Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State Universit: Open Journal Systems / ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი
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Ideological profile of Internet editions of Georgian national-patriotic direction
No full textThe study examines four Nationalisic-Patriotic websites ofGeorgiaand also the organizations, which have communication with society by web connection only.The research is relevant because in recent years, far-right and conservative groups have actively involved in politics and they have gained significant popular support. Those groups use the internet to popularize and establish their views. We can consider these websites as the tool for organization and also for political communication with society.The study of Nationalist-Patriotic oriented websites helps us to show each of them by their ideological and politicalplatforms and to classify them. We also can categorize them and find common context among them, also find important differences which divides these organizations.
The Influence of Cinematography on the Formation of Antireligious Consciousness of the Georgian Society (the Soviet times)
No full textAfter the abolition of the Georgian Kingdom, the Russian autocracy undermined the role of the Georgian Church as the latter strived to secure the honor and dignity for the maintenance of the unity of the nation. The fight against the Georgian Church lasted for decades and the newly created communist regime kept the policy of the Tsarist Russia, waged against the church. The class struggle also implied the elimination of the religious sphere with a variety of means, including a physical liquidation of a person, as it was no longer compatible with the Soviet rule. God was substituted with a pseudo religion – with new ideals, compatible with the necessity of creation of the “New Man,” which would exercise the Marxist ideas in practice without any protractions, as one would be free from all sorts of “religious bonds.” The Leninist propositions of fight against the religion found its resonance among the Georgian Marxists, which resulted in the destruction of thousands of churches, thousands of deported persons and exterminated clerics. These measures were aimed at the creation of consciousness of a “new Soviet individual”, which excluded God; even a minor acceptance of the idea of God was considered as an anti-state behavior.
Artists, fascinated with the revolutionary ideas, became ghost-writers and created new works dedicated to this change. The Communist Party particularly stressed the importance of the “Engineers of Souls” – i.e. the role of writers in fighting against religion. The slogans and appeals of party leaders delivering anti-religious messages had to be transformed into their works for remembrance by the mass society. Lenin’s famous saying – “of all the arts the most important for us is the cinema” – had imperative importance. Therefore, cinematographers tried to reflect the process of formation of Communism through their works. The new era of the Soviet arts was launched. The cinema, as the tool of censorship, kept its eye on minor details that were incompatible with the Soviet ideology. Every scenario went through a detailed review before production, as it should have reflected the ideology of the Communist Party and highlighted the predominance of the Soviet way of life.
The documentary cinema was particularly valued, as it was a kind of a chronicle of the Soviet life. The anti-religious themes had particular importance in the cinema production, as profanities were considered as the party directives: for the creation of a particular stereotype of clergy the following methods were extensively applied – satire, pamphlet, humor, template – and widely promoted through the cinema production. These should have inhibited distrust, disrespect, cynical attitudes, aggression and hate towards the clerics among the Soviet persons, as the resulted antipathy should have lasted long among spectators. The Soviet cinematography produced a number of movies in this line: “Khabarda,” “Lost Paradise,” “Magdana’s Lurja,” “Londre,” “Adventures of Lazare,” “The Wishing Tree,” etc. The clerics depicted in these movies differ from one another in their appearance, behavior, speeches and attitudes towards human beings; although they share one particular characteristic, which was predetermined by the Soviet regime: it was necessary to reflect degeneracy of humankind – futility, hypocrisy, acquisitiveness and irreverence. This anti-religious inertia lasted until the 1980s and laid the foundation for the emergence of new trends in the reflection of this problem
საქართველოს საკითხი წამყვან სახელმწიფოთა საგარეო პოლიტიკაში XX საუკუნის პირველ მეოთხედში
Get PDFThe processes occurring in the world politics of the first half of the 20th century, which were the result of the First World War serious consequences, were reflected in Transcaucasia, including Georgia. After all this, the country has become the geostrategic struggle between Russian i.e. the Soviet government and the Western countries. Even in the course of peace conference new tendencies were outlined in Batumi. The imperialistic policy of Turkey became unacceptable for Germany. Such changes in foreign policy of Germany had been caused by the fact that Georgia carried out the function of the bridge between Europe and Asia. In May 26 1918, the National Council was held, which declared the independence of Georgia. National government realized that if they could not get the recognition of Georgian independence from Russia, there would be less possibility for the leading European countries to recognize it either. For this reason, G. Khundadze was dispatched for the diplomatic mission to Russia, who did his best to make Russia recognize Georgian independence. In May 7 1920, the peace treaty was signed between Georgia and Russia. It was the step backwards in the development of the Georgian State system.Besides, it had the big strategic value better to supervise both Persia and the Caspian Sea, and Afghanistan. Defeat of Germany in the First World War put new geostrategic interests in front of Europe. Thus, Georgia and all Transcaucasia appeared under the influence of Great Britain. The young Georgian democratic republic had to conduct diplomatic struggle on two fronts - on the one hand, the Versailles conference and the issue of Georgia in the Nations League, and on the other hand - a heavy political situation in the district of Batumi. In spite of the crash on the discussion of Georgia at the Nations League, it still had positive outcomes. On January 27 1921, the Western countries recognized democratic Georgia de jure. However, on February 25 1921, Georgia was annexed by the Soviet Union, and it caused the problems concerning integration of Georgia with Europe for 70 years
The Presidential Elections of 2018 in Georgia: Anatomy of Competitive Authoritarianism
No full textThere is discussed the results of Presidential elections of 2018 year in Georgia on the bases of Anatomy of Competitive Authoritarianism. In particular, there are shown two important aspects of the sense of competitive authoritarianism: Inequality of government and opposition in terms of attracting election finance and an unsuccessful attempt to develop a document reflecting the ethical principles of behavior of election subjects during the election campaign.The article is prepared on the basis of electronic and printed media materials regarding the election campaign finances, as well as interviews with people involved in development of the ethical principles presidential candidates behavior.
The Impact of Stereotypes and Self-Concept on Occupational Choices
No full textJob satisfaction is an important part of personal well-being and happiness, which in turn is determined by the compliance of job/profession and personality – we are more satisfied with our job if it fits well with our interests, knowledge, values and self-concept. So, issues connected to professional choices gains more and more interest. Usually, considering the factors that determine professional choices, the main accent is on personality traits, abilities and interests and relatively little attention is paid to such important social factors as socially shared norms and stereotypes about professions, which in turn might be equally influential. In this article professional choice iscomprehended in the theoretical framework of Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise. According to this theory, our occupational Choices are determined by our self-concept and our occupational stereotypes – what we know about who we are and what we know about which occupations are considered as appropriate and acceptable for us in our society. Depending on this theoretical framework, our main interest was attached to the investigation of gender and prestige stereotypes of occupations and their relationship with occupational choices.
The research has a mixed design – interviews were conducted with field experts for identifying the existing occupational stereotypes in Georgian culture. Depending on the analysis of the interviews it can be assumed that: 1. Professional stereotypes in the Georgian reality repeat the international pattern, according to which professional stereotypes are concentrated around two important variables – gender and social belonging/prestige; 2. Professional stereotypes linked to national minorities do not lose their relevance. 3. There is no consensus among experts on the whole range of issues related to professional stereotypes (for example, where are stereotypes more concentrated and strong – among urban or rural communities? Which age group shares them most?) and more research is needed in this direction; 4. We also see stereotype change tendencies – some professional stereotypes connected to gender and prestige, that were very strong and influential 10-20 years ago, today are considered marginal.
At the next stage of the research, on the basis of qualitative data analysis, was developed a quantitative research instrument – a questionnaire for occupational stereotypes. The main aim of quantitative research was to investigate whether gender/prestige stereotypes of occupations are predictors of gender congruent/prestigious occupational choices. Self-concept and expectations of significant others are considered as variables, which can modify relationships between occupational stereotypes and occupational choices. The total number of participants was 265 – 182 females and 83 males, selected by the convenience sampling method. The research did not confirm the main hypothesis – there was found a weak positive correlation between gender stereotypes of occupations and masculine occupational choice (r=.168, p=.006), but the correlation lost statistical significance when an analysis was conducted separately for males and females. A statistically important relationship between prestige stereotypes and occupational choice were not found either.
Data analysis revealed quite a strange tendency – in our sample the overwhelming majority of men considered masculine professions as prestigious, but, at the same time, the group of men who strongly shared gender professional stereotypes rated their own professions as non-prestigious. It turned out that in our sample those men who shared gender occupational stereotypes had a lower income than those who did not. This evidence made me think that to men who strongly share gender stereotypes (who consider that men should have well-paid, hard and interesting jobs), issues connected to prestige will be more “hurting”, and this tendency of rating their own profession as un-prestigious is a result ofdiscrepancy between “ideal” (men should have well-paid jobs) and their own reality.
According to the results, professional stereotypes were not connected to self-concept, but research revealed interesting associations between expectations of significant others and self-concept. It is important to note that the expectations of general success was significantly greater in case of women (M=52.47, SD=6.05), than of men (M=50.67, SD=5.28),t(263)=2.32, p=0.021, but the tendency has the opposite direction when expectations of success in technical fields are considered. It turned out that in case of women expectations of success in technical fields were connected to prestige aspects of self-concept (r=0.187, n=182, p=0.011), and this pattern was not found in case of men (r=0.144, n=83, p=0.196).
Moreover, in case of men the correlation between expectations of general success and expectations of success in technical fields is negative (r=-0.318, n=83, p=0.003). It can be considered that these results echo the stereotypical beliefs that in case of men, success in technical fields is an ordinary, axiomatic fact and is not considered as a prerequisite of success; while in case of women success in STEM fields is a big deal and is automatically connected to masculine aspects of self-concept
Metonymy and Metaphor in Georgian Face-Denoting Lexical Items
No full textThe paper examines some instances of metonymy and metaphor in Georgian lexical items denoting human face. Cognitive linguistics (viz.: conceptual metaphor theory, embodiment hypothesis), face theory and cultural studies form the theoretical basis of the research. The empirical data have been obtained from samples of spoken and written discourse genres, six authoritative dictionaries, and corpora for the Georgian language.
In current Georgian there are 5 lexicalizations for face: polysemous saxeand piri, the monosemous compound pirisaxe comprising the previous two and two samples of jargon: sipati (a borrowing from Arabic) and polysemous rozha (a borrowing from Russian). It should be noted that piri as a face term is the result of metonymic extension (its prototypical meaning being mouth, hence the metonymy Mouth for Face). The paper mainly discusses metonymic and metaphoric expressions involving saxe and piri.
The observations have shown that, similar to many other languages, metonymic and metaphoric extensions of saxe and piri are based on the nature of our bodily experience and activity, more precisely, on the significance and functions of human face; the figurative expressions associated with saxe, piriare largely determined by our interaction with our physical, social and cultural environment. In the paper these expressions have been classified on the basis of the functions ascribed to human face in Georgian language/culture, namely, face (a) is the indicator of appearance and look; (b) it reflects our emotions and character, (c) plays an essential role in interaction and (d) shows our social status (Cf.Yu 2001). In this respect, according to the relevant literature, Georgian reveals similarity with English, Chinese and Greek.
The analysis of the data has revealed the following metonymic and metaphoric extensions of the lexical items in question:
1. Face-for-Person metonymy (linked with the role of face as the indicator of appearance and look) which is further extended to objects and abstract notions via metaphor; the mentioned metonymy is evidenced in rozha collocations as well.
2. Conceptual metaphor Face is the Container of Emotions, metonymies Facial Expressions Stand for Emotions or States of Mind, Face Shows Character. These extensions are encountered in compounds and collocations.
3. Numerous figurative expressions with saxe and piri reflect the norms of verbal and non-verbal behavior during interaction that are typical of Georgian culture. Closely linked with the interactional function of face is social face which conforms to Goffman’s dramaturgical model of society and his concept of face. The study of the empirical data has shown that for Georgian culture (which can be characterized as extrovert, horizontally collectivistic) (a) the concept of face is associated with dignity, honesty, sincerity and considerateness/friendliness; (b) the Face is viewed as Object, Possession/Property, hence it can be lost, saved or maintained
The transformation of electoral system in Post-Soviet Georgia
No full textThis paper deals with the issues of transformation of the electoral system of Georgia since 1990 to present. The issues of political parties' representation at the supreme legislative body based on the results of the parliamentary elections at various times are also discussed. There are used the legal sources as well as the opinions of different political actors and representatives of non-governmental organizations and etc
Promotion of propaganda policies on intercultural communication in the Republic of Moldova. Historical aspect.
Get PDFIn this study we analyze the problem related to the propaganda techniques and tactics. Withthese techniques and tactics the Soviet State succeeded to impose one ideology in the collective mentalities. The situation of Soviet Socialist Republic in the years 70 of the XXth century serves as a case study. The objectives of the article target the intercultural communication problems of Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, which have been covered by Soviet propaganda. Propaganda tools of the era which created moods and generated social behaviors are analyzed in the second part. In the same time, the slogans, the themes and the message types of the written press on this subject were identified. The propaganda techniques: “Giving appellations; brilliant overviews; attributive error; transfer; the musician’s wagon; the testimony; ordinary people” and so on are exemplified and analyzed in detail
The historical transformation of identity of the Abkhazian Muhajirs, living in Adjara
Get PDF The article represents an empirical study of the ethnic mentality and family-household stereotypes of the Abkhazian Muhajirs, living in the territory of Adjara. In the historical context, there can be traced the main reasons that affected the mass withdrawal of Abkhazians from their places of residence. Involuntary resettlement, first, to the Ottoman Empire, and afterwards, to Adjara, as well as the settling new places and the process of interaction with the local population are significant both in historical and sociocultural aspects. Having settled in Adjara, the Abkhazian Muhajirs brought with them elements of their cultural specifics, simultaneously absorbing the traditions and customs, carried by the autochthonous population. In spite of the fact that the Abkhazian Muhajirs experienced difficult historical changes, they could have preserved the national customs and traditions, tested throughout centuries, as well as the common Abkhazian ethnocultural identity