Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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AWARENESS OF PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ASPARTAME SIDE EFFECTS IN KHARTOUM CITY, SUDAN
Get PDFObjective: Aspartame (or APM) is the name for an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in many foods and beverages. Aspartame is the methyl ester of a phenylalanine/aspartic acid dipeptide. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It is 200 times sweeter than sugar in typical concentrations, without the high-energy value of sugar. Aim of current study was to study the awareness of pharmacists about aspartame side effects.
Materials and methods: This study was carried in greater Khartoum, questionnaire for pharmacists to see the consumption and the awareness of them to these interactions during the period from September 2014 to November 2014.Study was conducted among practicing pharmacists. A pre designed and tested questionnaire were used for each category to collect the data. From the hospitals manager.
Results: 32% were aware of the number of aspartame products. Pharmacists when asked how many patients purchase aspartame products per day, answers showed that 74.5% ranged between 1-10 patients per day, About pharmacist’s expectations to develop side effects due to aspartame, use regularly showed that 75% agreed that it would. pharmacists claimed that aspartame can or worsen a certain list of some diseases in which that diabetes represented 30%, Alzheimer’s 28% , attention deficit disorder 17.3% , psychological disorders.
Conclusion: The majority of community pharmacists expect side effects can be developed due to aspartame regular use by patients but majority didn’t know what are the exact side effects and the exact diseases that can be worsened when using aspartame.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 April 2020; Revised 12 May; Accepted 27 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Nada Farrag, Misr International University Egypt, [email protected]
TISSUE ENGINEERING BIOREACTORS: POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND SCALE UP STRATEGY
Get PDFTissue engineering bioreactors have been used in order to achieve production of artificial tissue, increasing cell proliferation capacity and yield and/or in vitro tissue/disease modelling. Although it is still discussing how to obtain functional and vascular tissue with these bioreactors, preclinical and clinical studies are ongoing. Tissue engineering bioreactors have been used as lab-scale bioreactors until now. Crucial potential application areas can be created by increasing the production capacity and bioprocess efficiency of these bioreactors. In this review, recent bioreactor technologies such as spinner flask, rotating wall/bed, hollow fiber membrane, perfusion and mechanical stimuli bioreactors are briefly presented in terms of their potential applications in medical field especially in the scope of scale-up approaches such as bubble column, stirred tank, membrane, air lift, fluidized packed and bed bioreactors.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 April 2020; Revised 12 May; Accepted 23 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Viney Chawla, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Sadiq Road, Faridkot-Punjab 151203, [email protected]
PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH EOSINOPHILIA AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN WADIDHAHAR DISTRICT AT SANA’A GOVERNORATE, YEMEN
Get PDFObjectives: Allergy and parasitic infections are common causes of blood eosinophilia. Intestinal helminthiasis remains a major health problem in many developing countries. Eosinophils are an effector immune cell against parasites.The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis and eosinophilia among primary schoolchildren in WadiDhahr district, Sana’a governorate, Yemen.
Subjects and methods: Four hundred and fourteen pupils were enrolled in this study. Blood and stool samples were collected from each pupil. Stool samples were examined using Hoffman’s sedimentation method for the presence of worms’ ova.Blood smears were stained with Giemsa stain and used for counting the eosinophils’ percentages.
Results: Out of 414 specimens, the prevalence of intestinal helminths infections was 79(19%) among schoolchildren; (52 (18%) males and 27 (21%) females). Eosinophilia was 134 (32%) observed in the participated pupils; 86 (30%) males and 48 (37%) females. The age group 5-10 years had the highest frequent rate of eosinophilia with a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 10.4, P = 0.002) and 60% of infected students with intestinal worms had eosinophilia (χ2 = 32.8, P< 0.001). Females had a higher rate of eosinophilia than males. The most common helminthiasis infections were hymenolepiasis (10.6%) followed by ascariasis (4.1%), enterobiasis (2.7%), and taeniasis (2.4%). The high rate of eosinophilia was recorded among students infected with Ascaris lumbricoides (82%) followed by Enterobius vermicularis (73%), Trichuristrichiura(67%), Hymenolepis nana (59%), and Taeniasaginata (30%).
Conclusions: Intestinal helminthiasis still a common health problem among schoolchildrenin WadiDhahar district at Sana’a governorate, Yemen, and was found to be associated with high blood eosinophils. Eosinophilia was statistically significant among students infected with ascariasis, hymenolepiasis, and enterobiasis but not with taeniasis and trichuriasis.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 June 2020; Revised 13 July; Accepted 24 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected]
Omnia Momtaz Al-Fakharany, Tanta University, Egypt, [email protected]
BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CANDIDA ISOLATES FROM ORAL CAVITY AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF FIXED ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES
Get PDFBackground and aims: Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA) act as diverse impact zones and modify microbial adherence and colonization, acting as unfamiliar reserves and potential sources of infection This study was conducted to inspect the effect of the introduction of fixed orthodontic appliances on the growth and adherence (biofilm formation) of Candida species. And also to reveal the species distribution and antifungal sensitivity to isolated Candida species.
Material and methods: The trial group was chosen from orthodontic patients whom were inspected clinically as soon as to get baseline information prior to active treatment. The group included 210 patients; 165 females, and 45 males, (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic, and risk factor data were collected in a standard questionnaire and then each individual was directed to perform an oral rinse with phosphate-buffered saline, which was expectorated and processed proposed for the isolation and identification of Candida species by standard methods. After that, the isolated Candida species were tested for biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of oral Candida species was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole.
Results: The most common yeast colonized oral cavity after the introduction of FOA was C. albicans (72.5%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (12.5%), while Candida parapsilosis only was 2.5%. The rate of formation of biofilms was 52.5% for all types of Candida, and it was found that biofilm formation occurs more frequently among C. tropicals and C. glabrata (60%) than C. albicans (48.3%). All Candida species isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and ketoconazole while resistance to fluconazole was found in 40% of C. tropicalis and 20% in C. glabrata and 13.8% in C. albicans.
Conclusion: The present study proved that C. albicans is still the major isolate from the oral cavity after the introduction of FOA, but non-albicans species colonization is raised and FOA might be a factor for biofilm formation. The C. tropicalis and C. glabrata were more– biofilm-producers compared to C. albicans. The isolated species in the current study are less susceptible to fluconazole and drug resistant factor in the Candida species isolates was found to be associated with biofilm formation.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 June 2020; Revised 11 July; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Edrees, Hajjah University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia, [email protected]
PHYTOCHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS ISOLATED FROM ROOT OF THE MEDICINAL HERB, CARALLUMA QUADRANGULA
Get PDFObjective: Present study aim for the purification of quantitative phytochemical compounds from roots of Caralluma quadrangula belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. This type of plants can be use as folk medicine to take care of wide diversity of health and diseases situation.
Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis for different type of chemical compounds by using various chromatographic techniques. The phytochemical characterizations were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.
Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of this species exhibited the presence four pure compounds, hydroxyoplopan-4-one (4.5 mg), dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (5.0 mg), and quercetin- rhamnopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose (Rutin) (7.0 mg).
Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that the species found four pure compounds from C. quadrangula.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 June 2020; Revised 11 July; Accepted 25 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Ahmad Najib, Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia, [email protected]
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICACY OF STEM CELLS IN CORNEAL REGENERATION IN A CHEMICAL BURN IN RABBITS
Get PDFObjectives: This study compares the efficacy of stem cell transplantation in corneal regeneration and restoration of the limbic deficit in an experimental chemical burn in rabbits.
Methods: Biopsy was performed of the limbus and the chemical burns for all rabbits, and we collected the amniotic membranes from a pregnant female rabbit. We kept a control group without transplantation, to study spontaneous and natural healing, and we transplanted the stem cells produced in vitro under the corneal epithelium burned. To compare the result, we tested a group for amniotic stem cell transplantation, a group for limbal stem cell graft, and another group for combined transplantation of both types of stem cells.
Results: Transplanted rabbits develop permanent unilateral blindness due to a severe limbic deficit. The group receiving only amniotic stem cells shows temporary anatomical improvement without functional recovery. The two groups receiving limbal stem cells alone or combined with amniotic stem cells showed anatomical and functional satisfaction with quick recovery time for the combined transplantation.
Conclusions: A simple chemical burn can establish permanent blindness. When the limbic deficit is important, spontaneous healing is not available. Transplantation of stem cell transplant is the only way to repair this deficit and regenerate the cornea. Only limbic stem cells can be sufficient. Amniotic stem cells can support and speed up the healing time when it combined to limbal stem cells graft.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 June 2020; Revised 11 July; Accepted 23 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Mohamed Amin El-Emam, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria (PUA), Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Francesco Ferrara,USL Umbria 1, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]
Maged Almezgagi, Department of Immunology, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai Xining 810001, China, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE COURSE AND VISIBILITY OF THE MANDIBULAR CANAL BY PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY
Get PDFBackground and Objectives: The mandibular canal is a canal inside the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar artery, the inferior alveolar nerve and the inferior alveolar vein. The anatomy and variations of the human mandible are very important for planning various surgical measures such as extraction of the third molar, dental implants and mandibular reconstruction. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of the different courses of the mandibular canal and to investigate the visibility of the mandibular canal by panoramic radiography, among a sample of Yemeni adults.
Subjects and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Sana'a city on a sample of Yemeni adults. The study consisted of panoramic radiographs of 928 patients; the number of males was 340 (36.6%) and 588 females (63.4%). The mandibular canal course, as shown in the panoramic radiographs, was classified into four types: elliptical, linear, turning curves and spoon-shaped. The visibility of this canal from the first to the third molar region was assessed through visual determination of whether the lower canal was clearly visible, possibly visible, or invisible.
Results: Elliptical curves were the most observed along the mandibular canal course at 62.2% of the total, followed by the linear curve (24.8%) while the lower rate curve spoon (7.9%) and the turning curve (5.2%). There were no statistically considerable differences between the distribution of the mandibular canal courses between males and females except in the spoon curve where the ratio was 10.8% in males versus 6.1% in females (p <0.05). The percentage of clearly visible mandibular canals was the highest among the spoon-shaped curves (49.9% in the first molar, 63% in the second, 78.1% in the third molar) and the lowest among the linear curves (10.9% in the first, 18.7% in the second and 33.5% in the third molar). On panoramic radiographs, the invisible mandibular canals are found in 198 (21.3%) of the examined sites in the first molar region, in 85 (11%) in the second molar region, and in only 6 (0.64%) in the third molar region.
Conclusion: It was observed that elliptical curves along the path of the mandibular canal were the most present, while a decrease in the ratio of the two types of spoon curve and turning curve was observed. It was found that spoon curve was significantly more common among males than females. It was also found that the visibility of madibular canal is fewer in the first molar region than in the third molar region.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 August 2020; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 25 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Sunita Singh, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, [email protected]
Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, Thamar University, Yemen, [email protected]
IN SILICO ANTIMALARIAL TARGET SELECTION CONSERVED IN FOUR PLASMODIUM SPECIES
Get PDFObjectives: The need for new antimalarials drugs and drug targets is pertinent due to the emergence of drug resistant strains of the parasites. Improper target selection has resulted in therapeutic failure. The genomic/post genomic era has made possible the deciphering of the 3D crystal structures of proteins and DNA which are drug targets and are deposited in the protein data bank.
Methods: Novel antimalarial targets obtained from evolutionary conserved short sequence motifs are utilised and are essential in transcription processes in the parasite. The motifs TGCATGCA, GTGCAC and GTGCGTGC were curated from experimental work, validated and analysed via phylogenomics genomics and comparative genomics. PlasmoDB blastn was applied to determine their similarity in Plasmodium vivax, knowlesi, Ovale and yoeli. The complete genome of Plasmodium falciparum vivax, knowlesi, Ovale and yoeli was downloaded from the plasmoDB and their positions determined.
Results: The targets are essential, conserved in rodent and mammalian species via phylogenomics with percentage identity and similarity greater than 80%, have no similar genes in the same genome and also found to be selective in the parasites vis-à-vis the Homo sapiens via comparative genomics with 0% identity and similarity in the human genome.
Conclusion: The targets reveal at the molecular and biochemical level, the vulnerable regions in the parasite while safe in human hence their choices in subsequent rationale drug discovery and design protocols.
Peer Review History:
Received: 8 August 2020; Revised: 11 September; Accepted: 23 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Tamer ELHABIBI, ERU University, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Soroush Sardari, Biotech Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF PSIADIA PUNCTULATA GROWING IN YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Psiadia punctulata growing in Yemen is used traditionally for different medicinal purpose, such as in casts of broken bones and for relief of pain, fever and abdominal pain.
Objective: To determine the chemical composition and to assess the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity of P. punctulata leaf extracts.
Method: Phytochemical screening of P. punctulata ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were performed using chemical tests and thin layer chromatography. An acute oral toxicity study was conducted in rats by administering oral ethanol leaf extract of up to 5000 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (200, 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (20 mg/kg) were evaluated using a formalin-induced inflammation rat model. The analgesic activity of orally administered ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts (100, 200, 300mg/kg), compared to diclofenac (20 mg/kg) were evaluated by a formalin-based test as well. The antipyretic activity of oral ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (400 mg/kg) versus paracetamol (150mg/kg) was assessed in Baker’s Yeast-induced pyrexia rats.
Results: The phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, phenolic compounds/tannins, phytosterols, saponins, gum and mucilage. The ethanol extract of the plant was apparently safe in rats at doses as high as 5000 mg/kg body weight. Time- and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) were clearly observed in rats. The results showed that both extracts exerted significant analgesic and antipyretic effects.
Conclusion: Psiadia punctulata possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities with a wide safety margin.
Peer Review History:
Received: 8 August 2020; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 25 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Ahmad Najib, Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia, [email protected]
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