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Willingness to trust is reduced by loneliness and paranoia
Full text linkLoneliness is associated with negative social behaviors, impairing social relationships. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between paranoid thoughts and lonely individuals’ willingness to rely on expectations of partner reciprocity in an investment game with individuals with and without psychosis (54 participants). We found that loneliness and paranoia were strongly correlated with each other and with more distrustful behavior after breaches of trust. Sensitivity to changes in partner reciprocity was higher in lonelier and more paranoid individuals. Lonelier individuals also trusted highly reciprocating partners less. Computational modeling revealed that lonelier and more paranoid individuals were less willing to rely on expectations of partner reciprocity. Importantly, these effects were observed in both patients and controls, indicating the important role of loneliness and paranoia in both clinical and general populations. These findings demonstrate how loneliness relates to social behaviors and expectations, pointing to important downstream implications for lonely individuals’ relationships
Persistent Homology and Gabor Features Reveal Inconsistencies Between Widely Used Colorectal Cancer Training and Testing Datasets
No full textRecent work on computer vision and image processing has relied substantially on open datasets, which allow for an objective comparison of techniques and methodologies. In the area of computational pathology and, more specifically, on colorectal cancer, the dataset NCT-CRC-HE-100K, which consists of 100,000 patches of human tissue stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin has been widely used as a training set for deep learning studies. The patches are grouped into 9 classes of tissue (adipose, background, debris, lymphocytes, mucus, smooth muscle, normal colon mucosa, cancer-associated stroma, colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelium). The set is released with a separate set (CRC-VAL-HE-7K) of 7,180 patches that is commonly used for testing. In this work, features were extracted from both sets first with Persistent Homology, then, with Gabor filters to reveal that the training set presents a rather different distribution from the testing set. Namely, the distribution of features in the 7K-set presents a much higher class overlap than those in the 100K-set, which would imply a much higher separability in the testing set than in the training set
A Risk Mitigation Deficit Measure to Control Risks in Supply Chains: An SMEs Perspective
Full text linkThe misalignment between the external risks a company faces, such as natural disasters or macroeconomic shocks, and the supply chain risk mitigation efforts it undertakes has received limited attention, particularly from the perspective of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using contingency theory as a theoretical underpinning, this research introduces a novel fit measure, the risk mitigation deficit (RMD), to capture this misalignment. It then examines the impact of RMD on operational risk (OR), which refers to the failure of the supply chain to achieve key objectives such as cost efficiency, quality, and sustainability. SMEs face unique challenges, as risk mitigation efforts are resourceintensive, requiring careful alignment of mitigation measures with risk exposure. This study contributes by analyzing data from 213 SMEs in the Spanish agri-food supply chain. The results suggest that both upstream and in-house RMD positively influence output OR, while downstream RMD shows no such relationship. Similarly, upstream RMD does not appear to influence input OR. A robustness test examining the effect of mere risk mitigation effort (RME) on OR confirmed that RMD possesses explanatory power over OR that RME alone does not. These findings underscore that a one-size-fits-all approach to supply chain risk management (SCRM) is ineffective, especially for resourceconstrained SMEs. Instead, tailored, context-specific solutions are needed to help SMEs efficiently balance risk profiles and mitigation efforts
Artificial Intelligence in Migration: From forecasting displacements to automating asylum adjudication
Full text linkThe application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in migration and asylum processes is revolutionizing how governments and humanitarian organizations address the challenges of displacement and asylum. The objective of this systematic literature review is to explore the existing and emerging uses of AI technologies in predicting migration flows and asylum adjudication. Our review also examines the benefits and risks of AI integration, highlighting the importance of ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks to ensure positive outcomes for displaced individuals
Generative AI in health sciences education and practice. Part 1: chatbots and simulation
No full textThis article is the first in a series examining the way in which generative artificial intelligence is changing practice and training in the health and medical sciences. Here, we look at the increasing role of generative AI in simulation, and the use of chatbotdriven role-play activities to build and maintain communication skills. It explores potential and current practice, as well as some of the risks and ethical issues, and provides practical guidance for upskilling
Environmental footprints of German food consumption by gender and socio-economic status
Full text linkGermany's dietary patterns are among the most environmentally intensive in the world. In light of the multitude of environmental pressures originating from the current food system, we scrutinise the carbon, land, blue and green water foodprints of German consumers, distinguishing between two subgroups of interest: gender and socio-economic status. Using the multi-regional Food and Agriculture Biomass Input-Output model we are able to capture emissions throughout dispersed global supply chains. For allocating environmental responsibilities to the respective subgroups, we rely on the largest study to record eating habits and beverage consumption in Germany: the National Nutrition Study II. For male consumers, land requirements, carbon emissions and green water foodprints decline with increasing socio-economic status. Among females, differences in carbon, land, and green water foodprints across socio-economic strata are relatively minor and lack a consistent pattern. We identify meat and dairy product consumption to be the largest contributor to environmental foodprints, accounting for up to two-thirds of overall carbon emissions, land requirements and green water use. Notably, blue water use is highest among high socio-economic status females and males, largely driven by greater consumption of blue water-intensive foods such as nuts and seeds and fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Our results carry important policy implications, highlighting that prominent push measures – such as extending the Emissions Trading Scheme to the agricultural sector or introducing a meat tax – may have disproportionate adverse effects on households of low socio-economic status
Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder and health service use: A longitudinal cohort study
No full textBackground
Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can lead to significant distress, yet little is known about health service use by those affected. This longitudinal cohort study examined health service use among postpartum women experiencing PTSD symptoms.
Methods
Participants were recruited during pregnancy and completed questionnaires assessing mental health and service use at 6-, 12-, and 24-months postpartum. Analysis compared women reporting at least one PTSD symptom ( n = 172–182) to a no symptoms group ( n = 322–344) 6–12 months and 12–24 months postpartum.
Results
Women with PTSD symptoms reported greater use of general health services for self and infant. At 6–12 months postpartum they more frequently accessed GP (IRR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.46–2.42), health visitor (IRR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.20–1.80) and hospital outpatient services (IRR 3.70, 95% CI: 2.21–6.20) for themselves; and GP (IRR 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04–1.55) and hospital outpatient services (IRR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.09–2.49) for their baby. Some of the differences for themselves remained 12–24 months postpartum (GP: IRR 1.43, 95% CI: 1.15–1.78; health visitor: IRR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.72). Women with PTSD symptoms were more likely to be referred to mental health and support services (OR 12.13, 95% CI: 5.65–26.10). However, almost half of women who met criteria for probable PTSD at 6 months did not receive a mental health referral.
Conclusions
Women with PTSD symptoms postpartum are high users of health services but may still experience gaps in care. Improved prevention, screening, referral, and support may reduce the burden of postpartum PTSD for women, their children, and services
AI and Evidence Synthesis for Nature-based Solutions and Food Systems Workshop Report
Full text linkThe Joined Up Landscapes project focuses on Nature-based Solutions for climate adaptation and mitigation in the UK. The first work package developed a systematic map of literature on the relationship between Nature-based Solutions and food systems in the UK. The ambition is to scale this map globally and transition to a living evidence synthesis model using AI. This workshop brought together leading experts to explore the opportunities for AI-driven evidence synthesis for Nature-based Solutions and food systems. The event showcased existing innovative evidence synthesis projects covering a range of topics, including: health; conservation; biodiversity; climate adaptation; and climate-health emergencies. Each project presented their activities. This was followed by a general discussion, including on challenges such as grey literature integration and responsible AI use, considerations around policy engagement. Opportunities for collaboration and future funding bids were discussed, including the potential for shared taxonomies and repositories
Race and redistribution in the United States: An experimental analysis
No full textScholars have suggested that White American support for welfare is influenced by their beliefs about the racial composition of welfare recipients. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using two experiments (n = 9,775) that induce random variation in participants’ beliefs about the racial distribution of welfare recipients. In both experiments, we obtain evidence that exogenously increasing beliefs about the share of welfare recipients who are Black reduces support for welfare. We also use our experiments to study the effect of ‘priming’ participants to think about race, the accuracy of beliefs about the racial distribution of welfare recipients, and the mechanisms that underpin our results
Understanding Academic Integrity Beliefs, Motivations and Behaviors Amongst Postgraduate Students: a Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Sector Universities in Punjab, Pakistan
No full textThe increasing reliance on artificial intelligence tools has increased pressure on academic standards, making breaches of academic integrity a clear threat to research quality and scholarship. By using a quantitative survey, this study investigated and compared beliefs, motivations, and behaviors of students from both public and private universities regarding academic dishonesty. The participants were postgraduate students enrolled in six universities, including three public and three private institutions in Punjab, Pakistan. The study found that a lack of instructor guidance on plagiarism, a desire to improve grades, and a fear of failure are significant factors contributing to academic misconduct. Students’ behavior, including copying from sources without proper citation and copying from peers, is a common occurrence. Furthermore, the findings suggested that curriculum-embedded integrity education, active supervisory guidance, fostering healthy student-teacher relationships and strong anti-plagiarism policies can build a culture of academic integrity in universities. The research provides evidence-based strategies to promote integrity and reduce misconduct in higher education. It offers a localized perspective on a phenomenon that is rarely explored within the Pakistani higher education landscape
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