Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Not a member yet
705 research outputs found
Sort by
THE DREAMING BRAIN: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SYNTHESIS OF NEURAL MECHANISMS, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AND PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Get PDFDreaming, a universal phenomenon linked to REM sleep, arises from intricate interactions between limbic regions, cortical networks, and neurotransmitter dynamics. Neuroimaging highlights amygdala and hippocampal hyperactivity alongside prefrontal cortex hypoactivity, elucidating the emotional vividness and cognitive disorganization of dreams. Cholinergic pathways drive REM sleep, while suppressed serotonergic and noradrenergic activity impairs reality monitoring. Emerging evidence suggests multifaceted roles for dreaming: consolidating memories via hippocampal-neocortical dialogue, modulating emotions through fear extinction, and fostering creativity via associative cognition. Pathological dream patterns such as PTSD-related nightmares or reduced recall in depression reflect dysregulated neural circuits. Therapeutic strategies, including SSRIs and cognitive therapies, target these mechanisms. Innovations like fMRI-based dream decoding and cross-cultural studies reveal conserved neurophysiology beneath sociocultural variations. This synthesis positions dreaming as a lens for exploring consciousness, sleep-dependent cognition, and neuropsychiatric interventions. Future research may leverage closed-loop neuromodulation to probe dream content and neuroplasticity.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 February 2025; Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 16 April; Available online 15 May 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Andrzej Szymański, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, [email protected]
Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION AND RECURRENT PREGNANCY LOSS
Get PDFBackground and aims: Pregnancy loss and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection have been linked in several studies. It is unclear, therefore, if recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is linked to latent or recurrent CMV infection or a changed immunological response to CMV. We compared women with RPL to healthy controls to assess CMV infection and the level (titer) of CMV antibodies.
Materials and Methods: In this comparative study, 149 women with recurrent miscarriage, referred to gynecology clinics in Sana'a, Yemen, and 149 multiparous women of the same age who had never had a miscarriage served as controls. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess IgG and IgM antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), as well as IgG levels in patients and controls. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Student's t-tests.
Results: The study found that the majority of patients with recurrent miscarriage were in the 20-24 age group (34.9%), followed by the 15-19 age group (25.5%) and the 30+ age group (22.1%). The prevalence of CMV IgM indicating current CMV infection was 5.3% in RPL cases, with the highest prevalence in cases aged ≥30 years (6.1%), followed by 20-24 years (5.8%) and 15-19 years (5.2%). The control group had a 3.4% positive IgM rate. No significant difference in IgG-CMV antibody prevalence between patients and controls, with a crude prevalence of 97.98% in the patient group and 97.3% in healthy controls. Patients aged ≥ 30 had a lower prevalence of IgG (93.9%). The study found significant differences in IgM antibody levels between patients and controls. Patients had higher IgM antibodies than controls; also, CMV-IgM-positive cases had higher IgM antibodies.
Conclusions: According to the current study's findings, RPL had a somewhat greater level of prior CMV exposure than controls, as shown by positive IgG antibodies. Nonetheless, we discovered a statistically significant correlation between elevated IgG levels and RPL, with patients exhibiting higher antibody levels than healthy controls. We can therefore conclude that hyper-response (greater IgG titers) to a comparable number of CMV exposures may be another risk factor, and that repeated exposure to CMV is a risk factor for RPL.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 August 2025; Reviewed 13 September 2025; Accepted 20 October; Available online 15 November 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Dina Abd Elfattah Eldakhs, Pharos university (PUA), Egypt, [email protected]
Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, [email protected]
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT COMBINATION OF GINGER AND LEMONGRASS
Get PDFAim and objective: This study to determine the antioxidant activity of the combination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on reducing DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).
Methods: Quantitative measurement of the antioxidant activity of ginger and lemongrass extracts, as well as a combination of both with a concentration ratio of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 516 nm to determine the IC50 value.
Results: IC50 value of ginger extract 10.76 µg/mL, lemongrass extract 26.69 µg/mL, IC50 value 6.69 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:1, IC50 value 3.32 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 2:1. IC50 value 9.34 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:2
Conclusions: The combination of ginger and lemongrass extracts has synergistic antioxidant activity that can increase the antioxidant effect from the strong category to very strong category.
Peer Review History:
Received 17 October 2024; Reviewed 9 November; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, [email protected]
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW
Get PDFThis review article offers A brief overview of the most current advancements in synthesis methods and with regard to the pharmacological effects of quinazolinone derivatives. A heterocyclic hybrid quinazolinone having the chemical formula C8H6N2O. It is composed of rings that have been fused together i.e benzene and pyrimidine. The production of quinazolinone derivatives can be accomplished using a variety of methods, such as the Aza-diels-alder reaction, Aza-witting reaction, reaction aided by microwaves, metal-mediated synthesis, palladium-catalyzed reaction, copper-catalyzed reaction, ultrasound-promoted reaction, oxidative cyclization, reagent refluxing, one-pot synthesis, and aqueous media. This review paper included a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including a wide range of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of quinazolinone derivatives as well as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties were covered in this study.
Peer Review History:
Received 15 October 2024; Reviewed 7 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sameh Abdelmoneem Mohammed Ali, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Egypt, [email protected]
POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND FIRST CASE REPORT FROM YEMEN
Get PDFA rare inflammatory eye illness that involves the posterior regions of the sclera. Posterior scleritis is very rare in children and more common in women. Ocular pain, headaches, and vision loss are some of its frequently vague clinical manifestations. Rheumatic conditions including systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are frequently linked to the scleritis pathogenesis. A comprehensive clinical eye exam is necessary to diagnose posterior scleritis because it can mimic many other ocular disorders. Laboratory tests may reveal underlying systemic disorders, such as rheumatic disease and inflammatory markers. A precise diagnosis is aided by imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and B-scan ultrasonography. Treatment includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical corticosteroids for moderate disease, and systemic corticosteroids for severe disease. For refractory instances, biologic therapy has grown in importance. To treat this potentially blinding condition, a multidisciplinary strategy combining rheumatology and ophthalmology is essential. This case report focuses on a 9-year-old boy who has posterior scleritis and no history of rheumatic disorders or other infections or non-infectious diseases.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 September 2024; Reviewed 8 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]
PREVALENCE OF ORAL REACTIVE HYPERPLASTIC LESIONS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN A SAMPLE OF YEMENI DENTAL PATIENTS IN SEVERAL UNIVERSITIES AND PUBLIC HOSPITALS
Get PDFBackground and aims: Reactive lesions may result from the oral mucosa's continuous exposure to endogenous and external stimuli. The nature of these lesions is not cancerous. They display a variety of pathologies, from neoplasms to reactive, inflammatory, and developmental abnormalities. Dental plaque and tartar, sharp edges of severely carious teeth, defective dental fillings, chronic biting habits, ill-fitting dental/oral appliances, and food impaction are just a few examples of the various forms of chronic, low-grade irritation of the oral mucosa that can cause reactive lesions. Benign neoplastic proliferations and oral reactive lesions look a lot alike. Investigating the frequency of reactive periodontal lesions and the characteristics that are linked to them in a sample of adult Yemeni dentistry patients in Sana'a City was the goal of this study.
Method: An observational cross-sectional study of 1197 Yemeni dental patients attending the Faculty of Dentistry, Sana’a University, Alrazi University, Alyemenia University, Aljomhori and Althawra hospitals were examined for the presence of reactive hyperplastic lesions.
Results: A total of 48 (4%) patients were found to have reactive hyperplastic lesions. Focal fibrous hyperplasia is the most common type representing (91.7%). Peripheral giant cell granuloma was the second most common type representing (6.3%). The most risk factors were qat chewing, teeth grinding, cheek biting and poor oral hygiene.
Conclusion: In the current study, irritant fibroma and pyogenic granuloma were the most and least common oral reactive hypertrophic lesions, respectively. Compared with males, the prevalence of lesions in female patients was equal, and older age groups were more probable to grow oral reactive hypertrophic lesions. The most frequent location for lesions was the gingiva.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 April 2025; Reviewed 11 May 2025; Accepted 26 June; Available online 15 July 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Dr. Heba M. Abd El-Azim, Damanhour University, Egypt, [email protected]
INTERGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE: A MINIREVIEW OF MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Get PDFThe concept of inherited memories, where experiences from one generation can influence the traits and behaviors of subsequent generations, has long captivated scientific curiosity. Recent advancements in epigenetics have provided compelling evidence for the potential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. This focused brief review article outlines the current state of knowledge on inherited memories, examining the transgenerational effects observed in animal models, the epigenetic mechanisms involved, and the environmental influences that shape these heritable traits. Additionally, Highlights about emerging areas of inquiry were explored, including the cross-generational transmission of social behaviors, the evolutionary implications of inherited memories, and the ethical considerations surrounding research in humans. Thus, a unique perspective could be deduced from this rapidly evolving field and accordingly, further research could be stimulated into the implication of inherited memories.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 April 2025; Reviewed 12 May 2025; Accepted 27 June; Available online 15 July 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, School of public health, college of health sciences and medicine, Wolaita Soddo university- P.O. Box 158, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia.
Dr. Fatehalrahman F. Magbool, University of Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected]
A NON-PARAMETRIC FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY AND CONTAMINATION PATHWAYS IN HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENTS
Get PDFBackground: The systematic management of microbial bioburden in Class C healthcare cleanrooms is a critical factor in patient safety. Standard environmental monitoring often overlooks the complex spatial and statistical relationships of contamination. This study applies a rigorous statistical framework to a comprehensive environmental monitoring dataset to accurately map contamination risk.
Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 318 microbial surface samples from 28 distinct operational locations in a Class C facility. Colony Forming Unit (CFU) data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics due to non-normal distribution, confirmed by Shapiro-Wilk tests on all locations with sufficient sample size (n=12). The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc analysis was used for group comparisons. Spearman's correlation was used to assess inter-location relationships.
Results: Significant spatial heterogeneity in microbial contamination was confirmed (p<0.0001). Dunn's test identified CP C 11 W as the location with the highest contamination burden (mean CFU=12.17). The most statistically robust contrasts were observed when comparing high-burden sites against the cleanest location, CP C 32 WNme (mean CFU=0.67), which serves as a control benchmark. Multiple high-burden locations, including CP C 11 W and CP C 30 NCu, were found to be significantly more contaminated than this benchmark. No Spearman correlations survived the strict Bonferroni correction; however, the relationship between CP C 11 W and CP C 45 Wif (r=0.882, p<0.05) approached the significance threshold, suggesting a potential pathway requiring further investigation.
Conclusions: Microbial contamination within the facility is spatially patterned, not random. The analysis provides a definitive hierarchy of risk, highlighting CP C 11 W as the primary target for enhanced sanitation. While correlational pathways could not be statistically confirmed, near-significant results provide a clear direction for future, more targeted sampling to validate operational links between zones.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 June 2025; Reviewed 12 July 2025; Accepted 24 August; Available online 15 September 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]
Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
BEYOND HIV-ASSOCIATED ANEMIA: EXPLORING THE CONSEQUENCES OF REPEATED BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS IN HIV CARE
Get PDFBlood transfusions are an essential treatment in addressing anemia and associated complications in individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Nonetheless, frequent transfusions may result in various clinical, immunological, and psychosocial effects that are frequently neglected in standard treatment. This narrative review compiles existing evidence on the various impacts of multiple blood transfusions in HIV treatment. An extensive literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including studies released from 2000 to 2024. Articles were chosen according to their relevance to HIV-related transfusion complications, encompassing clinical outcomes, immunological consequences, and psychosocial effects. We investigate risks including transfusion-related infections, iron accumulation, immune system alteration, and alloimmunization, as well as the psychological impacts of long-term reliance on transfusions. Unique challenges faced by pediatric populations in resource-limited settings are emphasized. Ultimately, approaches for reducing dependence on transfusions by means of prompt antiretroviral treatment, nutritional assistance, and novel therapies are examined. This review seeks to enhance more holistic and patient-focused HIV care models that go beyond just the quick resolution of anemia.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 June 2025; Reviewed 10 July 2025; Accepted 18 August; Available online 15 September 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Francis Adou Yapo, Felix Houphouet Boigny, University of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NEWBOULDIA LAEVIS (P. BEAUV.): REVIEW OF ITS TRADITIONAL USES AND SOME PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE LAST DECADE
Get PDFNatural products of plant and marine origin have been used traditionally to treat disease since antiquity. Traditional medicine uses different organs of the plant to treat many diseases, including leaves, flowers, stems and roots. Despite the advances in modern medicine, herbal medicine still offers many advantages. This study focused on traditional and scientific research informations on Newbouldia laevis. The plant's ethnobotanical, medicinal and biological uses have been studied. Research studies have reported on some extracts obtained from different organs of the plant. Extracts contain several secondary metabolites,for example : polyphenols, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinolones, glycosides, essential oils, etc.Various health benefits are claimed for extracts and compounds isolated from plant organs. These scientific studies then represented the area of excellence of the plant's pharmaceutical activity. People was interested in using plants because they had both therapeutic and nutritional qualities. In this article, we have highlighted several key works completed (ethnobotanical, pharmaceutical activities) on Newbouldia laevis for the past decade. The ethnobotanical and biological studies revealed the medicinal plant's potential, which needs to be developed and protected. This study built on previous research and applications in order to guide future refill work.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 April 2025; Reviewed 13 May 2025; Accepted 20 June; Available online 15 July 2025
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Kolawole Oyetunji Timothy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Leyla Açık, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, [email protected]