Ideas Spread Inc. (E-Journals)
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Global Law and Cross-Border Data Security: From the Perspective of Cross-Border Regulatory Cooperation
Get PDFThis paper examines the legal architecture governing cross-border data flows through the analytical lens of global law and transnational regulatory cooperation, with particular focus on the evolving data governance relationship between the European Union and the United States. The study first conceptualizes global law as an emerging framework that coordinates heterogeneous domestic legal regimes in response to the globalization of information exchange. It then provides a comparative analysis of the EU’s GDPR-based restrictive and rights-oriented data protection model and the United States’ fragmented, sector-specific, market-driven regulatory system. Against this backdrop, the paper critically evaluates the mechanisms and limitations of transatlantic regulatory cooperation, including major instruments such as the Safe Harbor Agreement, the Privacy Shield, and the Transatlantic Data Privacy Framework, as well as functional law enforcement cooperation regimes embodied in the MLAT, PNR, and SWIFT agreements. Through a detailed assessment of political, economic, and doctrinal divergences—particularly in relation to national security priorities, market competition structures, and privacy philosophies—the paper argues that although fundamental tensions persist, iterative institutional experimentation has produced an increasingly dense web of supranational coordination mechanisms. These mechanisms not only constrain unilateral state action but also shape the contours of emerging global data governance norms. The study concludes that EU–US regulatory cooperation, however fragile, offers a replicable model for constructing global legal responses to cross-border data security challenges
Regulating Monopolistic Conduct of Conglomerates under Hong Kong Competition Law: Current Framework and Institutional Reform
Get PDFThis study examines the regulatory challenges posed by the dominant position of conglomerates, particularly those in the real estate sector, within Hong Kong's economy following the full implementation of the Competition Ordinance (CO) in December 2015. While the CO provides a legal foundation for curbing anti-competitive practices, its effectiveness in addressing the conduct of well-resourced, cross-sector conglomerates remains limited. The paper begins by analyzing the enforcement tools available to the Hong Kong Competition Commission (HKCC), including investigative powers, promotional functions, and advisory roles, and points out the lack of targeted compliance outreach toward large conglomerates. It then identifies several critical gaps in the existing competition regime and proposes three key reforms. First, the "second conduct rule" under Section 21 should be amended to explicitly prohibit exploitative abuses—not just exclusionary ones—to prevent interpretive ambiguity in enforcement. Second, a separate and more deterrent penalty standard should be established for conglomerates, given their greater capacity to cause market harm compared to small and medium-sized enterprises. Third, the merger rule, currently confined to the telecommunications sector, must be extended to all industries susceptible to anti-competitive consolidation, thereby preventing conglomerates from leveraging cross-sector mergers to entrench market power. The paper concludes that only through a combination of proactive enforcement, tailored compliance initiatives, and legislative refinement can Hong Kong's competition framework effectively restrain conglomerate dominance and safeguard fair market competition
The Effect of Three Different Concentrations of a Bio-Stimulant on Lettuce Yield and Quality Variation in NFT System
Get PDFThis study examines the impact of three different doses (D2: 0.675 mL/week; D3: 3.375 mL/week; D4: 13.5 mL/week) of a bio-stimulant (P4P-Vita), provided by Van Iperen, on lettuce yield and quality variation in a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system. The study compared these doses to a control group (D1) and evaluated the most effective dose for maximizing yield and quality. Parameters such as fresh weight, leaf number, leaf size (length and width), and root system volume were measured on day 0, day of harvest to assess productivity. Additionally, weight loss, Brix degree, and pH were measured on post-harvest days: (0,4,7 and 14) during refrigerated storage to assess quality variation. Results indicate that the bio-stimulant positively influenced lettuce growth and storage. The moderate dose (D2) yielded the best results, promoting higher fresh weight, longer and wider leaves, a more developed root system, reduced weight loss, longer shelf life and improved taste compared to other treatments
The Application of GIS Technology in Environmental Management in Ghana
Get PDFThis article traces the evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from the early days of cartography into contemporary time, within the context of environmental decision-making. The quantitative revolution influenced the development of cartography. In the 1970s computerized mapping and GIS automated cartography. The format and management of spatial data got transformed in the 1980s with the development of geo-query in GIS. In the 21st century GIS included social perspectives in managing GIS data bases. The technology was introduced into higher educational institutions of Ghana in the 1990s. Government departments recognized it to be an important tool for resolving spatial problems. Its potential for consensus building is yet to be fully exploited because the technology was considered to be complex. This was solved by shifting from generating GIS codes, to graphical interface and spatial model applications. From its initial focus of mapping and spatial database management, GIS now concentrates on varied degrees of complexity in modeling. Uses to which the technology has been put in Ghana include mapping the spatial distribution of Buruli Ulcer; using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in geospatial and hydrological modeling to delineate drainage and watershed to predict flood prone areas in parts of Accra; and, in groundwater projects to select well sites for drilling bore holes. It was concluded that continued application of GIS in Ghana and other parts of the world could result in rare and timeless solutions being found to spatial and environmental problems that confront humanity
The Current Status and Enhancement Strategies of Legal and Regulatory Awareness among Young University Teachers
Get PDFThe legal awareness of young university teachers represents a dynamic intersection of personal development, educational background, and broader societal contexts. This critical professional attribute not only reflects contemporary social dynamics but also serves as a fundamental pillar of academic integrity and institutional effectiveness. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research explores the conceptual dimensions of legal awareness, critically examines the current status of legal understanding among young university educators, identifies systemic challenges, and proposes strategic interventions. The ultimate objective is to cultivate a sophisticated, legally literate cadre of educators capable of navigating the complex regulatory landscape of contemporary higher education
Development and Practice of Additive Manufacturing Curriculum System for Emerging Engineering Education
Get PDFThis paper presents the development and implementation of a comprehensive additive manufacturing (AM) course system tailored to the new engineering education framework. Emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration, innovation, and practical skills, the course system integrates fundamental AM principles, hands-on applications, and interdisciplinary elements. The curriculum is structured into theoretical, practical, and elective modules, employing pedagogical strategies such as project-based learning and flipped classrooms. Initial outcomes indicate significant improvements in student performance and engagement, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world practice. Despite these successes, areas for enhancement include advanced laboratory facilities and increased industry collaboration. Future directions aim to incorporate innovative technologies and establish continuous feedback loops to ensure the course system’s relevance and effectiveness in preparing students for the evolving engineering landscape
A Study on the Path to Improving International Students' Satisfaction with Purchasing Korean Cultural and Creative Products
Get PDFThis paper aims to explore the path to improve international students' satisfaction with the purchase of Korean cultural and creative products. The study starts from product quality, purchase intention, purchase convenience, price perception and other aspects, and proposes a series of hypotheses to understand how each factor directly or indirectly affects the overall satisfaction of international students. By analyzing the consumption behavior of cultural and creative products among Korean international students, it is found that product quality, purchase intention, purchase convenience and price perception have a significant positive impact on overall satisfaction, among which purchase intention plays a mediating role, especially between product quality and satisfaction, and purchase convenience and satisfaction. By improving the product's innovative design, cultural value delivery, optimizing the shopping experience and reasonable pricing, the satisfaction of Korean students with Korean cultural and creative products can be effectively improved
Research on the Financial Performance of Digital Transformation of Physical Retailers: An Exploratory Case Study Based on Tianhong Shares
Get PDFWith the advent of the digital wave, the transformation and upgrading of physical retailers has become an urgent need, and the impact of digital transformation on enterprise performance is also increasing. Faced with the impact of digitization, Tianhong Co., Ltd., as a typical representative of digital transformation for physical retailers in China, has been exploring the path of digital transformation since 2010 to adapt to the development of the digital age. This article conducts an in-depth analysis of the driving forces and paths behind Tianhong Corporation's digital transformation, and explores the impact of digital transformation on the financial performance of physical retailers from three levels: cost efficiency, profitability, and operational capability. The research results indicate that digital transformation can help reduce business operating costs and improve profitability, but the effect on enhancing operational capabilities is not significant. The article further elaborates that digital transformation can affect enterprise performance through smart retail, optimizing supply chains, and enhancing "resource integration" capabilities. Corresponding suggestions are proposed to expand traditional sales channels, introduce digital talents, and build a suitable supply chain system. These provide useful references for physical retailers to achieve sustainable development in the process of digital transformation
The Impact of "Technology-Organization-Environment" Factors on the Digital Transformation of Retail Enterprises
Get PDFBased on the framework of "Technology-Organization-Environment", using the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method, we take A-share listed retail enterprises as the research object, and explore the influence mechanism of the seven antecedents, namely, digital resource infrastructure, digital human resources, innovation capacity, absorption capacity, adaptive capacity, digital economy policy and marketization process, on the digital transformation of enterprises. digital transformation. The study finds that there are five types of groupings in high-level digital transformation, which can be categorized into four types: learning and transformation with technological-environmental synergy, coordinated pioneering with technological-organizational-environmental linkage, environment-led passive change, and technology-supported self-driven change. The study shows that digital resource infrastructure has a general driving effect on digital transformation of retail enterprises, and to a certain extent, it can substitute for innovative and adaptive capabilities; digital economy policy, as a key environmental element, is the main force driving the transformation. In addition, firms that fail to achieve a high level of digital transformation generally lack digital resource infrastructure, innovation capacity, digital economy policies and marketization processes
A Study on University Students' Participation in College Ideological and Political Education from the Perspective of the "Big Ideological and Political Course"
Get PDFBased on the "Big Ideological and Political Course" concept, this paper explores the theoretical foundation, current situation, and challenges of university students' participation in college ideological and political education, and constructs a conceptual model of the student participation mechanism through literature review and theoretical analysis. The paper first reviews the background and connotations of the "Big Ideological and Political Course" concept, comparing the differences between traditional ideological and political education and the curriculum reform under the new concept. It then analyzes the current state and shortcomings of university students' participation in teaching. By exploring paths such as policy innovation, curriculum design reform, teacher-student interaction mechanisms, and the application of information technology, this paper proposes concrete strategies and theoretical innovations to promote deep participation of university students in college ideological and political education, providing new perspectives and practical insights for the reform of college ideological and political education