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Populizam i migrantska kriza u Evropi – političke implikacije
Get PDFMigrantska kriza 2015. godine pokazala je da su države članice Evropske unije prvenstveno vodile
računa o sopstvenim interesima suočavajući se sa masovnim i snažnim prilivom migranata. Na
jednoj strani države članice EU su se suočavale sa unutrašnjim političkim izazovima populizma, dok
su na drugoj strani izostale brze, usklađene i sinhronizovane mere kojima bi se rešavali problemi.
Na političkom planu još uvek su dinamične rasprave o narušavanju etničkih slika pojedinih
država. Te rasprave vrlo brzo su potisnule u drugi plan debate o razvojnim potencijalima „svežeg“
ljudskog kapitala, odnosno integracije migranata u društveno-ekonomske sisteme država članica EU.
Može se reći da je uporedna analiza izborne podrške populističkim strankama i pokretima u
Evropi posle migrantske krize dovela do zaključka o tome da postoji direktna korelacija između
porasta podrške populistima i velike migrantske krize. Upravo je veliki migrantski talas u dobroj
meri doprineo stvaranju velikog populističkog talasa koji je zahvatio gotovo celu Evropu.
Promene unutar Evropske unije nisu išle u pravcu jačanja integrativnih procesa povodom migrantske krize, dok su na unutrašnjem planu država članica jasna pomeranja u pravcu snaženja
političkih opcija koje se zalažu za jačanje nacionalnih država. EU bi morala da sprovede institucionalne reforme koje bi ojačale integrativne procese, vrednosni sistem i demokratsku političku kulturu kako bi uticala i na države članice i države kandidatkinje u obuzdavanju populističkih trendova i gušenja liberalnih elemenata u predstavničkoj demokratiji, a u krajnjem, i pluralizma samog
Dekomponovanje osnovnih pokazatelja smrtnosti u Srbiji u periodu 1990-2021
Get PDFIstraživanje tridesetogodišnjih promena u mortalitetu stanovništva Srbije
(1990-2021) dato je kroz dva osnovna pokazatelja smrtnosti. Metodom dekomponovanja
razlike između opštih stopa smrtnosti, kao i promena kod očekivanog trajanja života pri
živorođenju, meren je efekat starenja stanovništva na mortalitet, ali i doprinosi specifičnih
stopa smrtnosti i vodećih uzroka smrti. Analiza tridesetogodišnjeg perioda je bitna, jer
povezuje turbulentna društvena dešavanja u Srbiji i mortalitet, koji tokom višedecenijske
depopulacije postaje sve značajnija komponenta populacione dinamike. Očekivano trajanje
života u posmatranom vremenskom intervalu je raslo kod oba pola, ali se intenzitet umiranja
nije smanjio (opšta stopa smrtnosti se povećava). Starosna struktura tokom decenija
demografskog starenja, pokazuje se kao dominantan faktor u kreiranju mortalitetnih prilika
u Srbiji. Negativan doprinos starosne strukture je dvostruko intenzivniji od pozitivnog
efekta koji donose promene kod specifičnih stopa smrtnosti. Starenje je intenzivnije u
ženskoj populaciji, što objašnjava veći porast opšte stope smrtnosti kod žena. Osnovna
karakteristika u tridesetogodišnjem periodu je da se vrednosti specifičnih stopa smrtnosti
smanjuju u svim uzrastima ali i da muškarci i žene u Srbiji imaju različit obrazac promena u
smrtnosti po starosti. Muškarci imaju izraženije doprinose do 50. godine, a žene u starijim
kohortama. Najveći broj vodećih uzroka smrti manje opterećuje stanovništvo Srbije sada
nego tri decenije ranije. Kardiovaskularne bolesti, kao vodeći uzrok smrti, najviše su
doprinele pozitivnim promenama u mortalitetu. Tumori, kao drugi najčešći uzrok smrti u
Srbiji, doprinose negativno kod starijih (50 ili više godina) i pozitivno kod mlađih starosnih
grupa. Od ostalih uzroka treba izdvojiti značaj nasilnih smrti i njihov pozitivan efekat na
stope mortaliteta u svim uzrastima, posebno među mlađom populacijom
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Households and Energy Poverty in Serbia
Get PDFEnergy issues and energy poverty became very important when dealing with
global development challenges and sustainable development agenda, and as the years pass
more precise indicators are formed to follow this phenomenon from various perspectives.
One way to follow and analyze energy poverty is through the indicators proposed by the
European Commission and the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Based
on the main EU-SILC indicators for Serbia for 2020, this analysis explored a relationship
between energy poverty and household income disaggregated by available data about
regions, degree of urbanization, household types, and sex-age structure. It also tended
to position Serbia within the European context regarding energy poverty. Based on the
available data, it was found that people living in thinly populated areas expressed a higher
share of vulnerabilities than those living in densely populated areas. Also, persons at risk of
poverty are more vulnerable than the total population. When it comes to household types,
people living in a single-person household are the most vulnerable, followed by the singleparent
household with dependent children
AI and Us: Ethical Concerns, Public Knowledge and Public Attitudes on Artificial Intelligence
Get PDFIn the first part I present a theoretical study of ethical challenges arising from the development
and application of AI, while in the second part I present an empirical study of public
attitudes towards the various aspects of AI use, which I have conducted. Artificial
intelligence (AI) describes systems that mimic cognitive functions generally associated with
human attributes, such as learning, speech, and problem-solving [12]. AI is designed to
achieve specific goals and refers to computer systems that execute tasks, make decisions or
achieve goals in complex situations without explicit instructions from people [13].
AI technology is no longer a field of futurology but an integral part of everyday life. AI
can greatly facilitate people's daily and business lives, but it also brings challenges,
such as privacy, transparency, discrimination, job loss, responsibility, knowledge,
familiarity, perception and attitudes of people towards the use of AI. One of the main
challenges related to the adoption and implementation of AI is the current connotations and
perceptions of the subject. To most people, AI is a mysterious concept that is difficult to define
and to understand how it manifests in their daily lives. An undefined concept and poor media
coverage have also given AI a negative image [5]. The development and application of AI raise
several ethical issues, including the interaction of AI with human rights such as privacy and
discrimination [1, 4]. AI can negatively affect human rights, such as the right to
privacy and equality. Systems based on AI can exhibit different levels of discrimination [2].
Previous studies [3, 6–10, 14] have examined some aspects of the AI. My research has been
ispired by some of these studies. However, I have employed a new scale to measure the
general attitudes of the public towards AI and some specific aspects of its use.
I have conducted an empirical study of public attitudes towards various aspects of the use
of AI. The research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Social
Sciences in Belgrade. The participants were the public in the Republic of Serbia (N=737)
who voluntarily filled out an online questionnaire set up through the LimeSurvey
platform. The survey was anonymous. The questionnaire consisted of general socio-
demographic questions, questions about familiarity with AI, a brief introduction to the
concept of AI, and questions about participants' attitudes towards the application of AI.
Participants were asked to what degree they agree or disagree with the statements on a
scale of 1 to 5. The participants were presented
with questions and used the 5-point Likert scale to respond. I have investigated whether age,
education, previous knowledge of AI, profession, and level of religiosity influences
people's attitudes towards AI. Objectives were to (1) examine the public's attitudes in Serbia
toward the use of AI; (2) determine which factors influence these attitudes; (3)
examine whether the public shares the concerns identified by ethical philosophers in the
debates on AI; (4) examine prior knowledge of the public on AI.
Data were processed and analyzed in the R [11] programming language. The general attitude
towards the use of AI was assessed by creating a composite score based on the questions in which
the respondents expressed their attitudes towards different aspects of the use of AI. The
answers to the questions were not normally distributed, so I opted for non-parametric
statistical methods in hypothesis testing.
The results showed that the public in Serbia has a divided opinion on the use of AI. Half of them
have positive, and the other half negative attitudes. These attitudes are influenced by factors
such as the respondents' age, education, profession, level of religiosity, and prior knowledge of
AI, in a way that young, highly educated, non religious, those with high qualified
jobs, especially IT professionals, and those who are more familiar with the concept of AI,
have more positive attitudes towards the use of AI. Also, the results showed that the
public is concerned about the disappearance of professions due to the development of
AI and discrimination by AI systems.
The results suggest a need to educate the public about potential challenges and ways to
prevent them. The state needs to invest more in public awareness and education
initiatives. More transparency is needed in decision-making processes related to the
implementation of AI. In addition, these results inform both the academic and general public
and decision-makers, which can lead to a dialogue between these parties. I argue that
considering different aspects of public attitudes toward AI enhances this debate.
The results are valuable for future work on this topic because similar public opinion
polls have not been conducted so far. No research in the Republic of Serbia deals with
this topic. Public opinion has not shaped conversations about the use of AI.
Therefore, it is necessary to work in two directions: towards educating the general
public in Serbia and towards increasing transparency and dialogue between the public on the
one hand and the state and the private sector on the other. The second focus should be
on further research of the attitudes of the public and experts on various aspects of
the application of AI and further
ethical challenges that arise in this context. This research has implications for future
research, particularly when forming an AI
attitude scale
Na šta mislimo kada kažemo ---. Etika i vi : etika i stavovi javnosti o upotrebi veštačke inteligencije
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Learnig before Education"- Teaching Skills for Life: Past and Present Practice
Get PDFA 2012 survey revealed that parents who belong to the
economic elite in contemporary Serbian society lost confidence in public
education. In order to find a way to improve features of formal education, we
created and then analyzed practical classes of non-formal character in
archaeology studies at the University of Belgrade. Students learn the skill of
making stone tools, reproducing activities that had taken place in both informal
and non-formal environments in prehistoric communities of hunters and
gatherers. Qualitative research shows students' positive attitudes towards such
activities of acquiring skills that accompany theoretical classical lectures. In
other words, ways of learning before (institutional) education can help
overcome obstacles in formal learning. For the first time, an assessment of the
archaeology lessons supports strengthening non-formal learning within public
higher education
The Use of Normothermic Regional Perfusion Increases The Burden of Organ Donation After Euthanasia
Get PDFPost-mortem introduction of normothermic regional
perfusion (NRP) is increasingly used in organ donation.
In this procedure, after declaration of death according
to circulatory-criteria and "no touch" time of 5
minutes, organ donors’ circulation is restored by extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Before restoring
circulation during NRP, surgeons block arteries
perfusing brain to avoid regaining of brain functions.
The mechanics and set-up of NRP may difficult understand
for patients and medical professionals alike. In
addition, restoration of circulation puts permanence of
circulatory death into question, especially in the context
where blocking of arteries perfusing brain after death
is already declared is considered necessary. An outsized
role that autonomy and consent play for a growing
number of euthanasia patients considering organ donation
exacerbates these already significant issues. A
planned nature of euthanasia donors’ death invites numerous
perimortem interventions to optimize organ
quality, with NRP joining an already long list of premortal
donor interventions. The growing burden of donation
in euthanasia patients increases the odds that
patients and their families do not fully understand this
process, and raises significant ethical and potentially
legal questions
