of a schedule-based control in a real-life educational building
Get PDFThis work investigates the potential of simplified control approaches to deploy the building energy flexibility (BEF), here for the shifting of the space-heating load in a real-life educational building. The educational building is a passive house school where internal gains play an important role in the room thermal dynamics. It is equipped with a waterborne heat distribution system connected to district heating. The building is located in Elverum, Norway, having a strong heating-dominated climate. Focusing on schedule-based control strategies for pre-heating the building in the mornings, the study demonstrates significant load shifting to off-peak hours. The energy use during typical peak hours (7a.m. to 9a.m.) is reduced by 50% while the daily energy use is not increased significantly, highlighting the effectiveness of this simple approach. Occupant acceptance surveys among the pupils reveal no significant differences in thermal comfort perception between the periods with business-as-usual and schedule-based controls. Practical challenges in integrating simplified controls are highlighted and underscore the importance of considering energy flexibility during the building tendering and design phase. Bridging the gap between theoretical research and real-life applications, this research contributes to the advancement of energy-flexible operation of real-life buildings.publishedVersio
Towards Standardised Measurement of CO2 Transfer in the CCS chain
Get PDFThe global impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on climate change is undeniable, with carbon dioxide (CO2) identified as the primary contributor to global warming. Urgent action is required to mitigate global warming by reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to achieve net-zero levels. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) stands as a proven technology to curtail CO2 emissions from various sources by capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide in geological formations. To address the challenge of deploying CCS on a global scale, it is crucial to accurately quantify the captured, transported, and stored CO2 since quantification underpins regulations and commercial contracts. However, the lack of standardization in CCS projects and measurement methodologies poses a significant challenge, necessitating a common measurement framework to ensure the transparency and reliability of these efforts. This article provides a comprehensive review, with 230 references, of the latest results and operating conditions for current measurement technologies covering the entire measuring system and not just a single instrument. As such, it is a first of its kind effort at establishing a comprehensive framework for CCS measurement. This article serves as a source of references and as a step toward developing an international documentary standard for the transferred CO2 measurement. By addressing measurement challenges and providing comprehensive recommendations for future research, it contributes to the ongoing efforts to mitigate global warming through the widespread deployment of CCS technology.Towards Standardised Measurement of CO2 Transfer in the CCS chainpublishedVersio
Development of a hybrid timber and aluminum based unitized façade system resilient to the future weather conditions in Europe via monitoring campaigns and computational models
Get PDFThe StaticusCare project aims to develop a hybrid timber and aluminum unitized façade system (HUF) equipped with a predictive maintenance system (PMS) for Nordic climates, which will be based on the digital twin concept and fed by an Internet-of-Things system. The use of timber in the structure elements of the façade system aims to reduce the typical system's CO2 footprint by 70–75 %, and the non-renewable energy consumption by 53–56 %. Nonetheless, ensuring that this novel system is durable in the Nordic current and future climate conditions is necessary. For this purpose, the HUF system will be installed in a two-floor building, monitored by a multi-sensor campaign, and replicated computationally to assess the energy use and indoor environmental quality, as well as the hygrothermal performance of the building elements for contemporary climate and under various climate change scenarios. The maintenance of the buildings with the façade system installed will be based on a PMS that is backed by an open-source python heat, air, and moisture transport (HAM) software. This one-dimensional software will be validated using a commercial one. To analyze specific problems, such as air infiltration and moisture entrapment, a two-dimensional HAM model will also be developed. In addition, building energy simulations will be performed to test several parameters affecting the indoor climate quality and energy use. Finally, the current outdoor weather files for the HAM simulations will be built based on multi-year datasets following the ISO 15927-4 methodology and the Perez model, whilst the future weather files will be based on multi-year datasets following the same methodology for two future scenarios. This multi-step methodology will allow to thoroughly test and design the HUF façade system whilst minimizing the risk, e.g., mold growth, for current and future conditions.publishedVersio
The role of energy storage systems for a secure energy supply: A comprehensive review of system needs and technology solutions
Get PDFThe way to produce and use energy is undergoing deep changes with the fast-pace introduction of renewables and the electrification of transportation and heating systems. As a consequence, the electrical grid sees much higher power variability than in the past, challenging its frequency and voltage regulation. Energy storage systems will be fundamental for ensuring the energy supply and the voltage power quality to customers. This survey paper offers an overview on potential energy storage solutions for addressing grid challenges following a ”system-component-system” approach. Starting from system challenges, the energy storage technologies and their power electronics integration in the grid are described at component level considering the last scientific trends, including the hybrid energy storage concept. The impact of the energy storage technologies on the power systems are then described by exemplary large-scale projects and realistic laboratory assessment with Power Hardware In the Loop techniques, returning at system level. Finally, this work addresses some of the most important challenges for a sustainable and safe integration of energy storage systems, such as the circular economy and the safety aspects. © 2024 The Author(s) Author keywords: Energy storage systems; Grid services; Grid-forming control; Power hardware in the loopThe role of energy storage systems for a secure energy supply: A comprehensive review of system needs and technology solutionspublishedVersio
Optimal Clustered, Multi-modal CO2 Transport Considering Non-linear Costs a Path-planning Approach
Get PDFAn important measure to achieve global reduction in CO2 emissions is CO2 capture, transport, and storage. The deployment of CO2 capture requires the development of a shared CO2 transport infrastructure, where CO2 can be transported with different transport modes. Furthermore, the cost of CO2 transport can be subject to significant economies of scale effects with respect to the amount of CO2 transported, also mentioned as clustering effects. Therefore, optimizing the shared infrastructure of multiple CO2 sources can lead to significant reductions in infrastructure costs. This paper presents a novel formulation of the clustered CO2 transport network. The Markov Decision Process formulation defined here allows for more detailed modeling of non-linear, discrete transport costs and increased geographical resolution. The clustering effects are modeled through cooperative multi-agent interactions. A multi-agent, reinforcement learning-based algorithm is proposed to optimize the shared transportation network, with examples illustrating the results of the method.Optimal Clustered, Multi-modal CO2 Transport Considering Non-linear Costs a Path-planning ApproachpublishedVersio
What is the potential of bioCCS to deliver negative emissions in Norway? From biomass mapping to a window of negative emissions potential
Get PDFNegative emissions have been highlighted as a key component of achieving the net-zero ambition. However, ground-up approaches are necessary to better understand the realistic potential of negative emissions technologies at the national or continental level. Such an approach was applied in the present study to understand the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage to deliver negative emissions in Norway, starting from mapping and quantification of biomass until the derivation of a window of negative emission potential. The results indicate that bioenergy with carbon capture and storage could enable between 1 and 13 MtCO2/y of negative emissions, with a more probable range between 2 and 8 MtCO2/y, at least in the coming decades. These values are drastically higher than the potential identified in previous studies, thus highlighting the importance of bottom-up approaches, like the one adopted here, to better estimate the negative emissions potential that could be delivered by bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. In terms of biomass, the strongest potential for negative emissions comes from the integration of forestry resources and activities with bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. However, it is important to ensure that this integration takes place in a sustainable way and does not result in a decrease in the standing volume of the Norwegian forest for multiple reasons. Integrating waste with bioenergy with carbon capture and storage also represents a significant potential to enable negative emissions, especially as a substantial fraction of waste is already integrated with energy production. Finally, biomasses from agriculture and seaweed farming are expected to have a limited potential to enable negative emissions, although seaweed farming could take a more significant role towards the second half of the century, depending on the development of this sector.What is the potential of bioCCS to deliver negative emissions in Norway? From biomass mapping to a window of negative emissions potentialpublishedVersio