Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION AND POST-MARKET SURVEILLANCE STUDY OF THREE BRANDS OF LISINOPRIL TABLETS IN SUDAN
Get PDFBackground: Lisinopril is a type of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children. The safety and efficacy of drug products can be assured when their quality is consistent and reproducible. To ensure the requisite quality, pharmaceutical companies are required to test their products during and after manufacturing and at various intervals during the shelf life of the product.
Methods: The aim of this study was to study and evaluate the physicochemical and pharmaceutical parameters in order to confirm the pharmaceutical quality of the generic Lisinopril tablet formulations available in Sudan. Evaluation was done based on the compendia physicochemical and pharmaceutical evaluation parameters. Different brands of Lisinopril 5mg tablets purchased randomly from drug stores, and coded Z, L and A, were assayed for weight uniformity, friability, hardness, disintegration, dissolution rate using standard physical methods, and also the similarity is studied to compare brand of originator to the generic products. Their percentage drug contents were determined using standard UV Spectrophotometric method.
Results: All the brands being studied comply the pharmacopoeial specifications for weight uniformity, friability, disintegration and dissolution. The dissolution profile shows more than 80 % release in 30 minutes. Additionally, all brands should similarity factor above 50% and therefore to be consider as similar. Quantitatively, all the three brands being tested do complied with the pharmacopoeial specifications for drug content.
Conclusion: Hence this study will serve as a tool in assessing the pharmaceutical quality and to monitor post market quality, safety and efficacy of Lisinopril tablet formulations.
Peer Review History:
Received 6 December 2020; Revised 8 January 2021; Accepted 11 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Prof. Dr. A. Hakan AKTAŞ, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, Isparta-Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Vijay Kumar Singh, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India, [email protected]
Dr. Hayriye Eda Şatana Kara, Gazi University, Turkey, [email protected]
EFFECTS OF HEATING ON PHYTONUTRIENTS IN COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF VIGNA UNIGULCULATA (BLACK EYED BEAN)
Get PDFObjective: To investigate the effects of heating on phytonutrients of cooked Vigna unigulculata.
Methods: The consequences of heating on V. unigulculata were investigated by phytochemical analysis (qualitatively and quantitatively), alongside analysis of proximate contents. Five phytochemicals were quantified and nutrient contents determined.
Results: Results revealed that phytochemicals in raw sample were significantly (p<0.05) higher than cooked sample. Alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids in raw black-eyed bean (RBEB) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than cooked black-eyed bean (CBEB). Meanwhile, apart from crude fat content, others (carbohydrate content, ash content, protein and fiber content) of CBEB V. unigulculata were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RBEB V. unigulculata.
Conclusions: Cooking by heating influenced a reduction of phytochemicals but an increase in proximate content in V. unigulculata.
Peer Review History:
Received: 5 April 2021; Revised: 9 May; Accepted: 13 June; Available online: 15 July 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Nagalingam Varnakulenthiren, Siddha Medicine, Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka, [email protected]
Julie Ann S. Ng, Blk 18 Lot 6 Grandville 3 Subdivision Mansilingan, Bacolod City, Philippines. [email protected]
Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
EVALUATION OF ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF RICINUS COMMUNIS IN BROILER
Get PDFAims and Objectives: Coccidiosis is recognized as the parasitic disease which has the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The emergence of resistant strains to available drugs has become a major problem in order to treat/control coccidiosis. Botanicals can act as alternative to anticoccidial drugs. This study has therefore, been planned to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo anticoccidial activity of the plant R. communis.
Methods: In in vitro trial 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 percent, DMSO dissolved crude aqueous methanolic extract of R. communis was used to investigate its inhibitory effect upon sporulation of oocysts. The research was done in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, with the collaboration of Parasitology, Pathology and Poultry departments. In in vivo trial, the plant was used at three graded concentrations for evaluation of its anticoccidial activity in broiler birds. A total of 144 (one-day-old) broiler chicks were divided into six groups each having 24 chicks. At age of 15 days, groups I, II and III were given 4%, 5% and 6% of dried powder of R. communis respectively. Group IV was served as positive control (infected, toltrazuril treated), group V as negative control (infected, non-medicated) and group VI was serve as non-infected and non-medicated control. All groups except group VI were infected orally with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species at 18th day of age.
Result: After 7 days of inoculation, six birds from each group were slaughtered to get results on oocysts score, lesion score, relative organ weight, hematology and immunomodulatory effect. Data was analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and group means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Conclusion: It was concluded that R. communis can be used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent at local and regional level for the control of coccidiosis in broilers.
Peer Review History:
Received: 3 June 2021; Revised: 6 July; Accepted: 10 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. [email protected]
CO-ADMINISTRATION OF GOKO HERBAL CLEANSER AND PARACETAMOL: A HERB-DRUG INTERACTION STUDY
Get PDFAim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of co-administering paracetamol and Goko cleanserâon the liver.
Method: Twenty rats divided into four different groups were used for this Study. Group one (control group) received distilled water only; Group two received paracetamol only (100mg/kg), Group three received Goko cleanserâonly (2 mL/kg) and Group four received paracetamol and Goko cleanserâconcomitantly for 3 days. Blood and liver samples were analyzed for biochemical and histopathological parameters respectively.
Results: Data obtained revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of the liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) in the Goko cleanserâ-only group compared to control. A significant decrease in AST was also observed in paracetamol + Goko cleanserâgroup. No significant change in ALT, ALP and GGT levels in the paracetamol + Goko cleanserâgroups was observed. Results of histology examination showed normal liver tissues with normal hepatocytes, sinusoids and central vein for both treated and control groups.
Conclusion: The significant reductions in the liver enzymes by observed in the Goko cleanserâ-only group indicated potential hepato-protective effects which could be due to the presence of phenolic compounds which acted as antioxidants. The short-term co-administration of paracetamol and Goko cleanserâproduced no liver toxicity. However, this is subject to further studies using pharmacokinetic analysis and also, a long-term study is strongly advocated.
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 June 2021; Revised: 7 July; Accepted: 13 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]
Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. [email protected]
Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]
Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]
CELIAC DISEASE AMONG GASTROINTESTINAL PATIENTS IN YEMEN: ITS PREVALENCE, SYMPTOMS AND ACCOMPANYING SIGNS, AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH AGE AND GENDER
Get PDFBackground and objectives: Celiac disease is a long-standing autoimmune illness that principally affects the small intestine. Typical symptoms comprise digestive problems such as chronic diarrhea, flatulence, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and failure of children to grow normally. The prevalence of celiac disease has not been established in Yemen, either in the general population or in symptomatic patients. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence of disease in symptomatic patients and to investigate associated symptoms and signs; and whether prevalence of CD varies greatly between different ages and genders in a hospital in Sana'a.
Methods: A cross sectional study based on the results of serological markers; IgA anti-tissue glutaminase and small bowel biopsies of 600 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were all patients who attended in the research period. Data were collected from hospital records during the period from March 2014 to December 2018. 600 suspected patients (245 males and 355 females) were subjects and the mean age of ±SD patients was 30.6±14.5 years (range 2-92 years).
Results: The prevalence of CD among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms was 9.2%. There was a significant association between CD with females (rate being 11.3% , OR=1.9, p=0.03), and 2-19 years age group (21.4% , OR=4.3, p<0.001), Considering the clinical signs and symptoms there was a significant association between celiac disease and chronic diarrhea (OR=18.4), steatorrhea ( OR=9.6), foul odor (OR=8.3), weight loss (OR=5.7), anemia (OR=10.2), abdominal distension (OR=3.1), mouth ulcers (OR=7.2), abdominal bleeding (OR=13.5), diabetes mellitus I (OR=18), and hypothyroidism (OR=79.3).
Conclusion: A high rate of CD was identified among gastrointestinal symptoms patients arriving at the general hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, and this demonstrates the importance of general practitioners in identifying patients with CD, especially in the absence of a medical facility for CD, and this was facilitated through the serological markers test.
Peer Review History:
Received: 1 August 2021; Revised: 5 September; Accepted: 8 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, [email protected]
Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected]
HISTOLOGIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PATHOLOGIC CHANGE IN COMPLETE IMPACTED THIRD MOLARS DENTAL FOLLICLES
Get PDFBackground: Prophylactic extraction of the asymptomatic impacted third molar is routinely practiced in Europe and the United States. The justification for prophylactic extraction includes the need to reduce the risk of pathologic changes such as cysts and tumors.
Objectives: This study aimed to study the histological and radiological changes in the tooth follicles of upper and lower complete impacted 3rd molars -which appeared radiologically normal.
Material and method: A prospective study included fifty patients aged 20 years and above who were referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sana'a. Patients had follicular space between (2.5mm -3mm) as measured by the panoramic X-ray. These teeth were removed surgically and the follicle was sent for histopathological examination.
Results: Most histopathological changes were in dental follicles with a size of <2.5 mm (86%), and only 14% with 2.5 mm - 3 mm. There was statistical significance between the smallest size of dental follicles with the incidence of pathological histological changes indicating a high probability of developing neoplasm (p =0.008). Of the 50 follicular patients, 28% showed HC, nine (64%) had ameloblastoma, four (29%) had a dentigerous cyst, and only one case (7%) had a multicalcified focus with islands of odontogenic epithelium. While 72% of the samples had normal follicles and non-specific chronic inflammatory cells. There is an association between female sex and pathological histological changes (12 females: 2 males, p =0.008), age group 21-25 years (93% HC), with mandibles (65% HC). Regarding angle and histopathological changes, 36% were vertical, 29% mesioangular, 14.2% horizontal and destioangular, and 7.1% buccoangular.
Conclusion: High incidence of HC occurred in patients with DF, and it was associated with smaller dental follicle size, most HC was ameloblastoma, followed by dentigerous cyst, while 72% of samples had normal follicles and non-specific chronic inflammatory cells. There is a correlation between female gender, younger age group, and jaw position with HC. Prophylactic extraction of the asymptomatic impacted third molar should be routinely practiced in Yemen, to reduce the risk of pathological changes, especially in females and younger age groups.
Peer Review History:
Received 2 December 2020; Revised 7 January 2021; Accepted 12 February; Available online 15 March 2021
Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]
Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR TRACHOMA AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN
Get PDFBackground: Trachoma is a contagious infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. The disease causes roughness of the inner surface of the eyelids which in turn leads to eye pain, collapse of the outer surface and scratching of the cornea, and ultimately blindness.
Objectives: This study was designed to determine Trachoma prevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 991 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years that were chosen from sixteen primary public schools and ten private ones, that are located in five districts in Sana’a city and represent nearly 10% of total number of schools in Sana’a. Child's eye examination was done by trained 12 students of Medicine, according to WHO grading system for trachoma. Data on risk factors and health characteristics of a child were collected using a structured questionnaire and statistical analysis was performed using Epi-Inf version 6.
Results: The gender distribution of study contributors was male 41.7 % and female was 58.3%. The results of independent associated odds ratio analysis discovered that risk factors of contracting Trachoma from the upper to the lower are: Absent of latrine in the house of child (OR=10.6, p<0.001), orphan of mother (OR=4.7, p<0.001), absent of water in the house of child (OR=3.9, p<0.001), flies in the face (OR=1.9, p=0.005) , No education of the mother (OR=1.7, p=0.01), No education of the father (OR=1.6, p=0.04), No face washing with soap per day (OR=3.1, p=0.001), keeping animals in living house (OR=1.6, p=0.03), and house overcrowding (OR=2.5, p=0.002).
Conclusion: Area was identifiedidentify where, at the time of the survey among 10-12 children, as defined by WHO trachoma was a public health problem. As for the loss of the child to his parents, especially the loss of the mother, it is a disaster for the child, so the treatment of causes such as war and poverty for this problem should be a priority in Yemen
Peer Review History:
Received: 4 June 2021; Revised: 7 July; Accepted: 13 August; Available online: 15 September 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, [email protected]
Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, [email protected]
Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected]
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS EFFECT ON MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY IN SOUTH- SOUTH ZONE IN NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground to study: Effective management of hypertension is influenced by several factors that center on social and economic status of the patient. Identification of these factors will enable informed intervention in the management of hypertensive patients.
Objective: The study aimed to determine possible association between blood pressure control and socioeconomic status of patients who are managed in community pharmacies in Rivers State.
Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of thirty-nine community pharmacies was conducted between July and December 2018. A total of 195 respondents participated in the study. Every patient’s consent was obtained. Further information on patients’ demographics were extracted from pharmacists’ documentation files. Such include age, medication patient is on, duration of hypertension, co-morbidity, income/ social status, and habits like smoking, alcohol consumption, educational status, and mean blood pressure over the study period. The outcome measure taken as controlled blood pressure was mean BP ≤140/90 mm Hg for the general population and BP 130/80 mmHg for patients with diabetes as co-morbidity. BP >140/90 mm Hg was considered as uncontrolled blood pressure.
Result: A total of 195 respondents participated in the study, of which 105(53.8%) were male and 90(46.2%) were female. Out of this number 75(38.5%) were below 40yrs of age, 105(53.8%) were between 41–50yrs of age and only 15(7.7%) were 60yrs and above. More female had BP control compared to the male (OR 1.89, 95% CI (1.16 - 3.0), P=0.009. Patients within ages 41 - 59yrs had more controlled BP compared to older age, 60yrs and above, OR 1.48, 95% CI (0.84 - 2.42) p 0.18. Uncontrolled BP was found more among employed patients and patients with highest monthly income, OR 1.05 95% CI (0.58 - 2.00); OR 1.16 95% CI (0.49 - 2.78) P, 0.36 respectively. Exercise activities have significant impact on BP control as alcohol consumption increased OR of BP control with no significant difference in OR on amount of monthly expenditure on medications.
Conclusion: Male gender, employment, and high income earning have negative effect on BP control while exercise is associated with BP control.
Peer Review History:
Received: 2 August 2021; Revised: 6 September; Accepted: 10 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected]
ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST AWARENESS ON ADVERSE DRUG REACTION (ADR) AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE REPORTING SYSTEM IN KHARTOUM LOCALITY, SUDAN
Get PDFIntroduction: Adverse drug reactions resulting from the use of a medicinal product and were harmful or unpleasant reaction. Pharmacovigilance is related pharmaceuticals product after marketing and associated with collection, detection, assessment, monitoring and prevention of adverse effects. The aim of study is to recognize the awareness of pharmacists regarding pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions reporting.
Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted to 237 pharmacists working in Khartoum’s locality pharmacies from August 2019 to March 2020 selected by simple randomization. The data were collected by face to face interview using self-administrated Questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 23.
Results: 57.4% from the total sample size never seen adverse drug reactions reporting form, 76.4% never receive training on how to report it and only 10.5% from the pharmacists in the study report it to pharmacovigilance center. 79% from pharmacists in the study were not aware about existence of pharmacovigilance program in Sudan. 51.5 % from pharmacists have good attitude about adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance in Sudan while 48.5% had poor attitude. Difficulty in communicating with pharmacovigilance centre in Sudan and how to write the report were the factors discourage pharmacists from reporting of adverse drug reactions.
Conclusion: Community pharmacists have insufficient knowledge about the concept of pharmacovigilance and spontaneous ADRs reporting while they had positive attitudes toward pharmacovigilance, despite their little experience with ADRs reporting, this can be strengthened by educational trainings and workshops.
Peer Review History:
Received: 1 August 2021; Revised: 6 September; Accepted: 14 October; Available online: 15 November 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]
Reviewers:
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]
Dr. Olanrewaju Rita-Marie Awotona, Legacy University, Banjul , The Gambia, [email protected]
SUDANESE PHARMACY STUDENTS: CAREER INTENTIONS, EXPECTATIONS AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR CHOICES
Get PDFObjectives: Pharmacy is a profession with wide careers. The desires to study pharmacy affect selection of pharmacy careers. Despite that in the last years pharmacy careers had developed and expanded , majority of the pharmacists end up in hospital or community pharmacy that create imbalance in distribution of pharmacists and shortage in work force. This may be due to career pathways were not clearly addressed as part of the pharmacy curriculum. Objective of present study was to assess final year pharmacy student’s career intentions, expectations and factors affecting their choices in Khartoum state.
Material and Methods: This study is an observational cross-sectional, study conducted during the period of time from September 2017 to April 2018 for 257 final year pharmacy students selected by non-random convenient sampling in the four universities, data analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: There were wide factors can affect students to study pharmacy; family was the most effective factor (46.7%) and the desire to work in medical profession (44.4%). Approximately 53% of the students are satisfied with studying pharmacy. The level of satisfaction was significantly associated with gender and whether pharmacy was their first choice. (P value =0.001). There was significant different in response of career intention regarding attendance in career advice sessions (P =0.035). Student's opinions about each career were as follows: community pharmacy as the most familiar (69.3%), academia as the most prestigious (31.1%), clinical pharmacy as the most stressful (32.3%), marketing and industrial pharmacy as the ones with highest salary (59.5% and 22.2%) and regulatory affairs as the most unfamiliar career (69.6%). There was significant different between career intention and salary (P value =0.00).
Conclusion: The most intended careers were hospital and marketing. Personal desire, chances for development, working environment and salary were the most factors affecting student's career intention. Career advice program should be incorporated into the curriculum.
Peer Review History:
Received 4 October 2020; Revised 12 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2021
Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]
Reviewer(s) detail:
Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, [email protected]
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]