Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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A CRITICAL STEP FOR THE COSMETIC INDUSTRY: SCALE-UP
Get PDFThe perception of aesthetics directs the daily life of people from ancient times to the present. While the desire to be beautiful turns into a passion for some, it can also become a medical necessity for some people, such as war veterans. The historical documents examined show that both men and women use different materials to change their appearance and/or protect their skin. These materials still lead the way in the development of today's cosmetic products. The cosmetics industry is an important business line developed based on this aesthetic perception of societies.Starting from the research and development (R&D) process of a cosmetic formulation and becoming a final product, health authorities control the industry by various regulations. In this process, where each step must be meticulously fulfilled, perhaps the most critical step is the scale-up process. In this review, cosmetic products, scale-up and critical parameters in scale-up process are discussed.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 April 2021; Revised: 8 May; Accepted: 11 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Salfarina Ramli, [email protected] Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, [email protected]
COMPARISON OF LEVELS OF TWENTY CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN NORMAL THYROID TISSUE AND HYPERTROPHIC THYROID TISSUE
Get PDFBackground: Goiter can appear as a palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. If the goiter is accompanied by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, it may be accompanied by symptoms of the underlying disorder, and nodular goiter (NG) is a health problem of international importance. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess whether there were significant changes in thyroid tissue levels of twenty chemical elements (ChE) Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn , Na, P, S, Si, Sr, V, and Zn are present in the goitrous transformed thyroid.
Methods: Thyroid tissue level of twenty ChE was prospectively evaluated in 46 patients with NG and 105 healthy populations. The measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, respectively. Tissue samples were divided into two parts. One was used for morphological study while the other was for ChE analysis.
Results: It was found that contents of Al, B, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, V, and Zn are significantly higher while the I levels are lower in NG than in normal tissues.
Conclusion: There are considerable changes in ChE contents in goitrous tissue of thyroid. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the levels of these ChE in thyroid tissue can be used as NG markers. However, this topic needs additional studies.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 June 2021; Revised: 7 July; Accepted: 9 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected]
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THYMOQUINONE NANOPARTICLES PEGYLATED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Get PDFObjective: Thymoquinone is a main component of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) with various pharmacological activities, but has poor stability and bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to carry out the preparation and characterization of timoquinone nanoparticles PEGylation.
Methods: The Thymoquinone nanoparticles (TQ-NP) were made with PEGylation using PEG 6000 with the concentrations on each preparation of 3 mM (A), 4 mM (B), and 5 mM (C) then were evaluated by the parameter of yield percentage Entrapment Efficiency (EE) and Drug Loading (DL), drug release, size and distribution particle, morphological analysis and Fourier Transform-Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR).
Results: Thymoquinone nanoparticle was PEGylated with PEG 6000 has the highest efficiency entrapment of 99.9718±0.029% in formula A, with the capacity of drug loading 0,66%. Formulation A release 99.9718±0.029% of Thymoquinone at 50 minutes. The morphological observations with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed spherical nanoparticles morphology.
Peer Review History:
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Received 8 October 2020; Revised 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS IN MANAGEMENT OF HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: The long- recognized challenges to HIV care remained relevant as newer challenges emerge. Pharmacists’ role has evolved and expanded to help patients and other healthcare providers to achieve the core goals of HIV management.
Objectives: this study assessed the role/services community pharmacists play/offer in the management of HIV patients in Rivers State, Southern region of Nigeria, and evaluated the perception of community pharmacists towards management of HIV infected patients.
Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among three hundred and seventy- four community pharmacist- owned pharmacies spread across Rivers State. Data were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. The structure comprises (1) demographic information (2) services offered to HIV infected patients (3) perception towards community pharmacists’ involvement in management of HIV. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 and statistical significance taken at p<0.05.
Results: Out of 374 (100%) community pharmacist-owned pharmacies only 30 (8%) were involved in the management of HIV patients. 22(73.3%) were male and 8(26.7%) were female. While 23(76.7%) had B.Pharm degree; 2(6.7%) had Pharm D. 18(70%) had 11 – 20yrs practice experience as 7(23%) had over 20 yrs experience. 23(76.6%) had special HIV training program while 3(10%) self-acquired information on HIV. The Likert scale to measure perception is biased towards agreement, Likert scale 3.89, that community pharmacists are knowledgeable and well positioned to play role in the management of HIV infected patients.
Conclusion: Very few 30(8%) of registered community pharmacists are involved in the management of HIV patients. Although the services offered cut across the guidelines for management of HIV infected patients, there is still need for improvement and regular update on HIV training for community pharmacists. These steps would help to involve more community pharmacists, decongest hospitals and reduce workload on hospital pharmacists.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 December 2020; Revised 9 January 2021; Accepted 13 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Kumud Upadhyaya, Kumaon University, Nainital, UK, India, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
BARIUM LEVELS IN THE PROSTATE OF THE NORMAL HUMAN: A REVIEW
Get PDFKnowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of most prostate malfunctions and pathologies is very limited. Despite advances in medicine, the differential diagnosis of benign hypertrophic and carcinogenic prostate has steadily increased in complexity and controversy. It has been suggested that the prostate barium level (Ba) may help solve these problems related to prostate disorders, especially as an indicator of prostate cancer risk, as an elevated Ba level in the prostate may be a sign of prostate cancer in the future. These suggestions promoted more detailed studies of the Ba level in the prostate of healthy men. In present review we analyze data published concerning Ba prostatic levels in healthy persons. In all 2194 items in the literature of the years dating back to 1921 were identified in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, ELSEVIER-EMBASE and Google. This data was subject to an analysis employing both the “range” and “median” of means. In this way the disparate nature of published Ba content of normal prostates was evaluated. Of the articles examined, 20 were selected for objective analysis of data from 1049 healthy subjects. The contents of prostatic Ba (on a wet mass basis) spanned the interval from 0.021 mg/kg to 222 mg/kg with 0.26 mg/kg as median for their means. The data included a wide range of values and the samples were small, hence it is advisable that further studies with strong quality control of results be performed.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 December 2020; Revised 8 January 2021; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION AND DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN ADULT FEMALES
Get PDFObjectives: The aim of this study was to consider the potential association between the formation of salivary streptococcus biofilms and the incidence of caries, as well as with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance among adult mothers in Sana'a, Yemen.
Study design: A total of 261; 25-35 year old females were chosen. Clinical examination of females were performed to estimate dental caries experience with the Silness-Loe index, as well as stimulated saliva were collected to assess biofilm production by the phenotypic method i.e. Tissue culture palate methods (TCPM). Finally, antibiogram susceptibility pattern of isolated S. mutans was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for 6 β-Lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, methicillin and cefazolin) and 4 non β-Lactam antibiotics (clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and vancomycin).
Results: When isolated S. mutans were exposed to biofilm detection by TCP method, 31 (12.2%) showed high biofilm formation capacity, 46 (18%) showed moderate biofilm formation capacity, while 184 (72.2%) showed non / weak formation capacity of biofilm. The overall rate of biofilm formation was 30.2%. There was an escalation in the rate of formation of S. mutans biofilms with an increased degree of caries index. The S. mutans biofilms positve showed a higher rate of resistance than non/weak biofilm formation e.g ampicillin (28.6% versus 12.9%, p = 0.002), amoxicillin (77.9% versus 18%, p <0.0001), and penicillin (79.2 % versus 23%, <0.0001) etc.
Conclusion: The present study proved that S. mutans is still the major bacteria isolate from the oral cavity, but few persons might not have significant number of S. mutans in oral cavity. The S. mutans biofilm - producers were more able to cause dental caries compared to the S. mutans biofilm-non-producers. Drug resistant factor in the S. mutans isolates was found to be associated with S. mutans biofilm formation.
Peer Review History:
Received 10 October 2020; Revised 14 November; Accepted 22 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]
Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]
UV SPECTROSCOPY DETERMINATION OF CILAZAPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ACTIVE AGENTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION
Get PDFBackground: Antihypertensive and diuretic drugs are widely used in patients to regulate high blood pressure. Objective of current study was to prepare various cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide mixtures, to create a matrix effect in the drug and to determine the determination of these active substances in drug samples after optimum conditions.
Method: In the spectrophotometric method, 100 mgL−1 solutions were prepared in cilazapril, hydrochlorothiazide in methanol + 0.1 m HCL solvent and then mixtures of these solutions were prepared between specific ppm. The absorbance’s of the solvent against the blind were read at 0.1 nm intervals. After the mixture, tablet (drug) sample was prepared and chemometrics methods were applied to the values obtained by saving the absorbance values.
Results: It was observed that the main component analysis applied as a result of spectrophotometric determination of various mixtures of cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide used in the study gave correct results. These results were validated using various chemometric parameters.
Conclusion: The proposed chemometric method can be used in routine analysis in industrial laboratories.
Peer Review History:
Received 5 October 2020; Revised 13 November; Accepted 26 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Kumud Upadhyaya, Kumaon University, Nainital, UK, India, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND PURIFIED COMPOUND FROM RED MACROALGAE ASPARAGOPSIS TAXIFORMIS AGAINST H5N1 VIRUS
Get PDFAim and objective: The discovery and development of new natural antiviral compounds which exhibit various antiviral activities are required. The aim of this investigation is to assess the potential use of the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis as a new source of anti H5N1 agent.
Methods: The seaweed was collected from Marsa Matrouh, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt during spring season, the effects of successive extracts and the pure compounds from the investigated alga on H5N1 virus were performed using plaque reduction assay. In addition, the mechanism of action of promising extract on the virus adsorption and replication was determined. Chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses were used for the identification of chemical structure of active compound(s) isolated from the studied seaweed.
Results: The obtained results showed that petroleum ether and water algal extracts exhibited high antiviral activity (>99.9%) and the mode of action of extracts was not correlated with virus replication but with its adsorption process.The isolated pure compound was identified as 6-methyl-Δ22-stigmasterol-2, 3 di acetate and its antiviral activity (for H5N1)was tested. Pure compound showed antiviral activity reached 56% at 100 µg/ml.
Conclusion: The obtained results suggests that crude extracts and isolated active compound from A. taxiformis has the capacity to protect people against pandemic H5N1preventing virus adsorption to the human host cells. Recommendation for testing the extracts and pure compounds from the studied seaweed as potential inhibitor of COVID-19.
Peer Review History:
Received 3 February 2021; Revised 7 March; Accepted 10 April; Available online 15 May 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR INDUSTRIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Get PDFIndustrial development and continuity, which are indispensable for countries, depend on sustainability, which can be defined as Permanent Capability. In the basic steps of industrial sustainability, there are social, economic, and environmental factors. ISO 14001, 14004, 14005, and26000 regarding sustainability are important standards in this field. Research & Development and Technology Transfer are among the main factors that foster industrial development and continuity. Research & Development has three basic steps; it includes basic research, applied research, and experimental development, and its most important output is innovation. The industrial application of innovation or its transfer is possible with Technology Transfer, and this systematic process consists of five steps: providing the most suitable technology source to determine the most suitable option, selecting the optimum technology, having the necessary equipment and license, transferring knowledge and experience, and ensuring maximum benefit. Training and measurements are required to manage the process and for the internalization of the transferred technology. In this context, this review provides a basic and brief view of Research & Development, Technology Transfer, and Sustainability concepts and interactions, which are critical for the pharmaceutical industry.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 April 2021; Revised: 6 May; Accepted: 12 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Govind Vyas, Compliance & Regulatory Officer Inva-Tech Pharmaceuticals LLC, New-Jersey, USA, [email protected]
Dr. Mohammad Bayan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box: 1 Philadelphia University 19392 Jordan, [email protected]
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES IN VITRO OF FLOWER EXTRACTS OF THREE SPECIES OF ALOE GROWING IN YEMEN:ALOE RUBROVIOLACEAE, ALOE VERA AND ALOE SABAEA, AGAINST ELEVEN TYPES OF CANCER CELL LINES
Get PDF Background and aims: Natural products, in particular plant extracts, have opened up great chance in the area of drug progress owing to their chemical variety. The Aloe genus has long been known to be used for medicinal uses in countless parts of the world. This study was planned to inspect the phytochemicals and anti-cancer capabilities of Aloe rubroviolaceae, Aloe vera and Aloe sabaea flowers.
Materials and Methods: Three types of ethanolic extracts of plants traditionally used in Yemen to treat a variety of diseases have been tested in vitro for their potential anticancer activity on different human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extracts of tested plants was determined using eleven strains of human cancer cells, namely: MCF-7 (breast cancer), PC-3 (prostate cancer), HEP-2(human epithelial carcinoma), MNFS-60 (myelogenous leukemia), CACO (intestinal cancer), A-549 (lung adenocarcinoma), HeLa (cervical cancer),RD (rhabdomyosarcoma), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT-116 (colon cancer), and CHO-K1(Chinese hamster ovary). A colorimetric sulforhodamine B assay was applied to assess the in vitro cytotoxic activity of various extracts. Growth inhibition of 50% (IC50) for each extract was calculated from the optical density of treated and untreated cells. Doxorubicin, a broad-spectrum anticancer drug was used as a positive control.
Results: More interesting cytotoxic activity was observed for Aloe vera extract more than Aloe sabaea and Aloe rubroviolaceae, extract.
Conclusions: This study presents an initial screening for anti-proliferative activity of a variety of Aloe species flowers extracts on diverse cancer cell lines. Different extracts of Aloe species significantly inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Advance researches are necessary to understand the possible mechanism(s) of action of these extract on a variety of cancer cells and separation of active phyto-chemicals.
Peer Review History:
Received: 6 June 2021; Revised: 8 July; Accepted: 11 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. Nazim Hussain, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, [email protected]