Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS OF ADULTS: CAUSES AND OPHTHALMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS FOR THE COMMON BACTERIAL ISOLATES
Get PDFBackground: Bacterial conjunctivitis is often observed in newborns as well as in other age groups. It has been associated with several organisms that differed in their relative importance and varied in their response to ophthalmic antibiotics.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial conjunctivitis of adult patients by determine the specific bacterial causes and determine the ophthalmic antibiotic resistance patterns for the bacterial isolates from conjunctivitis patients in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: Total 521 bacterial swabs obtained from adult patients with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis introducing to the ophthalmology clinics in the tertiary hospitals in Sana’a city, Yemen between September 2016 and October 2017 were investigated for bacteriological agents and antibiotic susceptibility . The clinical samples culturing, and microbiology diagnosis were done at National Center of Public Health laboratories Sana’a (NCPHL).
Result: Total 521 swab results from conjunctiva were performed, of which 206 (39.5%) were deemed positive for bacterial culture. The isolation rate by bacteria species ranged from 0.5% to 28.2%. In Staphylococcus aureus isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance varied from 10.5% for polymyxin B to 66.7% for erythromycin. In Branhamella catarrahalis isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance ranged from 3.4% for levofloxacin to 69% for erythromycin. In Haemophilus influenzae isolates, ophthalmic antibiotic resistance varied from 0.0% for ciprofloxacin and polymyxin B to 42.1% for erythromycin and azithromycin.
Conclusion: The most common causative organisms in adult age groups were Branhamella catarrahalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Obviously, there is no single drug that treats these various types of bacteria. Therefore, bacteriological culture and sensitivity in the laboratory to ophthalmic antibiotics should be performed as much as possible. But if laboratory facilities are not available, some generalizations can be made as guidelines for treating conjunctivitis.
Peer Review History:
Received 9 December 2020; Revised 5 January 2021; Accepted 13 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, [email protected]
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICALY STABLE SERUM OF DUCHESNEA INDICA (ARBENAN)
No full textObjective: Arbenan (Duchesnea indica) plants contain saponins, flavonoids, and tannins which have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research is to perform formulation and evaluation extract ethanol of Arbenan leaves in the form of serum which is pharmaceutically stable.
Method: Arbenan leaf powder was macerated with ethanol solvent, and then left for 3-4 days while stirring repeatedly, and then filtering. Furthermore, the liquid ethanol extract that has been obtained is evaporated using a Rotary Vacum Evaporator was used to evaporate the extract. Prepared extract was used to evaluate various parameters like organoleptics, homogeneity, viscosity, and pH.
Result: All formulations were having typical smell, light brown color and a little thick consistency. Formulations of leaf extract of Arabenan with four variations bases have shown to have good stability after stress condition. It can be seen from the evaluation result are organoleptics, homogeneity, viscosity, rheology, and pH.
Conclusion: Study concludes that a stable leaf extract of Arabenan can be effectively formulated into a serum by the means of various bases.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 December 2020; Revised 8 January 2021; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF THE TREATMENT RESULTS OF 40 DIVERSE PATIENTS OF ANEMIA
Get PDFBackground and objective: Anemia is clinical common event. There are many types of anemias, which included stem cell problems, vitamin deficiency, chronic diseases and drug antibody -induced immune hemolytic anemia. In this study, a retrospective purpose was investigated to assess the clinical efficacy of treatment and their outcome.
Methods: Total 40 patients with different types of anemias were presented in the second affiliated hospital of central south University, China and my tumor institute during 1989-2019. The therapeutically design among those patients with anemias was setted to the various regimen according to diseases diagnoses.
Results and conclusion: Total 23 patients achieved cure or complete remission (CR), with the exception of refractory cancers and uremic anemia. Iron supplement was provided in 5 iron deficiency anemia. One megaloblastic anemia produced an excellent response following the supplement of vitamin B12 and folic acid. 2 aplastic anemia obtained complete remission with the integrated protocol of methyl testosterone, adenine, leucogen, and levamisol. Steroid hormone (e.g. prednisone) mixed traditional medicine were occasionally promising benefit in a nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Among 2 cases with drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA), laboratory studies one patient's serum contained paracetamol-dependent antibody that in the presence of paracetamol, agglutinated in-vitro with "O" red cells with or without complement. Drug antibody titer was 1:4 positive. Immune hemolysis was mediated by both the immune complex and uptake of drugs, whereas hemolysis induced by another native herb was caused by absorption of the drug only. In addition, with respect to anemia induced by malignancies, the molecular genomic regulation of retinoic acid in APL has been elucidated (see illustration in full text). Therefore, promoting effective prevention and / or early preventive treatment of anemia is our concern.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 February 2021; Revised 8 March; Accepted 11 April; Available online 15 May 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF PHARMACOPOEIAL METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF POTENCY OF ANTIBIOTICS
Get PDFThe detection and assessment of potency of antibiotics are crucial for the pharmaceutics. The valid methods for microbiological assays in pharmacopoeias are mainly based on statistical comparison of the data obtained by measuring the cidal activity resulting from the treatment of the antibiotic active ingredient in the composition of the pharmaceutics with the target microorganism. However, it was seen that there is no validated microbiological method for some active ingredients. Due to microbiological assays are indispensable methods for determining the potency of some active ingredient groups, the calculation of the potency is performed logarithmically. In either turbidimetric or chromatographic methods, the statistical evaluation of the sample is compared with the standard reference material. Analysis data obtained by chromatographic and chemical methods are linear peak areas and spectrophotometer readings. In microbiological methods, the data obtained from the analyzes performed to determine the potency of antibiotics are the inhibition zone diameters or turbidimetric turbidity data. In this study, above-mentioned microbiological assays are compared in the context of the main pharmacopoeias EP, USP, CP, IP and BP, and evaluated in terms of the chromatographic method and classical microbiological method. It has been observed that chromatographic and chemical methods are not available to determine the potency of some pharmaceutical products containing antibiotics. The examinations made reveal the difficulty of analyzing some active ingredient groups according to chemical and chromatographic methods. For this reason, the importance of method validation studies is increasing in order to analyze active substances that do not have alternative analysis methods with microbiological and chemical methods. In this study, all validated microbiological methods were investigated, and it was aimed to determine alternative methods to chromatographic and chemical methods. It was concluded that the realization of new microbiological methods to be validated by evaluating the methods in all differences would facilitate the study.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 April 2021; Revised: 5 May; Accepted: 9 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
DIABETOGENIC EFFECT OF STATINS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
Get PDFStatins, HMG CoA inhibitors, are potent hypolipidemic drugs.They are used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and some of the most commonly used drugs worldwide. Long term statin therapy can cause a modest increase in new-onset diabetes risk, and there is great interest in the mechanisms for this adverse effect. Main proposed mechanisms are increased insulin resistance and some defects in insulin secretion. Many factors can affect the risk including pre-existing diabetic risk, older age and potency of statin. But clearly, the benefits of these drugs in preventing cardiovascular disease outweigh the potential risk of diabetes.The aim of this review is to give underlying pathomechanisms and clinical relevance of diabetogenic effect of statins.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 April 2021; Revised: 9 May; Accepted: 13 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Salfarina Ramli, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
Message
Get PDFI am delighted to offer my sincere congratulations to the whole team and members of the Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR) on their continued success in the scientific publishing process. This journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to strengthen the scientific knowledge in multidisciplinary areas in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, such aspharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs, general medicine, public health, pharmaceuticalmarketing, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical biochemistry, pharmaceutical education, and hospital pharmacy, clinical trials and other medical practiceto increase the impact factor of the journal.
The editorial members who originate from different countries work hard to improve papers' quality and increase the publication frequency. The UJPR managing members are very cooperative, supportive, and responding promptly.The major goal of the UJPR is continual improvement and development in order to meet the highest academic publication requirements, strengthen the reviewer database, and inspire future researchers to contribute to the journal by encouraging the publication of high-quality scientific papers.
The growing up of UJPR is extremely high in a short period; therefore, I expect more success for our journal to be indexed in famous indexing such as Scopus and Thomson Reuters. I welcome my colleagues to submit their manuscripts for publication considerations forforthcoming issues of UJPR.
Finally, I would like to thank all the editorial team members, reviewers, and authors for their support and cooperation. This ranges from the persons who have helped with guidelines, proofreading, and web organizing
VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS: PREVALENCE, SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND RISK FACTORS AMONG NON-PREGNANT WOMEN, IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and objectives: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is known to be a global issue of concern due to its association with economic costs, sexually transmitted diseases, and the escalation of genital tract infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, species distribution and risk factors associated with Candida species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Subjects and Methods: Non-pregnant women attending routine antenatal visits at Al-Olaifi-Family Center in Sana'a were enrolled in a cross-sectional study conducted from June 2018 to March 2019. Laboratory work was carried out at the National Center of Public Laboratories (NCPHL). Vaginal swabs were sampled from participants after oral consent was obtained. The swabs were inoculated in Sabouraud glucose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 h under aerobic conditions in order to perform a fungal culture. Candida species were determined by culturing on HiCrome Candida differential Agar at 35°C for 48 h to produce species-specific colours. Data on demographic, clinical, and risk factors were collected in a pre-designed questionnaire.
Results: A total of 190 non-pregnant women were included. The prevalence of VVC was 22.1%. Candida albicans accounted for 16.3% and non-Candida albicans accounted for 5.8% of the isolates, mainly C. glabrata (3.2%), C. rugosa (1.05%), C. lipolytica (1.05%), and C. dubliniensis (0.53%). When VVC risk factors were considered, there were significant risk factors with age group 30-34 years (33.3%, odds ratio=2.1) and age group ≥35 years (62.5%, odds ratio=10.3), residence in a rural area (39.5 %, OR=3.3), negative emotions (30.2%, OR=2.3), underwear replacement over 1 day (29.3%, OR=4.2), impure cotton underwear (29.4%, OR=4.9), while Condom use and vulvar cleaning before or after sexual life were found to be highly significant protective factors against VVC (p=0.008, 0.03, respectively).
Conclusions: Guidelines for the management of VVC syndrome in Yemen should be revised to include a protocol specifically for women over 30 years of age. VVC undoubtedly poses a significant threat to women's reproductive health. Risk factors for VVC are varied, and include ages, health habits, history of the disease, and other aspects. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to avoid risk factors and to help reduce the prevalence of VVC among women of childbearing age.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 April 2021; Revised: 7 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Michael Otakhor Erhunmwunse, St. Philomena Catholic Hospital, Nigeria,[email protected]
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BY BIOAUTOGRAPHY
Get PDFBackground Acacia cyanophylla is a medicinal plant of the Fabaceae family that is widely distributed in Australia and Asia, also it has many medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is wildly used in natural product extract analysis as a finger print.
Aim and objective: This study is aimed to conducting a qualitative detection of the active compounds in Acacia cyanophylla, Phlomis syriaca and Scolymus hispanicus plants by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method and studying their antibacterial activity.
Methods: the qualitative detection of three plants was conducting using thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Then, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three plants were extracted using an Ultrasonic bath. The antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates for six extracts was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The active compounds that may be responsible for the antibacterial effect was isolated by direct bioautograph method.
Results: Performing Thin-layer chromatography TLC tests show that the three plant contain flavonoids, saponin, bitter principles and essential oils, and all extracts showed antibacterial activity on E. coli isolates, but the ethanolic extract of Acacia cyanophylla was the most effective as the MIC values ranged from 0.097to 3.125mg/mL. Bioautography showed that Escherichia coli was inhibited by most of the separated flavonoids on the TLC plates where four inhibiting spots appeared in yellow color with Acacia cyanophylla and five spots with Scolymus hispanicus, while only one spot appeared with Phlomis syriaca.
Conclusion: Acacia cyanophylla extract has been considered as the best antibacterial properties among the selected plants due to the presence of flavonoids
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 June 2021; Revised: 9 July; Accepted: 14 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
PATTERNS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AMONG MAJOR BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN TWO TERTIARY’S HOSPITALS, IN SANA'A, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground and objectives: At the present time, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health hazard, with antimicrobial resistance bacteria increasing exponentially. This study estimates the epidemiological profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolated from clinical samples among patients admitted to two University hospitals in Sana'a city for one year (2019).
Methods: This was a retrospective study of clinical samples of patients collected from January 1, 2019 to December 30, 2019. All samples were appraised to determine presence of infectious agents using standard methods for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from clinical samples of patients admitted to Al-Gumhouri University Hospital and Al-Kuwait University Hospital in Sana'a city. Antibiotic resistance was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods.
Results: 2,931 different pathogenic bacteria were detected from 24,690 different clinical specimens. The samples had an overall detection rate of 11.9% (2931/24,690). Among the bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical samples, 52.4% (n=1536) had GPB and 41.2% (n=1207) had GNB. The predominant GNB isolates were E.coli (22.04%), Klebsiella spp (6.03%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (1.46%), Enterobacter spp. (1.09%), Citrobacter spp. (1.16%), respectively. Among the GPB, S.aureus was the most common (26.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (8.1%), Non-hemolytic Streptococcus (9.1%), Other alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (3.9%), Streptococcus pyogenes (1.9%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.5% ). A high rate of antibiotic resistance was recorded for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (85.5%), ceftazidime (81.07%), ampicillin (70.4%), cefuroxime (66.4%).
Conclusions: The current study results revealed that the rate of resistance between GNB and GPB is associated with the incidence of different infections in patients attending two major tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city is very high. These results indicate ongoing screening and follow-up programs to detect antibiotic resistance, and also suggest the development of antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sana'a, Yemen.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 August 2021; Revised: 7 September; Accepted: 12 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
A CASE STUDY ON REDUCTION OF LUNG FUNCTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
Get PDFBackground and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pulmonary functions in patients with diabetes. Many studies additionally counsel that the respiratory organ as an organ in diabetes and glycemic exposure could also be an effort issue for reduced respiratory organ operate. Systemic inflammation, hypoxemia, oxidative stress, altered gas exchange, and changes in lung tissues were the major impacts on the respiratory system which were induced by hypoglycemia.
Methods: Forty individual patients of both sexes were involved in the study and divided into two groups depending on their conditions. Group A consists of individuals without any complications or any disease conditions and group B consists of diabetic patients excluding smokers and divided into twenty to each group.
Results: SPSS software was used for the analysis and spirometry was the device used to determine the pulmonary function. Values of Forced Expiratory Volume 1, Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Flow, FEV% were only considered in the study and the study results conclude that diabetes shows its effect on the lungs in long term and leads to a decrease in lung function.
Conclusion: It was concluded that that monitoring the Pulmonary function tests of the diabetic patients helps the individuals to avoid any complications further ahead and also it helps to ease the flow of the recovery and also prevent further more comorbidity that might arise in the future.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 August 2021; Revised: 8 September; Accepted: 11 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Kolawole Oyetunji Timothy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. Rima Benatoui, Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, BP12 E L Hadjar–Algeria, [email protected]