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Formulation and Evaluation of Loperamide HCl fast dissolving tablets using cross treated Xanthan Gum
No full textVarious fast dissolving drug formulations have been recently introduced into the market. This work proposes the design of novel oral fast dissolving tablets (FDT’s) of loperamide HCl with special emphasis on disintegration and dissolution studies. The main goal was augmenting the adherence to treatment of diseases which happen with diarrhea in soldiers who are exposed to diverse kinds of hostile environments. The excipients were used for this study was based on the compatibility studies. Optimized orally oral fast dissolving tablets were prepared by the direct compression method from cross xanthan gum development to the industrial scale technique. The results show that loperamide HCl FDT’s offers a rapid beginning of action and improvement in the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. The manufactured FDT’s complied with the pharmacopeia guidelines regarding hardness, weight variation, thickness, friability, drug content, wetting time, percentage of water absorption, disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolution profile. Drug compatibility with excipients was checked by FTIR studies
Clinical Perspective of Advances in Oral Dosage form Delivery Systems
No full textThe primary drug delivery methods are intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN), intradermal (ID), transdermal and oral administration. Other routes, such as ocular delivery, have also been developed for localized, site-specific drug administration without unwanted systemic side effects. Each mode of administration poses particular barriers in terms of drug delivery. Furthermore, medications can be integrated into delivery devices, which significantly contributes to therapeutic efficacy, drug preservation, and targeting. We initially present the overview of the many administration methods in this review before concentrating upon oral delivery systems as being the most appealing route. We explain the main challenges associated with such methods and review the most recent solutions developed to address them
Emerging delivery platforms for Oro-mucosal administration of biopharmaceuticals: a critical update
No full textSometimes drugs are injected straight into veins. This is known as Intravenous administration. The medication reaches the blood supply directly in this scheme, eliminating any chemical, physical, or biological barriers. Since the absorption of the drug is guaranteed and immediate, IV administration is the best route for emergency situations. Furthermore, this technique allows highly exact controls over the dose and pace of administration, making it the optimal solution for medications that need a strict dosing regimen. On the other side, the IV method has risks of infection from the injection site caused by the needle such as phlebitis, thrombosis, and circulatory overload. Intravenous administration is a common method for delivering biopharmaceuticals. Because the bioavailability of the medicine administered via IV is theoretically 100%, making this approach performs better than other delivery routes. However, it should be noted that IV administration is not the ideal route for the delivery of vaccines. This is due to the difficulties associated with inducing effective immune responses via IV administration since the IV route does not provide an adequate local depot of antigens to stimulate/activate the innate immune response and induce the long-term secretion of antibodies. As a great alternative, oro-mucosal drug delivery systems have advanced, and their importance has been growing vastly and used in clinical settings. This review summarizes them over the intravenous delivery system
The analgesic activity of novel synthesized tetrapeptides: overview
No full textThe tetrapeptide class of biased analgesics from an Australian fungus targets the -opioid receptor. The current study sought to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Tyr-MIF-1 mimetics in rats suffering from acute pain. We report the synthesis of two new compounds which are hybrid molecules between the substituted pyrrole (Pyr) and analogues of Tyr MIF-1 peptide. The in vitro opioid activity of the analogs was tested in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and naloxone-induced pain model. The study examined the effect of an analog to an N-terminal nociceptin fragment on the behavior of albino rats. We have also elucidated a novel G protein-biased agonist, Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2, for the management of moderate to severe acute pain following abdominoplasty. The pharmacophore based on Phe, NH2, was synthesised and characterized by solid phase chemistry and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). The results show that a series of hybrid molecules with a unique stereochemical arrangement of hydrophobic amino acids, bilaids A-C, were synthesized. The effects of a new molecule, an analog of N-Terminal Nociceptinal Fragment (PK20M), on motor and exploratory activity of mature rats and in 42-day pups and 21-day rat pups were evaluated. The antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the original molecule were evaluated in a model of post-incisional pain in rats at doses lower than 1g/kg. The present study reporting the overview of analgesic activity of some novel synthesized tetrapeptides fragments shows satisfaction effects comparing with morphine, aspirin, naloxone, etc
A Photo Stability Indicating HPLC technique for Validation of Netupitant and Palonosetron in Bulk and Formulations
No full textAnalytical chemistry is the science that seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials.Netupitant Delayed emesis has been largely associated with the activation of tachykinin family neurokinin 1 receptors. Palonosetron is a selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally and peripherally in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center.The mobile phase used was orthophosphoric and acetate 70% buffer pH 3 and 30% methanol.The assay of Netupitant and Palanosetron was performed with tablets and the % assay was found to be 100.08 and 100.04, The linearity was found to be linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.999, the precision 0.8 and 0.3 for Netupitant and Palanosetron which shows that the method is precise.The validation of developed method shows that the accuracy is well within the limit, which shows that the method is capable of showing good accuracy and reproducibility. The LOD and LOQ for Netupitant were found to be 3.02 and 9.98 and LOD and LOQ for Palanosetron was found to be 3.00 and 10.00. Thus, it shows that the method is stability indicating, sensitive, accurate, robust and precise. Hence, the developed HPLC method can be successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage form and can be used for routine analysis.
 
Impact of pharmacist provided knowledge on dengue among selected school children
No full textBackground: Dengue is a self-limiting acute mosquito transmitted disease caused by an arbovirus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes, sever infections results in DHF & DSS. Hence school education has been described as a ‘social vaccine’, and it can serve as a powerful preventive tool. Aim & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mosquito borne diseases among School children, to assess the knowledge level of high school children regarding dengue and its prevention before and after the administration of planned teaching programme and to provide health education regarding dengue fever among school children. Materials and Methods: A six months’ community based prospective observational study was conducted at selected schools of Gulbarga District. Total of 265 students were enrolled into the study by considering study criteria. Our inclusion criteria are all students of secondary school students of class 8th -10th. The data was collected from school children of RGEMS & AEMS in Gulbarga district. Results: In our study, most of the students were unaware of insect and species of mosquito which is responsible for causing DF, DHS & DSS and their knowledge was found to be excellent 3.6%, good 33.46%, average 37.90% and poor 25.00% before providing the knowledge. We pharmacist in our study played a vital role in providing education to the school children and their knowledge progress after our study was found, excellent 69.23%, good 30.76% and none of the students had average and poor knowledge. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the educational interventions by the pharmacist plays a vital role by educating the students and their by improving theirs and surrounding community health. Hence it is very imperative for pharmacists and other health care disciplinarians to carry out community based studies or educational interventions at all levels of students particularly in rural India where there is scope to improve their knowledge which helps students their parents and siblings and surrounding community
The study of Pharmacoeconomics analysis on anti tuberculosis drugs Rifampicin & Ethambutol
No full textCost-benefit analysis can be used to quantify the value of clinical pharmacy services. Providing Effective Therapy and Minimum cost, Quantify costs of care, Quantify outcomes, Assess whether and by how much average costs and outcomes differ among treatment groups, Compare magnitude of difference in costs and outcomes and evaluate “value for costs” by reporting a cost-effectiveness ratio, net monetary benefit, or probability that ratio is acceptable – Potential hypothesis: Cost per quality-adjusted life year saved significantly less than Rs.75,000, To Perform sensitivity analysis. For providing good effective therapy with less adverse drug reaction at affordable price, Cost-Identification, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Utility Analysis, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Clinical outcomes: Cure, comfort and survival, Humanistic outcomes: Physical, emotional, social function, role performance, Economic outcomes, Economic Evaluation, Cost of Illness Evaluation (COI), Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Cost Minimization Analysis, Cost Effective Analysis: Cost Utility Analysis
Medication Errors - An Understated Healthcare Menace: A Journey Through A South-Indian Tertiary Care Facility
No full textThis research work targets to analyze and ascertain the epidemiological profile of medication errors occurred at a tertiary care hospital in South India. A retrospective cross-sectional investigation of medication errors by chart review method. The process involved assessment and interpretation of medication errors reported to and by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology from April 2016 to March 2020. Data was later analyzed employing descriptive statistics. A total of 11,314 medication errors [8,835 prescription errors and 2,479 non-prescription errors] were reported among 1,01,981 hospitalized patients, with an average incidence of 26.56 per 1000 patient days. More than a quarter of prescription errors were within the drug dosage modification subclass, whereas transcription errors were the most common non-prescription errors, around 70%. An appreciable portion of the total medication errors constituted by potential errors were prevented before reaching patients [9681, 85.56%] with timely interventions by health care professionals, remarkably by clinical pharmacists, over 96%. The study benchmarks how a well-designed voluntary reporting system provides a good way for identifying the emerging medication errors before they result in harm to the patients. Ward-based clinical pharmacists in close liaison with health care professionals are effective in reporting and implementing interventions to prevent such unfortunate events, ensuring patient safety
Formulation and evaluation of herbal cream containing extracts of Murraya Koenigii & Cajanus Cajan
Get PDFHerbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population primarily in the developing countries for primary health care. Herbal Plants such as Murraya Koenigii and Cajanus Cajan traditionally used for the treatment of wound healing activity. In the present investigation an attempt was made to prepare and evaluate the herbal cream comprising extracts of Murraya Koenigii and Cajanus Cajan. The herbal cream namely F1 to F6 were formulated from the ethanol extract of Murraya Koenigii and Cajanus Cajan. The extraction was done by the Soxhlation process. Formulation of Herbal Skin Cream for wound healing was successfully developed that met the relevant pharmaceutical characteristics. The prepared formulations are then evaluated for parameters like physical properties, pH, viscosity, Spreadability and stability of the formulated cream. The prepared formulations showed good Spreadability, no evidence of phase separation and good consistency during the study period. Stability parameters like visual appearance, nature, viscosity and pH of the formulations showed that there was no significant variation during the study period. The prepared formulations showed proper pH range that is approximately pH 6; it confirms the compatibility of the formulations with skin secretions. The creams were found to be stable during stability to ICH guidelines (40 ± 2 °C/ 75 ± 5 % RH) for 3 months. In-vitro Diffusion studied conducted on all the 6 formulations and F5 and F6 has shown good diffusion when compared to other formulations. Now it can be possible to develop creams containing herbal extracts and can be used as a barrier to protect skin
Method developed for the determination of apixaban by using U.V. spectrophotometric
Get PDFThe present work is aim to Develop UV spectrophotometry method for the estimation of Apixaban in its dosage forms. Analysed the marketed formulations for their reliability and accuracy and Performed the recovery studies for the developed UV spectrophotometric method. The developed method was validate for its accuracy precision reproducibility. On the basis of results the UV spectrophotometric method developed for the determination of Apixaban is found to be precise, accurate and cost effective. Hence this method can be used for routine analysis of Apixaban in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms