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Markets in Transition: Assessing the Role and Functions of the Shift from APMC to PACS in Bihar
Full text linkOver the past few decades, Bihar's agriculture has experienced a significant transition. Many factors, such as the change in the agricultural markets, are affecting most of the agricultural activities. The agricultural markets are essential for agricultural produce, where the primary agricultural producer meets the first buyer. This paper analyses the transitions in Bihar's regulated agricultural market to a completely open market system. Regulated agricultural markets were established in Bihar in the 1960s and 1970s through the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee Act (APMC Act). However, the Bihar government repealed the Agricultural Produce Market Committee Act (APMC Act) in 2006, aiming to encourage private investment and traders to buy agricultural commodities directly from farmers. It is also supposed to provide farmers with more options to sell their produce. As a result of the abolition of APMCs in Bihar, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) have emerged as key institutions in rural financial assistance and in the public procurement process. However, this transition in the agricultural market in Bihar has raised many questions, such as the state intervention in agriculture markets, the limitation of market liberalisation, the importance of the regulated agricultural markets, and which types of markets emerged for agricultural produce after the abolition of APMC Act regulated markets in Bihar. This study attempts to evaluate the role and function of agricultural markets that emerged in Bihar after the abolition of regulated agricultural markets
Nonlinearities and Dielectric constant of Ge-Se Chalcogenide Glasses
No full textWe recorded a transmission spectrum of Ge-Se glasses in the UV-visible range, revealing 80-90% transmission of light at room temperature. The percentage of light absorbed by these glasses is only 15%. The applicability of these glasses for the fabrication of single-mode optical fibre is being pursued by their high transmission and nearly nonexistent normal dispersion, while a small anomalous dispersion drop in the transmission is noticed at 720 nm in the UV-visible region. Drop in transmission at higher wavelength is explained in terms of absorption/photodarkening effect. Analysis of prepared glasses reveals direct band-gap material; thus, these materials can be used directly in fibre laser preparation. The refractive index obtained from spectra is modelled by Cauchy expression, and it is valid up to 700nm; beyond 700nm, wavelength increase in refractive index is modelled by poly4. Dielectric characteristics are examined and assessed. Ge-Se glasses have a decreasing dielectric constant as the band gap widens, indicating a decreasing trend in dielectric constant with increasing frequency
Ashtamudi Lake: Balancing Ecosystem Conservation and Socio-Cultural Heritage
No full textAshtamudy Lake is one of the most famous backwaters in Kerala. It is situated in the district of Kollam, formerly Quilon, and is one of Kerala's most extensive backwaters. The name ‘Ashtamudi’ means ‘eight branches’, and it has got its name because of the eight arms-like branches of the lake. Ashtamudi Lake is one of the famous Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance, an ecological and socio-cultural asset of the area. This research examines the environmental risks that endanger the lake's existence, such as water pollution, loss of biodiversity, unsound human interference, and their effects on the sensitive ecosystem of the lake. The study also highlights the socio-cultural and economic importance of Ashtamudy Lake as a hub for fisher folk’s traditional employment, such as fishing, fish curing, and coir making, which are the relevant occupations of the area's inhabitants. The study highlighted the importance of adopting sustainable practices, implementing policies for the development of the Ashtamudi Lake ecosystem and culture, and encouraging people’s participation in the conservation of the area. This study highlighted the importance of a sustainable approach in the balance between the protection of the environment and the socio-cultural values of the lake, which will benefit the state's sustainable development in the long run
Thermal convection of a Oldroyd-B nanofluid with magnetic effect: Linear and weakly nonlinear analyses
No full textOnset of convection in a horizontal layer with Oldroyd-Bnanofluid investigated. The normal mode technique hasbeen employed to work out the non dimensionalgoverning equations and this leads to eigenvalue problem. The free-free boundary conditions have been considered. The analytical expressions of stationary and oscillatory Rayleigh numbers are obtained using one term Galerkin method. Critical values of Rayleigh number for the prescribed values of other parameters are obtained. From linear theory, it is proved that the Hartmann number and Prandtl number has stabilizing effect on the flow. Amplitude equation is derived in weakly nonlinear analysis. Heat transport is studied by calculating Nusselt number using amplitude. Keywords: Nanofluid, Thermal convection, Casson model, Linear analysis, nonlinear analysis
Mirror Neuron Function within the Action Observation Network: A Review
No full textTypically, when an observer witnesses an action being performed by an agent, their Mirror Neuron System initiates a motor simulation of that action. It has been argued that mirror neurons and the cortical areas of the action observation network (AON) enable our capacity to comprehend activities at these levels. The empirical evidence for this suggested role is scant but according to existing theories, the visual brain of primates is split into two functionally separate networks. The dorsal route calculates an object's position and any activities associated with it, while the ventral pathway computes an object's identity. In this two-route paradigm, mirror neurons encode this concrete representation of the event, which serves as a precedent to forecast the sensory effects of this activity via the AON pathway of dorsal route. Although still popular, the two visual pathways concept needs to be updated. This review gives an idea about mirror neurons and discusses their role in AON
Spectrophotometric Investigations of Charge Transfer Complexes formed between imidazoles and DMAD
No full textFour novel charge transfer (CT) complexes were synthesized between imidazole-based donors and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) as the electron acceptor at room temperature in dichloromethane and acetone. CT complex formation was confirmed by characteristic n → π* and π → π* electronic transitions in UV-Vis spectra. Stoichiometric analysis using Job's method revealed 1:1 and 2:1 donor–acceptor ratios for imidazole and N-methylimidazole, respectively. Among the synthesized complexes, those containing N-methylimidazole displayed higher stability constants, negative Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG⁰), and molar extinction coefficients (ε), reflecting spontaneous as well as stable complexation. Additionally, the lowest CT transition energies (ECT) in dichloromethane confirmed stronger donor–acceptor interactions in the less polar solvent. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level were carried out to further validate donor strength. N-methylimidazole exhibited the greater HOMO energy, low HOMO–LUMO energy gap (ΔE) and the most favourable global reactivity descriptors—chemical softness and chemical potential—affirming its better electron-donating ability compared to imidazole
Silence in the Philosophical Classroom: On Learning and Teaching Poetry
No full textThis article is an examination of the treatment of poetry within educational and academic contexts, a reflection from the positionality of a student of literature. It draws on both personal experiences and broader philosophical anxieties. It argues that institutional emphasis on analytical clarity and narrative coherence has led to a discomfort with the ambiguous, affective, and non-propositional nature of poetic language. 
Exploring Consumer Perspectives on Goods and Services Tax (GST) Implementation in Bangalore South: A Comparative Analysis
No full textThe study aims to explore the effects of GST in Bangalore South by examining consumer insights regarding the changes brought by the tax reform. From a comparative perspective, the study assesses how GST affects consumer perception, economic activities, and tax systems, referencing international contexts. Research indicates that consumer awareness of GST varies, as do their attitudes, purchase preferences, and cultural influences. The findings confirm three key hypotheses: (1) GST significantly altered consumer spending patterns (χ²=31.92, p<0.001), leading to shifts in expenditure across essential and luxury goods; (2) GST failed to improve tax transparency as expected (z=-2.16, p=0.03), with 62.3% of respondents stating that tax disclosures remain unclear; and (3) cultural traditions (37.5%) and legal frameworks (54.8%) critically shape cross-country perceptual differences, impacting GST acceptance. The paper recommends extensive educational programs and stakeholder engagement initiatives to enhance GST awareness and application. Additionally, it highlights research opportunities such as assessing GST’s long-term sectoral impacts, cultural influences on consumer perception, regional disparities in implementation, and the role of technology in taxation. Ultimately, this study expands knowledge on GST’s complex roles and supports informed policy decisions in taxation and economic development