Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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THE PRACTICE AND PERCEPTION OF HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ERRORS IN DISPENSING MEDICINES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CAUSES IN OMDURMAN MILITARY HOSPITAL, SUDAN
Get PDFIntroduction: Hospital pharmacies dispensing errors are common and investigating them for identifying factors involved in it and developing strategies to minimize their occurrence. Errors can arise at any stage during the dispensing process. Dispensing errors were identified by checking the prescribed drug against the dispensed medication.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study involving 100 pharmacists who were administered a survey research designed to assess pharmacists' attitudes, factors associated with DEs and involvement in DE, conducted between 1st January 2019 and 1st February 2019 at Omdurman Military Hospital (OMH) Pharmacies. A data analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21.
Results: 55% from the pharmacists in the study have poor attitude toward dispensing errors. The most common factors influencing dispensing errors as stated by participants were lack of therapeutic training (stated by 81%), 62% from the participants stated that workload and time pressure are causes of dispensing errors in area of factors associated with the work environment. 48% from the pharmacists in the study committing dispensing errors, 41.7% from them committed dispensing errors once while 23% committed fourth or more.
Conclusion: With the multiplicity of risk factors in our environment, there is urgent need to reinforce the training of pharmacists and the provision of resource materials and enabling work environment aimed at minimizing medication errors.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 August 2020; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 25 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
SEROPREVALENCE OF DENGUE FEVER VIRUS AMONG SUSPECTED PATIENTS IN TAIZ GOVERNORATE-YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Dengue Fever virus (DENV) considers one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world and it is endemic in more than 100 countries.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of DENV infection among suspected patients and to investigate some associated risk factors with dengue fever infection in Taiz governorate, Yemen.
Methods: This study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and experimental, combining the use of a structured questionnaire and analysis of serum samples obtained from 300 suspected patients attending at many hospital and clinic centers in Taiz during the period from July to November 2016. The serum samples were tested for anti-dengue immunoglobulin (IgM) and (IgG) by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIZA).
Results: Out of 300 suspected febrile cases, it was found that 49(16.3%), 68(22.7%), and 17(5.7%) cases were showed positive for the IgM, IgG, and both IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively, while 166 (55.3%) cases were negative. The incidence rate was more in males than in females. The most affected age group with dengue fever infection were (21–30) years. Dengue Fever was more frequent among patients coming from the urban area, having secondary school, and low-income status people. Also, there was statistical significant between DENV infections with a place of residencyand gender (P<0.05) and not-statistical significance between DENV infections and other factors (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Taiz governorate become one of the endemic governorates in Yemen particularly the Taiz city which should be brought to the attention of public health authorities.
Peer Review History:
Received: 7 August 2020; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 28 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Prof. Kumud Upadhyaya, Kumaon University, Nainital, UK, India, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
HEATING EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE CONTENTS OF COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS)
Get PDFObjective: Plant chemicals and nutrients abound in different parts of plants and in different compositions. P. vulgaris (kidney beans) is a nourishing leguminous food commonly eaten by both human beings and animals in the world due to its health benefits and risk reduction of diseases. It is however, indispensible for plants’ food stuff to retain their phytonutrients for maximum benefits. This study therefore investigated the effect of heat on the phytochemicals and proximate contents in cooked P. vulgaris (kidney beans).
Methods: P. vulgaris (kidney bean) was prepared by winnowing, hand picking of stones and removal of dirt and then lightly washed to remove dust and air dried. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and proximate (nutrient contents) analysis were determined on fresh kidney bean (FKB) and cooked kidney bean (CKB).
Results: Results of phytochemical quantification revealed a significant (p˂0.05) increase of alkaloids and saponins in FKB than those in CKB, significant (p˂0.05) increase of flavonoids, glycosides and tannins in CKB than those in FKB. While proximate analysis of cooked sample (CKB) showed significant (p˂0.05) increase in protein content, crude ash content and carbohydrate content FKB.
Conclusion: Obviously, the increased concentrations of phytochemicals in fresh Phaseolus vulgaris may be due to the absence of heat action and the heating effect on cooked P. vulgaris could unleash the high rich nutrients value and could supply its antioxidants roles, thereby improving healthy life when eaten cooked. It was observed that cooking significantly reduced the crude fat. Cooking increased the levels of flavonoids, carbohydrate and protein contents.
Peer Review History:
Received 9 October 2019; Revised 5 November; Accepted 28 December; Available online 15 January 2020
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hüsniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Said Fathy Al-Refaey, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS DURING PREGNANCY IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and objective: Women at pregnancy are further susceptible to vaginal colonization and yeast infection. The responsibility of Candida colonization in the incidence of preterm birth is correctly established. Knowing regional epidemiology and identifying risk factors of preterm birth are important for management and preventive strategies. The aim of the study was to reveal the prevalence of Candida species in vaginal swabs of pregnant women and determine odds ratio of risks for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).
Methods: Pregnant women attendance routine antenatal visits in Al-Olify –family Center in Sana'a city were registered into a cross-sectional study carried out from June 2018 to March 2019. The laboratory works were carried out in the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL). Samples of vaginal swabs were taken from contributors after obtaining oral consent. The classification of the Candida species was done by culture on HiCrome Candida Differential Agar at 35 °C for 48 h for making of species-specific colors. Data of demographic, clinical and risk factors were collected in a pre-designed questionnaire.
Results: A total of 190 pregnant women are included. The rate of VVC was 51.6%. Candida albicans accounted for 39.5% and non-Candida albicans accounted for 12.1% of isolates, mainly C. glabrata (4.7%), C. lipolytica (3.2%), and C. famata (2.1%). When VVC risk factors were considered, there were significant risk factors with the age group 20-24 years (61%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), first trimester of pregnancy (61.1%, OR = 1.7), Multipara of parity (61.8%, OR = 1.9), low socioeconomic level (60.1%, OR =2.4), and illiteracy (68%, OR = 2.2). When clinical symptoms were considered, only 86.2% of affected females had clinical signs of VVC.
Conclusions: There is a high probable rate of VVC is found among pregnant women in Yemen, undiagnosed and unnoticed; and this highlights the need for health authorities to develop strategies for diagnosing VVC, including vaginal swabs for candidiasis as a routine procedure for all pregnant women. This study also revealed a steady increase in time with a non-C. albicans species prevalence rate. VVC syndrome management guidelines in Yemen should be revised to include a special protocol for pregnant women.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 April 2020; Revised 19 May; Accepted 27 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Michael Otakhor Erhunmwunse, BTU – Cottbus, Germany, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Faculty of Pharmacy, International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected]
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS: PREVALENCE RATE, BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS
Get PDFBackground and objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common minor complication after operations, mostly due to bladder catheterization that used routinely during operations. This investigation seeks to determine prevalence rate, bacterial features, antibiotic sensitivity and risk factors for urinary tract infection in postoperative patients in tertiary hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen.
Methods: This prospective analysis included 390 patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018 at Al-Thawra Hospital. The study includes 258 male and 132 female between the ages 5 to 80 years. Clinical and demographic data and factors affecting UTIs were collected in the standard questionnaire, and the sample was obtained after catheter removal; or, in patients with a clinical indication of continuous catheterization, a sample was obtained after the replacement of a new catheter. The samples were cultured, examined for significant possible bacterial pathogens, isolated and identified by standard laboratory techniques, and microbial sensitivity testing was carried out by disc diffusion method. The operative characteristics associated with postoperative UTI were also analysis.
Results: Postoperative UTI (POUTI) occurred in 144/390 (37%), and the predominant post-operative uropathogen was Escherichia coli (34%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1(27%) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative (16.7%). In Gram-negative bacteria, high resistance to ampicillin (95%), nalidixic acid (63%), ceftriaxone (68%) and cotrimoxazole (55%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to amikacin (98%) and ciprofloxacin. (84%), cefotaxime (87%), gentamicin (87%) and imipenem (98%). In Gram-positive bacteria, high resistance to penicillin (90%), erythromycin (85%), and amoxicillin (78%) was recorded, while high sensitivity to aztreonam (94%), augmentin (83%), ciprofloxacin (93%), cefotaxime (86%), gentamicin (85%), Rifampicin (100%) and vancomycin (97%). The following characteristics are independently associated with postoperative UTI: female sex (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.2), Rubber PTFE catheter (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.99–11.4), longer duration of catheterization >10 days (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.3–8.3), overweight (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.9), and emergency surgery (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.0).
Conclusions: POUTI remains an important problem in our hospitals and what complicates the situation is that all the causative microorganisms are MDR with few treatment options; and several risk factors were independently associated with POUTI.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 April 2020; Revised 12 May; Accepted 27 June; Available online 15 July 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AMONG HEALTHY WITHOUT DIABETES IN SUDAN USING THE FINDRISC TOOL
Get PDFBackground and objective: Diabetes is increasingly recognized as a serious public health concern worldwide. The risk assessment of type 2 diabetes can be done through a risk questionnaire that provides an accurate, low-cost, educational and time-effective method for this. By early identification of people at risk of developing diabetes and if it is confirmed that they are in the pre-diabetes stage, adequate care is provided to them through lifestyle interventions or even hypoglycemic drugs if needed, thus delaying or preventing their progression to diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among healthy Sudanese without diabetes in Khartoum.
Methods: A cross-sectional study from Nov 2016-March 2017 comprising 122 adult participants, age (>20 yrs) visiting the garden yard located at airport street at Khartoum district without a diagnosis of T2DM was carried out. The risk of developing T2DM was assessed using the validated and widely used Finish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) Total Risk Score of each participant was analysed and compared. Knowledge assessment tool and Anthropometric measurements were also used.
Results: 122 participated in the study, the mean age of the participants was 31.55 ± 10.122, the mean BMI was 25.718 ± 5.813 and the mean of waist circumstances 90.2 ± 16.63. Estimated risk of developing T2DM in 10 years of study for participants according to FINDRISC, only 3.3% have a high risk.The risk factors for the participants in the study for developing DM type 2 were 66.4% has positive family history, 44.3% were overweight or obese, has 41.8% limited physical activity and 27.9% has central obesity. The pattern of vegetables and fruits daily intake according to FINDRISC only 36.1% from participants. Significant positive correlation (r= 0.395, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is >14, Estimated age: Y=24.1+ (0.9x15) = 37.9≈38years.Significant positive correlation (r= 0.6, p=0.000) High risk score of FINDRISC is > 14, Estimated BMI: Y= 19.24+ (0.8x15) = 31 Kg/ m2.
Conclusion: The knowledge about diabetes risk factors, classical symptoms and common complication was not satisfactory. None of the “at high” risk had their risk further investigated. While 25% adapted health their lifestyle. Large scale studies to test the validity of FINDRISC in Sudanese population should be conducted. Development of Sudanese population specific risk score that take into count the local risk factors is warranted.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 June 2020; Revised 10 July; Accepted 23 August; Available online 23 September 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Tanveer Ahmed Khan, Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected]
STUDY LITERATION OF CHEMICAL CONTENTS OF SOME PLANTS THAT POTENTIALLY AS THE SOLAR SOWS
Get PDFExcessive sun exposure causes the epidermal tissue of the skin to be unable to fight negative effects such as skin disorders ranging from mild dermatitis to skin cancer, so skin protection is needed such as the use of sunscreen, many plants in Indonesia contain phenolic and flavonoid contents that can potentially act as sunscreens. This study aims to determine the chemical content of several plants that have potential as sunscreen. Where this research was conducted through data collection from several scientific research journals. The data collection is done online using Google, Google Scholar. Based on the data obtained from several scientific research journals, it can be stated that some plants have the potential to act as sunscreens, by looking at the content they have, namely phenolic and flavonoids. The ethanol extract of 96% of Sembung Rambat Plants (Mikania micrantha Kunth) with an SPF value of 42.8810 with a total flavanoid content of 1.175%.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 August 2020; Revised: 13 September; Accepted: 24 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Ahmad Najib, Department of Pharmacognosy-Phytochemystry Universitas Muslim Indonesia-Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Said Fathy Al-Refaey, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG
Get PDFObjective: The objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate the mouth dissolving tablet of lacosamide using super disintegrants like Guar Gum, and other excipients like microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol in different concentrations by direct compression method. Lacosamide has been shown to be an effective antiepileptic agent appropriate for epilepsy patients.
Methods: The mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by a single punch machine using a powder blend of super disintegrants and lacosamide. Post-compression parameters like hardness, weight variation, friability, in-vitro dispersion, drug content uniformity, and in-vitro drug release studies were carried out for all formulations.
Results: All formulations results were within official limits. Fast disintegration time obtained between 35sec. and 128 sec, was within the official limit. Different drug release kinetic models were applied for selecting batches for stability studies. These showed that there was no significant change in residual drug content in mouth dissolving tablets.
Conclusion: By the in-vitro disintegration, it is concluded that formulation prepared by Guar Gum (10%) showed faster disintegration time than that of MCC. This indicates that the use of super disintegrants increases the release of drug from the formulation. Therefore, it can be concluded that such mouth dissolving tablets are suitable delivery systems for lacosamide.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 October 2019; Revised 4 November; Accepted 29 December; Available online 15 January 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Salama, Modern University for Technology & Information, Egypt, [email protected]
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND THROMBOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF LEAVE EXTRACTS OF GARDENIA CORONARIA BUCH-HAM
Get PDFObjective: The objective of this study was assessing the diverse pharmacological efficacies of methanolic extracts of the whole plant of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham This study illustrates the phytochemicals, antioxidants and thrombolytic activity which have the possibility to be used in the coming future to open a new line of investigation. The Gardenia coronaria, one of the necessary traditional medicinal plants in Bangladesh. In the rural area this plant is used by a lot of people as a treatment from various disease.
Methods: Total sum of the flavonoids was spectrophotometrically ascertained with the help of aluminum chloride colorimetric assay as total phenolic and tannin content by Folin Chiocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity, ascertained by DPPH (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay giving some comparison between the resultant activity with the standard. The thombolytic activity was assessed based on the method of minor alterations.
Results: The percentage of clot lysis was 87.58% when 100 μl of streptokinase (30,000 I.U.), and the methanolic extract displayed the least clot lysis activity (26.79%), much less compared to the standard. It can be elicited that the extract of Gardenia coronaria Buch-Ham contains antioxidant and thrombolytic activity. The potential of these activities probably because of the availability of most of the phytochemicals supporting previous claims and verify its uses as an expected folk medicine.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 December 2019; Revised 12 January 2020; Accepted 24 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
ORAL CANDIDA ALBICANS COLONIZATION RATE IN FIXED ORTHODONTICS PATIENTS
Get PDFObjectives: The objective of this study was to assess the oral Candida albicans colonization ( OCAC) in a cluster of teenagers and young adults while being treated with a fixed orthodontic appliance (FOA).
Subjects and methods: The investigational group was selected from orthodontic patients whom were examined clinically as soon as to get baseline information before active treatment. The cluster included 210 patients; 45 males, 165 females (mean age 21.6 ± 4.5 years). Clinical, demographic data and risk factors were collected in standard questionnaire then each individual was directed to carry out oral wash by a phosphate-buffered saline solution, which was expectorated and processed intended for the isolation of Candida species on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The isolated Candida species were identifying by culturing on chromogenic Candida agar and notice species-specific colony natures.
Results: The predominant Candida species isolated was C. albicans with OCAC rate equal to 13.8% extensively enhanced after the insertion of a FOA, as revealed by the oral rinse (P < 0.05) techniques. The results also revealed an increase of OCAC in male patients (24.4%) than female patients (10.9%), 21-25 years patients (17.1%), and regular smoking and Qat chewing were significant associated risk factors (OR=28.6, OR=10.7 respectively , P < 0.0001). There was no significant association between C. albicans colonization with oral hygiene in fixed Orthodontic patients.
Conclusion: As a whole, the current data suggest that the introduction of FOA is likely to promote OCAC. Moreover, it becomes visible that the routine oral hygiene procedures performed by these patients may not necessarily reduce OCAC while smoking and chewing Qat habits significantly increased OCAC in FOA. Also smoking and Qat chewing during FOA treatment should be banned if potential harmful effects are to be prevented. Further work with a larger sample size is required to confirm or deny these results.
Peer Review History:
Received 7 February 2020; Revised 15 March; Accepted 28 April; Available online 15 May 2020
Academic Editor:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Tamer Mohamed Ali El Habibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]