Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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BACTERIAL CAUSES AND ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF EXTERNAL OCULAR INFECTIONS IN SELECTED OPHTHALMOLOGY CLINICS IN SANA’A CITY
Get PDFObjectives: The aim of the current study was to reveal the bacterial profile and pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics for external ocular infections for patients who attended selected ophthalmology clinics in the city of Sana’a.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used from September 2016 to October 2017 where a total of 197 patients with infection of external eye were included in the study which included conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis and Blepharoconjunctivitis. Samples were collected and transferred to the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL), in Sana'a. Possible bacterial pathogens have been isolated and identified using regular laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing has been carried out using a disc diffusion method.
Results: A total of 197 ocular samples were obtained for microbiological evaluation, of these 146 (74.1%) have bacterial growth. Bacteria of Gram positive accounted for 52.1% and the prevalent isolation was S. aureus (30.1%). Gram negative bacteria made up 47.9% and the predominant isolation was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.7%). The majority of Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (90% - 100%), vancomycin (86% - 100%) and Gram-negative isolates sensitive for amikacin (100%) and ciprofloxacin (63% - 100%).
Conclusion: These results revealed that Gram-positive bacteria were the generally common bacteria isolated from infections of external eye and were more susceptible to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin while Gram-negative isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The high rate of resistance for most antibiotics in Yemen, leaves ophthalmologists with very few options of drugs to treat eye infections. Large-scale ongoing studies in the future should also be conducted in order to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of the external ocular bacterial isolates.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 April 2020; Revised 11 May; Accepted 26 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Jucimary Vieira dos Santos, Hemonorte Dalton Barbosa Cunha, Brazil, [email protected]
Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]
AN OVERVIEW ON PHARMACOPOEIAS IN THE WORLD AND MONOGRAPH ELABORATION TECHNIQUES
Get PDFPharmacopoeias are official sources that contain national and international rules that must be complied with legally and scientifically regarding substances, materials, drugs, devices and methods used in pharmaceutical field and pharmaceutical production. The monographs are consisted of general titles such as definition, production, characters, identification, tests, assay, storage, labelling and impurities. The World Health Organization states that sixty eight different pharmacopoeia continue to be used effectively in fifty six countries around the world. In this review information about national and international wold pharmacopoeias, structure and general content of pharmacopoeias, and monograph elaboration techniques are given.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 April 2020; Revised 9 May; Accepted 23 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Mohammed Abdel-Wahab Sayed Abourehab, Umm Al-Qura University; Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia, [email protected]
Heba M. Abd-El-Azim, Faculty of Pharmacy – Damanhour University, [email protected]
LONG CHAIN POLYMERIC CARBOHYDRATE DEPENDENT NANOCOMPOSITES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
Get PDFThe use of nanomedicine has increased enormously, especially in the field of gene delivery and targeted drug delivery. The objective of current review to identify long-chain polymeric carbohydrate dependent nano-composites in tissue engineering such gellan gum incorporated TiO2 nanotubes, Poly(vinyl) alcohol-gellan gum-based nanofiber, cross-linked gellan/pva nanofibers, nanocellulose reinforced gellan-gum hydrogels, dextran and sol-gel derived bioactive glass-ceramic nanoparticles, aminated β-cyclodextrin-modified-carboxylated magnetic cobalt/nanocellulose composite, chitosan-chitin nanocrystal composite scaffolds, sodium alginate-xanthan gum-based nano-composite scaffolds, nano-hydroxyapatite pullulan/dextran polysaccharide composite, chitosan/carbon nanofibers scaffolds, nano-bio composite scaffold of chitosan–gelatin–alginate–hydroxyapatite, alginate/gelatin scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coating,nano-hydroxyapatite-alginate-gelatinmicrocapsule, poly(ε-caprolactone)/keratin nano fibrousmats, keratin nanoparticles-coating electrospun pva nanofiber, nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid and chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/nano-bioglass. The current review has identified a list of medicinal herbs that have been incorporated into long chain polymeric carbohydrate-based nano-composites.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 June 2020; Revised 7 July; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Shahin Gavanji, World Academy of Medical Sciences, Iran, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
Message
Get PDFHigh-quality research is essential for our beloved UJPR to achieve its constitutional goal, that is, to help all peoples attain the highest possible standard of health. Research and evidence that research outcomes are critical components of improving health, our journal has always given high priority to research from developing countries. The primary importance of research for the journal has been determined to promote and conduct research in the field of health.
The journal's strategy for research in health is based on the premise that health-promoting policies and practices around the world must be anchored in the best scientific knowledge. The mission of the strategy is that all partners must work together to harness science, technology and broader knowledge in order to produce research-based evidence and tools to improve global health.
The journal's strategy is based on a number of key features: neutrality and independence; Global membership, unique and broad experience in public health and scientific research; Global normative role; adhere to evidence; the ability to invite scientists, researchers, scientific experts and other stakeholders to publish and benefit from the research published in the journal; The decision-making process should be guided by the principles of quality, impact and comprehensiveness of this research at the national, regional and global levels.
Achieving such goals requires teamwork, and for this I appeal to all members of the journal to continuous sincere work and not leave the honorable brother, the journal editor in chief, to make the most of the effort to make the journal succeed and achieve its noble goals, as well as to deliver the journal to the prestigious position it deserves, as we all reach the delivery of the journal to Escopes in during the coming period - and I repeat here the title - a person is little by himself, much with his/her brothers/daughters
ENHANCEMENT OF WOUND HEALING BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR IN ANIMAL MODEL
Get PDFObjective: Wound healing is a complex process of biological events involving re-epithelialization and granulation that are mainly mediated by several endogenously released growth factors such as epidermal growth factor. This work was undertaken to study the effects of various doses of locally applied recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) on wound healing in rats.
Methods: Recombinant human EGF consists of 53 amino acids. In vitro, rhEGF promoted its obvious cell growth and proliferation when added to cultured 3T3 cells using MTT assay. In the test groups, in vivo, wound sites were given daily with a solution containing 2, 5, 10, 50ug of EGF spray and 40ug of EGF ointment, respectively. Results: Current study presented evidence that a significant decreased healing time in wound was observed in all rhEGF groups when compared with the control, and reach to its maximal efficacy at 10ug/ml of rhEGF spray. The rate of wound closure was over 50% at initial 3 days of treatment. Treatment with rhEGF significantly decreased the length of time to over 50% healing by approximately 4-5 days, and that to 70% and 90% healing by approximately 3-4 days and 3 days, respectively. A stimulatory, dose-dependent effect of EGF on wound healing was observed with increased hEGF concentration. In toxicological group, higher doses of 100ug/ml of rhEGF spray was applied by local dorsal incision in rats. Moreover, a dose of single 200ug, single 300ug or 300ug within 24 hrs of subcutaneous and intramuscular rhEGF injection was given respectively. There were no significant adverse side effects. Conclusion: Current study recommended a proposal of clinical drug doses in wound at 2µg, 5 µg and 10 µg /ml of rhEGF spray, and 10 µg and even higher 40 µg rhEGF/g of ointment. The results indicated that prepared rhEGF by genetic engineering in current study is safe, and is emerging in clinical effective use in assisting wound healing time.
Peer Review History:
Received 9 December 2019; Revised 15 January 2020; Accepted 26 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Asmaa Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Khalifa, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Sabah Hussien El-Ghaiesh , Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]
OCCLUSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRIMARY DENTITION AMONG A SAMPLE OF YEMENI PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
Get PDFObjective: The occlusal features change dynamically in the growing children and any disruption in the complex craniofacial growth process may lead to malocclusion, which is a major concern for the pediatric community because of its effects on dental function and beauty, as well as on the child's psyche. The aim of the present study was to study the prevalence of different occlusal traits in the primary dentition of the randomly selected pre-school children from three to five years in the city of Sana’a, Yemen.
Methods: The study includes 1106 pre-school children subjected to a dental examination performed in the school premise, using the Foster and Hamilton criteria for occlusal traits. As well as inter- and intra-calibration tests were conducted for assessing the degree of agreeability.
Results: Results of the study showed that the Bilateral flush terminal molar relationship was found in 60%, bilateral mesial step in 27.9%, asymmetrical relationship in 8.5% and distal step in 3.5% of tested children. The Bilateral canine class I was detected in 62.8%, asymmetrical relationship (13.6%), class II (12.5%) and class III (11.1%). Normal over-jet (OJ) of 1-3 mm was identified in 39.2%, decreased OJ <1 mm (32.7%) and edge-to-edge (8.8%). Ideal over-bite (OB) of 1-50% was detected in 64.5% and increased OB of > 50% (19.7%).
Conclusion: In conclusion theBilateral flush terminal molar, class I canine relationships, normal overjet (OJ) of 1-3mm were the most commonly found sagittal occlusal traits in the current study. Ideal over-bite (OB) of 1-50% were identified in more than half of the children.
Peer Review History:
Received 7 December 2019; Revised 15 January 2020; Accepted 26 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Aya Mohammed Mohammed Essawy, MTI University- Mokattam, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Nada Farrag, Misr International University, Egypt, [email protected]
ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF TAPINANTHUS GLOBIFERUS GROWING ON VITEX DONIANA AGAINST SOME FUNGAL ISOLATES
Get PDFObjective: Fungal infections are the major cause of many skin diseases, especially in developing countries. Natural products of medicinal value represent a potential source of chemotherapeutic agents. Tapinanthus globiferus has been used extensively in ethnomedicine for the treatment hypertension, ulcer, cancer, diabetes and fungal infections without a scientific basis. This work was aimed at screening the phytochemical constituents and evaluating the antifungal properties of methanol leaf extract its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of T. globiferus against some clinical fungal isolates including Candida albicans, Trychophyton mentagrophytes, Trychophyton rubrum and Aspergillus niger using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution techniques.
Methods: Preliminary screening of phytochemical constituents of extract and fractions of T. globiferus indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes.
Results: The methanol extract and its fractions demonstrated significant (P<0.05) antifungal effect against all the test organisms with mean zone of inhibition ranging from 27.83±0.16 – 14.46±0.29mm which was higher compared to that of the standard drug, Fluconazole (26.1±0.44 –18.49±0.16 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the extract ranged between 6.25 – 25.0 mg/mL; ethyl acetate fraction had 3.13 – 25.0 mg/mL while n-butanol fraction had the least MIC ranging from 0.39-12.5 mg/mL against the test organisms.
Conclusion: Study concluded that T. globiferus have good antifungal activity validating the ethnomedicinal claim for the use of the plant in the treating fungal diseases.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 December 2019; Revised 14 January 2020; Accepted 28 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Mahmut Yıldıztekin, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey, [email protected]
FREQUENCY OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN IBB CITY-YEMEN
Get PDFObjectives: Intestinal parasitic infections are widely distributed and remain one of the most health problems in Yemen. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection and associated factors among schoolchildren in Ibb City, Yemen.
Methods: A total of 300 stool samples were collected from schoolchildren between January to April 2018 and examined by direct smear and formalin ether concentration techniques.
Results: The result showed that 62.7% were positive for intestinal parasites, with a higher frequency of single than multiple infections (85.1 vs. 14.36%, respectively). Also, 85.64% were infected by protozoa whereas 14.36% infected by helminths. The prevalence of infection was 61.70% for Entameba histolytica, 23.94% for Giardia lamblia, 7.45% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 4.3% for Hymenolepis nana, and 2.61% for Enterobius vermicularis. Moreover, the highest prevalence of E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and A. lumbricoides was within group aged 9-12 years. H. nana was between age groups of 9-12 and 13-16 years while E. vermicularis was found among 5-8 and 9-12 years. In addition, females were 69% infected significantly higher than males 54.55%. Besides, the various signs and symptoms associated with intestinal infections have been documented.
Conclusion: High prevalence of intestinal infection was documented among schoolchildren drinking from cistern water, poor hygiene practices, poor food sanitation, non-swimming, and non-previously treated for Schistosoma parasite. High frequency of intestinal parasitic infection between schoolchildren in the study area requires more effort to implement the appropriate programmers that warrant to control and prevention the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 February 2020; Revised 12 March; Accepted 23 April; Available online 15 May 2020
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Hebatallaha A Moustafa, Ain Shams University, Egypt, [email protected]
QUALITY EVALUATION OF BIOSIMILAR MEDICINES: AN OVERVIEW
Get PDFBiosimilar medicines are biotherapeutics that are similar in quality, safety and efficacy to previously licensed reference biotherapeutics. The slightest change in any stage of production can cause differences in the product. Among the factors, affecting production can be listed as; host cell selection, fermenter type, ambient conditions, broth, substances used for cell culture, fermentation method and purification method. The similarity should be demonstrated by comparative quality, non-clinical and clinical tests. Research and development studies in the biopharmaceutical field bring diversity of quality control methods along with the formulation and manufacturing method of the biosimilars. Although there are some standardized and validated quality control methods given in the internationally recognized pharmacopoeias, there are many in house methods of biopharmaceutical product owners that can only be used as internal quality control methods by them. The main international sources for quality control methods of biopharmaceutics can be given as pharmacopoeias, International Organization for Standardization standards and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development methods. In this review manufacturing process, regulatory guidelines and quality control of biosimilar medicines briefly are given.
Peer Review History:
Received 1 February 2020; Revised 13 March; Accepted 28 April; Available online 15 May 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Maha Khalifa Ahmed Khalifa, Al-Azhar Universit - Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS IMPACT IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING MAJOR ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY IN SUDAN
Get PDFObjective: Venous thromboembolism is an important complication of major orthopedic surgery. The aim of present study was to investigate the efficacy of the currently used thromboprophylaxis protocol, determine the incidence of VTE post operatively and the risk factors behind it in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive study for 403 patients underwent major orthopedic surgery from July 2013 to July 2014 in main hospitals in Khartoum state where major orthopedic surgery performed. Data were collected using observation checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 22 to study the association between the type of surgery, patient’s risk factors, choice and duration of thromboprophylaxis and development of VTE after major orthopedic surgery.
Results: Total 403 patients were incorporated the study, 2.73% were diagnosed with DVT developed within 5 days post operatively. 1.64% of the patients not received any type of thromboprophylaxis, 0.27% wore compression stocking. Pharmacological methods were used in the rest of the patients, 96.72% administered to them enoxaparine. 75.95% of the patients presented with one or more than one risk factors for VTE other than the orthopedic surgery. 4% of patients received thromboprophylaxis for more than 14 days while 96% received it for 3-5 days. The incidence of DVT was higher in diabetic patients (p- value= 0.03) and hypertensive (p- value= 0.046) who aged ≥60 years.
Conclusion: Results showed that VTE was a significant complication of major orthopedic surgery, despite the use of thromboprophylaxis and the incidence was 2.73% in our study.
Peer Review History:
Received 8 April 2020; Revised 7 May; Accepted 24 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Michael Otakhor Erhunmwunse, St. Philomena Catholic Hospital, Nigeria, [email protected]
Francesco Ferrara, USL Umbria, Pharmacy Department, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]