Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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INFECTION CONTROL: STANDARD PRECAUTION MEASURES KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF MEDICAL DOCTORS AND NURSES IN SUDAN
Get PDFBackground and objectives: The emergence of life-threatening infections has highlighted the need for effective infection control programs in all health care settings. These programs are used to support hospitals in reducing the risk of healthcare-associated infection or nosocomial infection, and this study describes the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of standard infection control precautions among Health Care Workers in 3 teaching hospitals in Sudan.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2018 among healthcare workers in 3 teaching hospitals: Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Khartoum Bahri Teaching Hospital and Khartoum Teaching Hospital in Sudan. Data for 254 nurses and 283 working physicians were collected via a self-structured questionnaire to assess the KAP core components of standard precautions. The percentage of professional knowledge and practice scores was calculated and occupational differences in the average professional knowledge and practice scores were ascertained.
Result: A total of 429 out of 537 participating healthcare workers completed the questionnaire with a response rate of (79.9%), of whom (52.9%) were physicians and (47.1%) were nurses. (39.6%) of doctors and (53.5%) of nurses have a good level of knowledge, about (96%) of doctors and (97%) of nurses wash their hands after handling any bodily fluids, and this indicates that nearly And the doctors have a similar level of practice as well as a positive attitude. (91.1%) of doctors and (85.6%) of nurses think that they can be the source of transmission.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, the majority of nurses had good knowledge compared to fair knowledge physicians, with positive attitudes and practices of both physicians and nurses towards the infection control program. Policies that promote training of health care workers in standard precautions and ensure that infection control and prevention resources in health facilities are regularly provided are required in Sudan.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 August 2021; Revised: 6 September; Accepted: 8 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
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Get PDFHuman stay alive on knowledge and scientific knowledge does not cease to go forward. Scientific Research and development at this instant are obligatory functions of teaching. The academic as well as research worth inherent in it is so exponential. The platform of UJPR is so much intended to persuade all the involved in the journal to contribute in assembly of the expertise, knowledge as well as wisdom. It inserts to verve of what are exiting on in lectures, practical sessions, seminar classes, library works and study, tutorials as well as research hours. UJPR is an universal journal that congregates academic professionals, editors and researchers from the globe. The scientific papers restrained in current issue are very important, informative, and instructive and also has been reviewed through several phases to uphold the quality of paper and rigorously follow public ethics (ICJME). Editorial Board members instigates from many countries like; India, Bangladesh China, Egypt, Nigeria, Malaysia, Ireland, Indonesia, Hungary, United States, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Kingdom, South Africa, Iraq, and Brazil. So National as well as International Editorial board members are very much dynamic for valued guidance, scientific suggestions, encouragement, continuous monitoring and contribution. Authors prompt from Nigeria, Egypt, India, China, and many others. The citation of UJPR is very much superior. It is indexed and abstracted in more than 40 well known indexing services including CAS, CASSI (American Chemical Society), DRJI, BASE, Directory of Science, ROAD, ESJI, COSMOS, Academic Keys, etc. many more. It is my great honor to inform you that in prior years "Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research" have successfully published more than 200 articles from many countries including Nigeria, Yemen, India, Cameroon, Egypt, China, Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Sudan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, USA, West Indies, and Nepal. The overwhelming yield of such a ample affluent portfolio of learned as well as glowing researched papers will absolutely be of much promote of the boarder arena of the world.
Greetings all the researchers for their precious contribution in this issue and most welcome the younger and prominent researcher for the upcoming issue.  
IN VITRO-IN VIVO BIO-EQUIVALENCE CORRELATION STUDY OF METRONIDAZOLE, AND ITS BRANDS OF IMMEDIATE RELEASE TABLET UNDER BIO-WAIVER CONDITIONS
Get PDFObjective: The aim of present study is to examine the in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) of immediate release product. Metronidazole 500mg and its brands of immediate release dosage forms. Metronidazole is clearly classified into BCS class I, and could be evaluated under bio waiver conditions. Methods: The in vitro parameters employed were hardness, weight uniformity, friability, disintegration time, absolute drug content, dissolution rate (in 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid, phosphate buffer and acetate buffer at 37ºC), and dissolution efficiencies were also analyzed. The in-vitro dissolution study was performed on the brands, according to FDA,USP dissolution profile in three different PH (1.2), (4.5), and (6.8) at37ºC, using the USP apparatus II, then f1, f2 were determined for the time intervals of 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes, and dissolution efficiencies were calculated. MINITAB 14 statistical program used for in vitro in vivo correlation, level A was done for reference product. Results: A non linear relation was established which is typical for immediate release formulation, of class 1. There was significant relationship between in vitro and in vivo data of reference metronidazole product, Correlation and distribution of data with correlation coefficient (r=0.724, 0.837, 0.707), nonlinear relationship with p-value (>0.05) =(0.167, 0.098, 0.182), there is no out lines, no lake of fits at P-Values=0.0040, 006, 0.026.Conclusion: Study concluded that there is no linear correlation between percent of drug released and percent of drug absorbed ,this may be due to uncontrollable gastric emptying rate for class one Metronidazole.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 December 2019; Revised 10 January 2020; Accepted 28 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Hayriye Eda Şatana Kara, Gazi University, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Ismail Nounou, Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, Virginia, USA, [email protected]
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Get PDFAre there laboratory experiments stating that the nigella eliminates the crown virus "Covid"? From what was inferred by some to conclude that the black seed has the ability to eliminate the crown virus, the results of laboratory research of a team of researchers at a medical institute in Turkey found that the experiments were carried out on cancerous cells and not on humans, and that the virus that was used is the type of coronavirus (Corona) - M.H.A. 59 - which is hostile to mice and not to humans, and does not affect the lung, but mostly the liver, kidney, and sometimes the brain. Here we have the virus - MHA 59 - differs completely and in detail from the crown virus-2019 (covid), which - that is, covid - antagonizes humans and not mice, and has the property of infecting the human lung in the first degree, not the liver or the brain, as the two strains differ In terms of the kind that incubates them (mouse versus human), and in terms of the type of disease that causes them, and then most likely to have two different treatments. Not to mention that one of the constants of experimental sciences and the development of drugs is that any drug can in no way be considered beneficial against a specific disease except by conducting direct experiments on a large number of patients (clinical trials), in a controlled study and the exact conditions that are not available here to go into, and must The study includes a controlled or controlled trial in which patients receive a "placebo", and compares the improvement of the condition of patients who took the placebo with the case of those who took the real drug. Drug development, as is known to experts, goes through several stages, the first and easiest, experiments on cells, then experiments are conducted on animals, and then the drug passes the first stage of clinical tests, in which only the safety of the beginning is tested, so that different amounts of the drug are tested in healthy people , Then the drug itself may be harmful and has serious side effects, and if the drug succeeds at this stage, then it passes through other stages to reach the stage of its use directly on patients. In many cases, the drug succeeds in the experiments on cells and animals, but it fails in human experiments, as a single cell is not like a complex body that contains different organs, hormones, etc. The human body differs from the bodies of animals, and therefore not every drug that shows effectiveness on individual cells or animals, will have the same effect in humans. There is no empirical research that states that in the black seed is a treatment against the crown epidemic of Covid, it is ignorance that a person will leap from experiments on cells or even animals, to infer the effect of a drug on humans, this is almost a criminal act, especially if the drug causes itself harmful to the human being, or if the patient can recover from illness with the use of a real medicine, then it was dispensed with a hypothetical drug, which was adorned for him by ignorance of the experimental sciences. UJPR is an International journal that gathers editors and researchers from all over the world. Each published research paper in the journal has been review through several stages to maintain the quality of paper of journal and strictly follow public ethics. I congratulate all the researchers for their contribution in this issue and welcome the eminent and younger for the next issue. A heritage to be carried, a dream to be nurtured, a goal to be succeeded, an era to be generated UJPR is a small step toward that mountain to be climbed
EUCALYPTUS ESSENTIAL OIL; AN OFF-LABEL USE TO PROTECT THE WORLD FROM COVID-19 PANDEMIC: REVIEW-BASED HYPOTHESES
Get PDFObjective: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 causes both health and economic crises and up till now no drug or vaccine has yet been approved. There is an increased demand to explore other complementary methods to protect the world. Eucalyptus essential oil; a popular off-label drug used to relieve nasal congestion via inhalation with promising effects on the upper respiratory diseases including viral infections.
Methods: In order to provide review-based hypotheses demonstrating eucalyptus essential oil beneficial role; several published studies were retrieved from different databases and websites till June 2020. The retrieved data declared the antiviral potentials against viruses of same subgenus or with same pattern and the beneficial effects on respiratory system, immunity and overall health improvement, along with declaring the application methods and safety.
Results: Off-label use of Eucalyptus essential oil by inhaling 12drops /150mL or 1.5% v/v solution boiling water may relief COVID-19 mild and moderate symptoms as pain, cough, respiratory inflammation, cytokine storm and dyspnea.
Conclusions: Experimental and clinical data proved that inhalation of eucalyptus essential oil may provide the ability to reduce COVID-19 patients symptoms and morbidity risk factors and may play a role as a preventative technique complementary to WHO guidance for beating COVID-19 virulence and transmission spread.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 June 2020; Revised 9 July; Accepted 20 August; Available online 15 September 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Dalia Kamal Zaffar Ali, Modern University for technology and information, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Mahadeva Rao US, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. Francesco Ferrara, USL Umbria 1, Perugia, Italy, [email protected]
SIDE EFFECTS OF CYCLOSPORINE COMPARED TO TACROLIMUS AMONG YEMENI KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS WHO SHARE THE SAME ADJUVANT AGENTS: MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL AND PREDNISONE
Get PDFBackground: A renal allograft is the optimum therapeutic option for patients with end stage renal diseases. Nevertheless, rejection still represents a large challenge. So as to overcome this matter, treatment strategies comprise the combined use of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, although they are not free from complications . Interestingly, the major cause of morbidity and mortality after the first transplanted year are due to disorders unrelated directly to immunologic etiology or disease related to immunosuppressive drugs.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the side effects in renal transplant Yemeni patients adherence to cyclosporine compared to tacrolimus sharing the same adjuvant agents which are mycophenolate mofetil "MMF" and prednisone.
Subject and methods: This prospective study was carried on 100 kidney transplanted Yemeni patients divided into two groups: cyclosporine group (n=50) and tacrolimus group (n=50), each member of these groups was visited three times, blood samples were collected for biochemical functions including fasting blood sugar, liver enzymes, kidney functions, lipid profiles and white blood cells counts and results were obtained from the tests performed. Body weight and blood pressure had been examined; clinical complications were also recorded.
Results: This study showed that serum total and direct bilirubine, gamma glutamyl transferase "GGT" and lipid profiles were elevated in cyclosporine group, whereas in tacrolimus group they were within normal range. The incidence of complicated events reported as follows: Hairtusim, gum hyperplasia, herpeszoster, CUSHING face and obesity were obviously present in cyclosporine group, while in tacrolimus group diabetes mellitus, hair loss and gastrointestinal tract infections were in existence.
Conclusion: This study found that a tacrolimus-based treatment was significantly better than an immunosuppressive regimen based on cyclosporine due to the generally less side effects associated with tacrolimus, despite its effect on increasing diabetes among kidney transplant patients.
Peer Review History:
Received: 12 August 2020; Revised: 15 September; Accepted: 20 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Mohamed Awad AbdAlaziz Mousnad, International University of Africa (IUA) and Sudan, [email protected]
Maged Almezgagi, The Key Laboratory of high-altitude medical application of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Xining 810001, China. [email protected]
Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, [email protected]
IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET PALINDROMIC GENES AS POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS IN BREAST CANCER THERAPY
Get PDFObjectives: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer worldwide prevalent among women with more than one million cases and is second only to lung cancer.
Methods: The identification of the sequences based on the unique tetramers GCAC, GTCA were selected from experimental work. The16 base pair DNA regulatory sequences of which the motifs area part of containing these motif in genes implicated in cancer CAGE1 (AAGCTGTCATTA), BRCA1(GACTGAGTCAA), ABCB1(CTCTAAGTCAT), ABCB5 (GATATGTTAAAGC) and ABI1(CTTCTGGGAA) were then selected as novel putative targets in breast cancer therapy based on their selectivity on the BC oncogenes which are not found in the normal human genome 1-23 and the sex chromosomes X and Y were obtained via computational analysis.
Results: The single copy base pairs which will be potential drug targets as anticancer drugs were finally obtained as CTGTTATGACTGAGTCAA, CAGE1 with the 17 base pairs CATAAAAGC TGTCATTA and ABCB1 TTGCCAA CTCTAAGT CAT.
Conclusion: It is Possible that the in silico discovery of putative anti breast cancer targets of importance in the genome.
Peer Review History:
Received 7 August 2020; Revised 13 September; Accepted 28 October, Available online 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Prof. Kumud Upadhyaya, Kumaon University, Nainital, UK, India, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Nkechi Obiofu Ezenobi, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Shahin Gavanji, World Academy of Medical Sciences, Iran, [email protected]
TRADITIONAL TO RECENT APPROACHES IN HERBAL MEDICINE THERAPY OF COVID-19
Get PDFCoronavirus pneumonia disease (COVID-19) is a newly identified coronavirus strain that causes symptoms ranging from cold-like signs to deaths that reached millions around the world. Until this time, there is no approved vaccine has been invented for clinical use, therefore, developing an effective program for therapy is of high priority to save the lives of patients and protect others from being infected. Nature resembles a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which innovative ideas, therapies, and products can be deduced. Chinese herbal medicine had succeeded in the treatment of other coronavirus pneumonia such as SARS, MERS and, H7N9 avian influenza which gives us hope to find the targeted remedy in the traditionally used natural herbs consumed by natives from different regions. This work aims to highlight the use of natural traditional remedies to treat viral pneumonia. This systematic review will include studies of the effects of traditional herbal medicine and its role in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Although promising results were obtained in many cases, but, only a few studies reported the fractional characterization of bioactive principles and/or mechanisms of action. It is requested that pharmaceutical industries, government agencies, and the scientific community will have a gaze at some of these plants for future research and, to find a potential drug candidates for the development of anti-SARSCoV-2 therapeutics in the near future.
Peer Review History:
Received: 9 August 2020; Revised: 12 September; Accepted: 23 October; Available online: 15 November 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. KSA. [email protected]
A REVIEW STUDY ON TRAMADOL ABUSE AMONG EGYPTIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Get PDFTramadol, which is a medication used for moderate and severe pains, has caused drug abuse and addiction to the Egyptian community. This study aimed to observe the prevalence of tramadol abuse among Egyptian university students. By following the PRISMA reporting guideline, a systematic review of evidence was conducted. Search strategy was conducted through PubMed-NCBI to yield appropriate published literature between 2014-2019, as well as performed literature screening, eligibility criteria, and data extraction. The process of selection yielded a total number of 2 studies to be eligible for the review inclusion criteria. The characteristics evaluated that correlate to tramadol were classified into four groups: gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and failure in exams before. In general, tramadol showed positively associated with other prevalence characteristics. Tramadol is the second most commonly abused drug among university students in Egypt. The review highlights that tramadol abuse has become a common phenomenon among Egyptian university students which necessitates for ample attention. Future research is recommended to identify the causal effects of tramadol abuse and its role as a potential gateway drug.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 December 2019; Revised 10 January 2020; Accepted 26 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Hebatallaha A Moustafa, Ain Shams University, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
A SHORT REVIEW OF URINARY SYMPTOMATOLOGY- GRECO ARAB MEDICINE
Get PDFGreco Arab physicians have explained diseases as well as their signs and symptoms. They have documented the importance of urinary Symptomatology in diagnosis of disease and other conditions of body. They have classified the symptoms on the basis of time period, temporary or permanent etc. They discussed the factors affecting the urine presentation related to urinary tract condition. Symptomatology related to urine available in the Greco Arab classical books were being surveyed. After extensive review of literature, it was found that; Unani physicians were very much familiar to diseases of urinary tract and their signs and symptoms. Urine Symptomatology is very important aspect of medical science; every physician must know the presentation of diseases to make good differential diagnosis, right diagnosis and treatment.
Peer Review History:
Received 1 December 2019; Revised 12 January 2020; Accepted 25 February; Available online 15 March 2020
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Adebayo Gege Grace Iyabo, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]