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A Comprehensive Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System
No full textNasal drug delivery has developed as a promising alternative route for the administration of both systemic and local medications, due to its non-invasive nature, rapid onset of action, and potential to bypass first-pass metabolism. Drug absorption is made easier by a mucosal surface that is highly vascularized in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity offers a highly vascularized mucosal surface, facilitating drug absorption through various mechanisms, including transcellular, paracellular, and receptor-mediated transport. To improve bioavailability and extend drug retention in the nasal mucosa, numerous dosage forms, including solutions, suspensions, gels, emulsions, nanoparticles, and microparticles, have been developed. To enhance drug absorption and stability, excipients like mucoadhesive polymers, permeation enhancers, and enzyme inhibitors are included. However, advanced formulation strategies, such as lipid-based carriers, nano formulations, and in situ gelling systems, are required to address issues like mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, and limited drug permeability. Pain management, hormone therapy, vaccine administration, and the treatment of respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) disorders are just a few examples of the many therapeutic applications of nasal drug delivery. Due to the possibility of enhanced systemic absorption, intranasal delivery of biologics like proteins and peptides has also received attention. Nasal drug delivery has some drawbacks, including the possibility of mucosal damage with long-term use, nasal irritation, and variability in drug absorption due to physiological conditions. Further research is needed to overcome these challenges through innovative formulations and delivery technologies. Overall, nasal drug delivery remains a highly promising and evolving field with significant potential for improved patient outcomes and therapeutic efficacy
Nanofiber-Based Drug Delivery System for Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU): A Comprehensive Review
Get PDFDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes, contributing to high morbidity, decreased quality of life, and even limb amputation. Traditional treatments, such as wound dressings and systemic therapies, often fail to sufficiently promote healing or prevent recurrence, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Nanofiber-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution, offering unique advantages like high surface area, tunable porosity, and the ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled and sustained manner. These systems can deliver various bioactive substances, including growth factors, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs, directly to the wound site, promoting faster healing, reducing infection, and enhancing tissue regeneration. The materials used for nanofiber fabrication include natural polymers, such as collagen and chitosan, and synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA), which can be tailored to the specific needs of DFU treatment. Electrospinning, a versatile technique, is primarily employed to produce nanofibers with precise control over diameter and morphology, allowing for the customization of drug release profiles. This article provides a comprehensive review of the use of nanofiber-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of DFUs, focusing on their advantages, the therapeutic agents involved, materials used, and fabrication techniques. The review highlights the potential of these systems to revolutionize DFU management, offering a promising avenue for improving healing outcomes and reducing complications associated with diabetic foot ulcers
Pharmacogenomics: bridging the gap between genetics and drug therapy
Get PDFPharmacogenomics, the integration of pharmacology and genomics, lies at the center of precision medicine by personalizing drug therapy based on genetics. 20–95% of drug response variability arises due to genetic variation, which influences drug metabolism, transport, target, and immune reactions. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), a leading cause of hospitalization and death, make personalized prescribing critical. There are a number of major pharmacogenomic applications, including cardiology dosing of warfarin and clopidogrel, cancer treatment targeted to a specific cancer, psychiatric medication optimization, and prevention of hypersensitivity to drugs like abacavir and carbamazepine. CPIC and DPWG recommendations aid clinical application, with issues of test availability, provider education, ethical issues, and patient heterogeneity persisting. Pharmacogenomic testing may be costly initially but is cost-effective by avoiding hospitalization and maximizing treatment. Technological advances in AI, CRISPR, and whole-genome sequencing hold the potential for greater incorporation into medicine. Pharmacogenomics is a new model for therapeutics that allows for safer, more efficient, and individualized medicine, with global efforts in place to provide equitable access
Design and characterization of swietenia mahagoni jacq. Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control
Get PDFThe present study was designed to evaluate the design and characterization of swieteniamahagonijacq. mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemiccontrol. Usingtheextraction methods like soxhlet extraction, benzene extraction, Ethanolic Extraction, Ethyl acetate extraction, petroleum ether extraction.Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1- normal control, Group 2- diabetic control, Group3 –treatment control Swieteniamahagoni 100mg/kg, Group 4 – Swieteniamahagoni 200mg/kg treated group, Group 5 – Glibenclamide 5mg/kg.The levels of biochemical parameter, body weight, serum lipid profile, serum total cholesterol, serum glycerides, VLDL AND & HDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, Hemoglobin &glycated
hemoglobin were examined in each of these groups. Chronic administration of swieteniamahagoni at a dose of 100mg/kg & 200mg/kg, p.o. for a period of 21 days markedly decreased the level of blood glucose level & lipid level. Phamacological studies were assessed forbioassessment, clinical trials, and toxicological studies. Quantitative estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid likeestimation of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content,HPTLC investigation of ethanol extract.Taken together, the results suggested that treatment reduced hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control. This study demonstrates the swieteniamahagonijacq. Mediated silver nanoparticles for hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic control
Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Care: A Narrative Review
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) is quickly changing the field of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences by making healthcare and drug-related processes more efficient, more accurate, and faster. With the help of AI technologies like machine learning and deep learning, the deep analysis of voluminous biological, chemical, and clinical data is possible, and this facilitates enhanced decision-making in drug discovery and development. AI is also used to aid drug discovery in the identification of targets as well as molecular design, virtual screening, and repurposing of drugs, which saves a lot of time and expense. AI has been used to enhance drug development via predictions of pharmacokinetics and toxicity as well as clinical trials optimization. In the pharmaceutical industry, AI can be used to optimize the processes, to monitor the quality and to predictive maintain the machinery to maintain the quality and efficiency of the products and the process. The usage of AI in pharmaceutical care is also important to assist the clinic in clinical decision systems, medication therapy management, prediction of adverse drug reaction, and personalized medicine. Moreover, it enhances medication safety and patient compliance because of its incorporation into both hospital and community pharmacy. Nonetheless, AI can transform the future of pharmacy practice and healthcare delivery despite the difficulties of data privacy and bias in the algorithm, as it has a great potential.
A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Syndrome
Get PDFDry Eye Syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a complex and multifactorial ocular surface disorder characterized by tear film instability, increased tear osmolarity, ocular surface inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities. It affects millions of individuals globally, with symptoms ranging from dryness, irritation, burning sensation, and foreign body sensation, to more severe visual disturbances and chronic discomfort. The pathogenesis of DES involves disruption in one or more layers of the tear film lipid, aqueous, or mucin which can be triggered by environmental factors, systemic diseases, hormonal changes, prolonged screen exposure, or use of certain medications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options available for the management of DES. Special attention is given to current diagnostic tools such as tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, ocular surface staining, tear osmolarity measurement, and inflammatory biomarkers like MMP-9. In terms of treatment, the review highlights the role of FDA-approved medications such as cyclosporine (Restasis®, Cequa®), lifitegrast (Xiidra®), and corticosteroids (Eysuvis®), as well as over-the-counter lubricants, mucin secretagogues, and preservative-free artificial tears. Emerging treatment modalities such as autologous serum eye drops, intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy, neurostimulation devices, and regenerative biologics are also discussed, reflecting the shift towards personalized and targeted approaches. With DES becoming increasingly common due to lifestyle and environmental changes, its management necessitates a multimodal and evidence-based strategy that combines pharmacological therapy, procedural interventions, and patient education for optimal clinical outcomes
A robust stability indicating HPLC technique for evalution of Pibrentasvir and Glecaprevir in tablet dosage form
Get PDFWhen liver cells gets infected and vandalized, the condition is termed as Hepatitis. HCV therapy is performed with mixture of drugs. For the combined evaluation of Pibrentasvir and Glecaprevir in tablets, a rapid, selective and robust HPLC technique stability indicating was developed herein this work. Analysis was executed by Cosmicsil, with dimensions 250 mm by 4.6 mm column and mobile phase possessing KH2PO4 with 0.1M, 65 ml and 35 ml of methanol and 230 nm of PDA analysis. Elution times were found out as were 1.663 min and 2.249 min, for Pibrentasvir and Glecaprevir respectively with linear ranges 20µg/ml, 60 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml, 150 µg/ml, respectively having detection limits as 0.190 µg/ml and 0.207 µg/ml and quantization limits as 0.634 µg/ml and 0.690 µg/ml. This method is explicit having RSD values as 0.097% Pibrentasir & 0.232% Glecaprevir showing an accuracy of between 98.82 and 100.07% for Pibrentasir 99.31, Glecaprevir 100.45% recovery values. During the investigation of degradation, peaks elution times of degradants greatly varied with the elution times of Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir thus, proving method‘s power of stability indication and specificity. The validation and degradation stability studies were carried out according to ICH and ICH Q1B Guidelines
Antimicrobial activity of microwave assisted synthesized chalcones and conventional synthesized chalcones: an overview
No full textA chalcone is a type of acetophenone in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been swapped out for a benzylidene group, making it a member of the class of chalcones. Kamboj*, et al has synthesized A fast and very rapid procedure is reported for the synthesis of chalcones from the ketones and aldehydes under microwave irradiation. All the synthesized compounds 1-28 were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities by cup plate method. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by spectral data (infrared spectroscopy [IR] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]). All compounds showed excellent results against all fungi and are comparable to that of the standard antibiotic, Nystatin
Phytochemical, physicochemical, TLC, minerals analysis and in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Heldigardia populifolia
Get PDFThe aim of present study was to investigate the preliminary phytochemical, physicochemical, TLC, minerals analysis and In-vitro antioxidant activity of leaves of ethanolic extract of Heldigardia populifolia. The preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract showed the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates and saponins. The composition of minerals found in the leaf powder was within the permissible limits. TLC analysis of ethanol extract showed the five spots which indicate the presence of five phytoconstituents. The extractive value of ethanol was high than acetone. Ash values were within the limits. The in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract increased with increasing the concentration. The ethanolic extract in all the concentration showed the significant antioxidant activity